1、Reading Strategy,Duan Lifu,Reading Strategy,Duan Lifu,1,學習交流PPT,Contents,1. Background Information,2. Four Reading Models,3. Three Kinds of Reading Strategies,4. Reading Process,2,學習交流PPT,Pritchard (1990) defines a strategy as a deliberate action that readers take voluntarily to develop an understan

2、ding of what they read. Kellerman (1983) defines a strategy as a “well organized approach to a problem”. Olshavsky (1977) claims that a strategy is a purposeful means of comprehending the authors message.,1. 1 What is reading strategy?,3,學習交流PPT,1.2 The importance of using strategy,If a reader knows

3、 how, when and where to use an appropriate strategy, this would help him to improve reading comprehension. Strategies aid readers to process the text actively, to monitor their comprehension and to connect what they are reading to their own knowledge and to other parts of the text.,4,學習交流PPT,2. Four

4、 Reading Models,The reading model has gone through three stages. Bottom-up reading model Top-down reading model. Interactive reading model (interaction of bottom-up reading model and top-down reading model). The schema theory,5,學習交流PPT,2.1 The bottom-up processing,Bottom-up model means that the read

5、er constructs the text from smallest unit (letter to words to phrases to sentence, etc) and that the process of constructing the text from those small units becomes so automatic that readers are not aware of how if operates. (Eskey, 1988),6,學習交流PPT,This can happen if our world knowledge is inadequat

6、e, or if the writers point of view is very different from our own. In that case, we must scrutinize the vocabulary and syntax to make sure we have grasped the plain sense correctly. Thus bottom-up processing can be used as a corrective to “tunnel vision (seeing things only from our own limited point

7、 of view)”.,7,學習交流PPT,2.2 The top-down processing,The top-down model is that readers bring a great deal of knowledge, expectations, assumptions and questions to the text and, give a basic understanding of the vocabulary; they continue to read as long as the text confirms their expectations. (Goodman

8、, 1967),8,學習交流PPT,We make conscious use of it when we try to see the overall purpose of the text, or get a rough idea of the pattern of the writers argument, in order to make a reasoned guess at the next step (based on the schema we have acquired ).We might compare this approach to an eagles eye.,9,

9、學習交流PPT,2.3 The interaction of bottom-up and top-down processing,The former neglects the fact that reading is an active comprehensive process, while the later neglects the fast and exact recognition of the lower level information such as letters, vocabulary, grammar forms. Reader may shift from one

10、focus to another, adopting a top-down approach to predict the probable meaning, then moving from the bottom-up approach to check whether that is really what the writer says. It is known as interactive reading.,10,學習交流PPT,2.4 The schema theory,Schema theory is one of the most important theories in th

11、e study of reading comprehension. According to schema theory, all knowledge is packaged into units. These units are schemata. Schema theory also holds the view that comprehending a text is an interactive process between the readers background knowledge and the text. Efficient reading requires the ab

12、ility to relate the textual material to ones own knowledge. The readers schemata assist him to make assumptions about the meaning of the incoming text. Meanwhile, the reader makes confirmations, rejections and mediations with more information coming out from the text.,11,學習交流PPT,3. Three kinds of re

13、ading strategies,12,學習交流PPT,13,學習交流PPT,14,學習交流PPT,Direct Strategies,Memory,15,學習交流PPT,memory,Cognitive,16,學習交流PPT,compensation,17,學習交流PPT,Indirect Strategies,Metacognitive,18,學習交流PPT,Affective,19,學習交流PPT,Affective,20,學習交流PPT,Social,21,學習交流PPT,4.1 Before-reading Strategies,(1) Deciding the reading pu

14、rpose Generally speaking, there are mainly three reading purposes: For pleasure: ignore the most significant learning process thinking. For information: the content is of the utmost importance while difficult language points are deliberately avoided For language: more likely to obstructed by trifle

15、achievement.,22,學習交流PPT,(2) Selecting reading material Readers should select suitable materials so that they do not have rely on dictionary excessively. If the readers use dictionary too frequently, the reading consistency will be broken up. Generally speaking, if the new words account for less than

16、 5% of the total, the understanding will not be compromised. (3) Make reading plans You should work out a detailed plan before reading. It includes the time they spend reading every day and the choice of proper materials for intensive and extensive reading. Besides they should consider about reading

17、 strategies and then predicting reading results.,23,學習交流PPT,4.2 During reading strategies,During reading strategies refer to the techniques and methods applied by readers during the reading process, which play an irreplaceable role in reading. (1) PredictionPredicting from the title and topic senten

18、ce Predicting with background knowledge Predicting from single words Predicting from prior plot,24,學習交流PPT,(2) Skimming: it refers to reading quickly to grasp the main idea or the theme of the passage. Readers can quickly identify the genre and the most important information with the help of strateg

19、ies, such as highlighting main sentences, emphasizing key words and phrases, and skipping over minor information and details. (3) Scanning: it is a strategy which reader apply to locate some specific information quickly. Scanning requires readers to find answers with question in their mind.,25,學習交流P

20、PT,(4) Key word reading: it only focuses on the central part of sentences and some closely-related adjectives and adverbs. It is usually use to grasp main ideas and details of a passage. The reading speed can tremendously improved in this way, but the accuracy of understanding is also reduced, rangi

21、ng from 50% to 70%. (5) Sense group reading Reading by sense group means that readers read the whole passage according to the constituted meaning phrases. Reading by sense groups not only improves reading speed and efficiency, but also deepens the understanding of reading material.,26,學習交流PPT,(6) Ma

22、king notes: During reading process, readers should write down some important information to enhance the understanding of the whole passage and details. Good reading notes should be short, exact, selective and systematic, clarify the writing purpose and the way information is organized. (7) Understan

23、ding the main content: in reading, readers not only passively receive new knowledge, but also think deeply and critically. It includes: Summarizing the main idea Indentifying references Distinguishing generalizations from specifics Inferring,27,學習交流PPT,(8) Guessing word meaning Guessing by definition Guessing by synonym and antonym（同義詞、反義詞） Guessing by exam