1、C H A P T E R 9,Complex Cognitive Processes,Complex Cognitive ProcessesChapter Outline,Conceptual Understanding What Are the Concepts? Promoting Concept Formation Thinking What Is Thinking? Reasoning Critical Thinking Decision Making Creative Thinking,2,Complex Cognitive ProcessesChapter Outline, co

2、ntinued,Problem Solving Steps in Problem Solving Obstacles to Solving Problems Problem-Based Learning Transfer What Is Transfer? Types of Transfer,3,Complex Cognitive Processes,Learning Goals for Chapter 9 1.Discuss conceptual understanding and strategies for teaching concepts. 2.Describe several ty

3、pes of thinking and how teachers foster them. 3.Take a systematic approach to problem solving. 4.Explain transfer and how to enhance it as a teacher.,4,Complex Cognitive Processes,What Are Concepts?,Promoting Concept Formation,Conceptual Understanding,5,Complex Cognitive Processes,6,Concepts are cat

4、egories that group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties. Concept Formation 1. Define the concept and give clear examples. 2. Concept maps offer a visual representation of a concepts hierarchical organization. 3. Develop hypotheses about what the concept is and what

5、it is not. 4. Prototype matching compares the item with similar items in a category.,Concept Map,7,Complex Cognitive Processes,Promoting Concept Formation To define concepts:,8,3. Give several examples to illustrate the key features.,2. Understand the characteristics.,1. Link to superordinate concep

6、t and identify key features and characteristics (a collie is a type of dog, a house is a kind of building).,Complex Cognitive Processes,Thinking,What IsThinking?,Reasoning,Creative Thinking,Critical Thinking,Decision Making,9,Thinking,. Reasoning is logical thinking that uses induction or deduction

7、to reach a conclusion. Inductive Reasoning Specific to general. Analogies are used to improveunderstanding and help find similarity in otherwise dissimilar things. Deductive Reasoning General to specific.,10,Thinking involves manipulation and transforming information in memory.,Thinking,Critical Thi

8、nking: Thinking reflectively and productively, and evaluating the evidence. Critical Thinking Skills Encourage students to be: 1. Open minded 2. Intellectually curious 3. Goal setters/planners 4. Precise and organized,11,Confirmation BiasThe tendency to search for information that supports our ideas

9、 rather than refutes them.,Belief PerseveranceThe tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence.,Thinking,Decision making involves thinking in which individuals evaluate alternatives and make choices between them.,12,Thinking,Overconfidence BiasThe tendency to have more confi

10、dence in judgments and decisions than we should, based on past experience. Hindsight Bias The tendency to falsely report, after the fact, that we accurately predicted the event.,13,Thinking,Heuristics are rules of thumb that suggest solutions, but do not ensure they will work. Availability Heuristic

11、 A prediction about the probability of an event based on the events past occurrences Representativeness Heuristic Faulty decisions based on how well something matches a prototype, rather than its relevance to a situation,14,Creativity,Creative thinking is the ability to think about something in nove

12、l and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems.,15,Divergent ThinkingProduces many answers to the same question,Convergent ThinkingProduces one correct answer,CreativityWays to Improve Creativity,Make Use of Internal Motivation,Brainstorm,Provide a Stimulating Environment,Dont Over

13、control,Involve Creative People,Be Flexible; Encourage Playful Thinking,16,Complex Cognitive Processes,Problem Solving,Obstacles to Problem Solving,Problem-Based Learning,Steps in Problem Solving,17,Problem Solving,Problem-Based Learning emphasizes solving authentic problems like those that occur in

14、 daily life. Develop opportunities to solve problems Monitor effective/ineffective strategies Involve parents 4. Use technology,18,Problem Solving,Problem solving involves finding an appropriate way to attain a goal. 1. Find and frame problems 2. Develop good strategies Set intermediate goals by sub

15、goaling Learn algorithms Do a means-ends analysis 3.Evaluate solutions 4.Rethink and redefine problems,19,Problem Solving,Obstacles to Problem Solving,Lack of Persistence,Fixation,Lack of Motivation,Inadequate Emotional Control,20,Complex Cognitive Processes,Transfer,Types of Transfer,What Is Transf

16、er?,21,Transfer,Transfer occurs when a person applies previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situation. Learning situation: Near TransferIs similar Far TransferIs different from initial learning situation Low Road Almost unconsciously transfers to new situation High RoadIs conscious and effortful,22,Tra