1、Adverbial Clause,狀語從句,一. 狀語從句的定義和分類： 定義: 狀語從句在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)狀語，修飾從句中的謂語動詞、定語或狀語或是整個句子。 分類: 狀語從句一般分為時間、地點、方式、原因、結(jié)果、條件、目的、比較和讓步等九種類型。狀語從句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后；但狀語從句前置時，主句和從句之間一般要加逗號；后置時，通常不用逗號。,時間狀語從句 1. 連接詞：when, while, before, as, after, till, until, since, once（一旦）, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly / scarcely

2、 / barely when, the moment, every time, next time, immediately / instantly / = as soon as 等。 2. when, while, as等的用法： 1) 解釋為“在做時”（表一段時間），可用“when, while, as”。 E.g. When / While / As he was reading, Mary was writing.,2) 解釋為“當(dāng)”（表示時間點），通常用“when”，有時也用“as”。 E.g. When / As he finishes his speech, the audien

3、ce burst into applause. When he came in, I was reading. 3) 解釋為“一邊，一邊”，用“while / as”。 E.g. As / While he was walking, he looked round（回頭看）. 總結(jié)：as, while后常跟持續(xù)動詞，其中while后只能用持續(xù)動詞。即while從句所表示的時間只能是一段；when從句所表示的時間可以是一段，也可以是一點。,while 比when, as更強調(diào)同時性，常用來引導(dǎo)兩個同時進行的持續(xù)時間較長的動作；而且while在引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時通常用進行時態(tài)。 E.g. Whil

4、e John was staying in Shanghai, he picked up some Shanghai dialect. 約翰在上海逗留期間，學(xué)了一些上海方言。 此外，while還可作“而”解釋，作并列連詞,表示前后對比。when，as則無該意思。 E.g. How terrific the couple is! The husband can sing while the wife can dance. 這對夫婦多棒啊！丈夫能歌，妻子善舞。,as常用來引導(dǎo)兩個同時發(fā)生的持續(xù)時間較短的動作。 E.g. As the basketball player caught the bal

5、l, he suddenly fell down to the ground. 這個籃球運動員剛把球抓住，突然摔倒在地上（抓到球與摔倒幾乎同時發(fā)生）。 when可以表示動作的先后順序，即某一動作完成之后，另一動作才發(fā)生。 E.g. When I reached the school library, I saw some students reading the English newspaper. 我到校圖書館的時候，看見一些學(xué)生在看英語報紙。,4) as還可解釋為“隨著時間的流逝”。 E.g. As time goes by, I become more and more silent.

6、5) when可解釋為“這時”或“正在那時”= just at that time；在這種情況下，when引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后，, when ；而且when從句的動詞往往是一個表示瞬間動作的動詞。 E.g. I was walking along the street, when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder. 我正在街上走，正在那時突然有人拍拍我的肩膀。,Trans:我只讀了幾行字，這時我聽到鈴聲響了 I had read only a few lines when I heard the bell ringing. 3. til

7、l 與until的用法 1) till在口語中用得較多，until一般用在正式文體中。句首一般用until，在以not開頭的從句及短語里，只能用until，如果not until位于句首時，需用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 E.g. Until he returns, nothing can be done. Not until midnight did the whole neighborhood become quiet. 直到半夜整個弄堂才變得安靜。,2) till, until引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，如果主句中的謂語動詞為瞬間動詞，主句謂語須用否定形式；若主句謂語是持續(xù)性動詞，一般用肯定式。 E.g. Th

8、e little baby didnt stop crying until he saw his mother. (stop為瞬間動詞) I will wait for you till you come back. 我等到你回來。 (wait為持續(xù)性動詞) 3) 在某些固定搭配中，只能用till。 E.g. from morning till night; up till now; 4. 表示時間的名詞詞組的用法 英語中除連詞外，某些表示時間的名詞詞組如,the moment, the minute / second, the instant = as soon as, the day, t

9、he year, every time, next time , the first time等也可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，這些名詞后無需加when。 E.g. He had impressed me the first time I met him. I like the song very much the minute / the instant I listen to it. Stormy applause broke forth the moment the famous movie star appeared on the stage. 這位著名影星在臺上一出現(xiàn)，全場響起了暴風(fēng)雨般的掌聲

10、。,此外，instantly, directly等詞也可引導(dǎo)表示時間狀語從句。 E.g. Directly the boss stepped into the office, all the staff stopped talking. 老板一步入辦公室，大家立刻不吱聲了。 5. no sooner . than . 以及hardly / barely / scarcely . when .的用法 E.g. She had hardly heard the news that her son was kidnapped when the poor mother fainted. = Barel

11、y had the poor mother heard the news that her son was kidnapped when she fainted. 可憐的母親一聽到兒子被綁架的消息便/就暈倒了。,注意：一般主句使用過去完成時態(tài)，從句使用過去時。如將no sooner， hardly / scarcely / barely置于句首，要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 6before, after, since, once 1) before - 在之前 E.g. The passengers should arrive at the airport an hour before the flight

12、 departs. He ran off before I could stop him. It was not long before I forgot it all. 不久就 2）after - 在之后 E.g. The customer left the ticket counter after he had a quarrel with the ticket agent.,3) since - 自從，通常主句用現(xiàn)在完成時 E.g. I have never been there again since I graduated from the university. It is jus

13、t a week since we arrived here. 4) once - 一旦就 E.g. Once you see him, you will never forget him. 二. 地點狀語從句 地點狀語從句連詞有：where, wherever E.g. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。,E.g. Wherever you are, you should try your best to do everything well. 無論你在哪里 注意：如何區(qū)分地點狀語從句和定語從句 E.g. I was asked to

14、 go to work where I was needed. I was asked to go to work in the place where (in which) I was needed. 在主句中， 如沒有先行詞便是狀語從句， 有先行詞則是定語從句。 另外，地點狀語從句也可采取無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)： E.g. We were encouraged to help those where necessary.,三. 原因狀語從句 1. because, since, as, for的區(qū)別 1) because語氣最強，表示因果關(guān)系，表示直接原因，強調(diào)別人未知的事實。 注意: because

15、 +句子 / because of + 名詞 在下列情況下，只能用because 在回答有why引出的疑問句時 在強調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)中，只能用because: It is / was because (of) . + that . E.g. It was because I wanted to be closer to the nature that I chose to live on the first floor.,2) since 語氣較弱， since表示的原因多是已知事實，即聽者對該原因已經(jīng)有所了解，所以翻譯成“既然”， 不可回答”why”。 E.g. Since everybody is

16、 here, lets begin our meeting now. 3) as語氣更弱，解釋為“由于”，一般放在句首 E.g. As it is raining, we had better stay at home. 由于天在下雨， 我們最好呆在家里。 4) for是并列連詞，引導(dǎo)狀語從句時，是根據(jù)已有的結(jié)論為依據(jù)推斷出可能的原因。它引導(dǎo)的是并列分句，for前面的分句往往以逗號分開。更重要的是for只能后置。,E.g. It must be morning, for the birds are singing. 一定是早晨了，鳥在叫了。 He must be ill, for he is

17、absent today. 2. 此外now that也能引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，相當(dāng)于”since”，解釋為”既然，由于”， 但只能放在句首。 E.g. Now that you have finished your work, you are free to do what you want to. 3. in that = because 因為，由于 E.g. I was caught in a dilemma in that I have two job opportunities.,四. 條件狀語從句 連接詞：if, unless, in case, so / as long as, as

18、 / so far as（就而論）, provided / providing that（只要）, on condition that（只要）, given that（倘若/如果考慮到）, suppose, supposing（假設(shè)）等。 同時間狀語從句一樣，條件狀語從句如果表示將來， 從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時 E.g. As long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty. Ill buy a villa on condition that I have enough money.,He is

19、 sure to come to our party unless he has some urgent work to do. You may go out to play provided / providing that you finish your homework first. Given that these young people havent got any experience, they have done a good job. 倘若考慮到這些年輕人沒有任何經(jīng)驗，他們的工作已算是做得相當(dāng)不錯了。 五. 比較狀語從句 比較狀語從句中有些成分常省略，只留下相比較的成分。連

20、接詞有as, than, as as, not so as, the more the more 等。,E.g. She went to school earlier than Tom did. The harder you study, the more progress you will make. 六. 目的狀語從句 目的狀語從句的連詞有：that (以便)，so that , in order that, in case (以防)，lest (惟恐，免得，以防)，for fear that (生怕，以免，為了防止發(fā)生)，從句中常含有may, might, can, could, sho

21、uld, would等情態(tài)動詞。 E.g. The teacher frequently repeated what he said so that the students should follow him well. 這個老師經(jīng)常重復(fù)他所說的話,這樣學(xué)生就能記得更好。,She works very hard at her studies in order that she should make great success in her career. He took the name down for fear that he should forget it. Please take

22、 an umbrella in case it rains. 七. 結(jié)果狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：so, so that, so . that, such . that等 1. so that與such that的區(qū)別: so + adj. + a / an + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) such + a / an + adj. + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) / 不可數(shù)名詞,Trans:她是如此誠實的人以致于每個人都相信她 She is such an honest woman that everyone trusts her. = she is so honest a woman that

23、everyone trusts her. E.g. so clever boys / so fine weather X 但是，“few, little, many, much”等詞前只能用”so”。 E.g. They are _ good students that the teachers like them. There are _ many flowers in the park.,such,so,2. such引導(dǎo)的定語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句 E.g. This house is such a poor one _ no one wants to live in. This house

24、 is such a poor one _ no one wants to live in it. 注意: so that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句還是目的狀語從句 E.g. Hold the photo closer to me so that I can see it much better. I went to the theatre early, so that I got a good seat there.,as,that,結(jié)論: so that從句中的動詞如是過去時態(tài)， 那它就是結(jié)果狀語從句。 so that從句中的動詞如是情態(tài)動詞， 那便是目的狀語從句。 八. 方式狀語從句 方式狀語

25、從句引導(dǎo)詞常有: as, as if, as though 1. as 與 一樣 E.g. Do in Rome as the Romans do. 2. as if, as though - 仿佛, 由as if或 as though引導(dǎo)的從句中可用虛擬語氣 E.g. She stood at the door as if (=as though) she were waiting for someone.,九. 讓步狀語從句 讓步狀語從句主要由though, although, however, even if / though, in spite of the fact that, as

26、, while等引導(dǎo)。 1. though與although 1) though, although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，主句中不能用but，一般情況下兩者能夠替換。但although似乎比though語氣略重。 E.g. Jack insisted on going to Iraq although his family warned him not to. 杰克堅持要去伊拉克，盡管他的家人告誡他不要去。,2) though能與even連用，而although則不能。我們可以說even though（即使），但不可以說even although. 2. though和as可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的倒裝形式，而although不可以。 結(jié)構(gòu)：adj. / n. / v. + as / though + 句子的剩余部分，解釋為“雖然”。 E.g. The article is very important though it is very short. = Short as / though the article is, it is very important. Young as the b