1、湖南省長(zhǎng)沙縣實(shí)驗(yàn)中學(xué)2013屆高三英語(yǔ)閱讀專題：主旨大意題學(xué)案高考閱讀理解對(duì)文章的主旨大意進(jìn)行命題，旨在考查考生通過對(duì)原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語(yǔ)篇的大意，并對(duì)文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時(shí)，能夠提煉文章的中心情節(jié)，體會(huì)作者的主要意圖，充分運(yùn)用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點(diǎn)、中心論點(diǎn)及作者的情感傾向。在高考閱讀理解中，針對(duì)短文主旨常見的命題形式如下：(1). What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?(2).

2、 The main topic / subject of the passage is _.(3). The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is(4). The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _.(5). What is mainly discussed in the text?(6). What is the main idea of the passage?(7) Whats the main point the writ

3、er is trying to make in the last paragraph?(8) The purpose of this passage is . (9). Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?(10) Which of the following best summarized the passage?(11) The passage mainly focuses on .解題技巧一怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意主題句定位法主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結(jié)尾（含在開頭結(jié)

4、尾同時(shí)出現(xiàn)、首尾呼應(yīng)的主題句）。因此，仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時(shí)，一般不需逐句細(xì)讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點(diǎn)搜索主題線索和主題信息。1. 中心主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。（先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例論證）例題：(2008年全國(guó)高考重慶卷E篇)In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition. Some value it highly, believing tha

5、t it is responsible for social progress and prosperity. Others say that competition is bad; that it sets one person against another; that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.71. What does this passage mainly talk about?A. Competition helps to set up self-respect.B. Opinions about comp

6、etition are different among people.C. Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D. Failures are necessary experience in competition.2. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾。在細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。（細(xì)節(jié)表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后）例題2：On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can.

7、 We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet. Whats more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages. We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games. With the help

8、of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes. The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.1. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Keep away from the Internet. B. Surf the net.C. The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D. We can enter

9、tain ourselves on the Internet.3. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文首和文尾，首尾呼應(yīng)。（為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題）例題：Lacrosse (曲棍球) is a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada invented it. They used it to train for war. They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World. People play lacrosse outdoors. The lacrosse

10、field is seven meters long. At each end of the field there is a goal. The goal is a net. There are ten players on each team. Each player has a stick called “ cross”. The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible. Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the

11、ball at a high speed with their sticks. Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse. There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night Canadians can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio. At one time lacrosse was the national su

12、mmer sport in Canada. Today it is still popular with Canadians.1.The passage is mainly about . A. How to Play Lacrosse B. Lacrosse in Canada C. The History of Lacrosse D. LacrosseA Popular Game in Canada 4. 主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。通常前面只提出問題，文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。例題： (2008年全國(guó)高考江蘇卷C篇)The Sah

13、ara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past. The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December. It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from

14、 the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands. Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship. One following another, groups of musicians

15、and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture. Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs. On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, da

16、rk, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.67. This passage mainly tells readers_.A. what happens on the opening day of the Sahara FestivalB. how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara FestivalC. what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Fes

17、tivalD. how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival5. 中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句。根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。(先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解)例題1：(2008年全國(guó)高考安徽卷C篇)Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China. Nobody knows

18、 exactly when the practice started in Europe. It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed (無(wú)武器的) hands to each other as a sign of goodwill. As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each others hands to make a deal or to r

19、each an agreement. This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other. “Lets shake (hands) on it” sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No. Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out the

20、ir hands too often to be polite. It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her. Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in an

21、swer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly. There is generally a misunderstanding (誤解) among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved (保守的) in manner. But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese

22、today. So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.65. The first paragraph mainly tells us _. A. where handshaking was first practisedB. how handshaking came aboutC. about the relationship between handshaking and tradeD. about the pr

23、actice of handshaking both in Europe and in China67. The main purpose of the text is _.A. to tell us some differences between the East and the WestB. to offer us some important facts about handshakingC. to introduce us to some different customs in the WestD. to give us some advice before we travel a

24、broad例題2：(2008年全國(guó)高考 山東卷A篇）Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen. With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools. They sought a university that offered the teenagers intended

25、 major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe. “The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasnt alone in his worries. On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about c

26、rime? But when college officials always gave the same answer “Thats not a problem here,” Mahoney began to feel uneasy.“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today. “ I just dont buy it.” Nor should he: in 1999 the U.S. Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or aroun

27、d our campuses. “Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus. “Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.”But getting accurate information isnt easy. Colleges must report crime statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字)by law, but some

28、 hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous. “The truth may not always be serious,” warms S. Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nations leading campus safety watchdog group.To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to expert

29、s around the country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions.60. What is the text mainly about?A. Exact campus crime statistics B. Crimes on or around campusesC. Effective solutions to campus crime D. Concerns about kids campus safety二怎樣選擇或擬定文章的標(biāo)題-先弄清文章的主旨大意，再定標(biāo)題。要考慮標(biāo)題對(duì)文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般

30、要求能覆蓋全文內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章主旨。要避免下列三種情況： 概括不夠（多表現(xiàn)為部分代整體，從而導(dǎo)致范圍太?。?過度概括（多表現(xiàn)為脫離本文章內(nèi)容的發(fā)揮）； 以事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)替代抽象具體的大意。例題1：(2008年全國(guó)高考江西卷A篇)He wishes the holiday season would end already. His back aches, his red suit feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours The questions from children these

31、days are harder than ever. Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable. For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?”Santas also have a pretty go

32、od chance of getting sued (指控)59What would be the best title for the passage? AChristmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas BIs Santa Claus Really Alive? CA Christmas Story DWhat Does Santa Claus Do for Children?例題2：（2008年全國(guó)卷III A篇）Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia

33、was delivered to my house. No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all. After a while I stopped trying to discover the senders name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be. Some of my happiest

34、moments were spent daydreaming about the sender. My mother encouraged these imaginings. Shed ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness. Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail Id delivered during the winter. As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it m

35、ight be a boy I had run into.One month before my graduation, my father died. I felt so sad that I became completely uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didnt care if I had a new dress or not. But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things. She wanted her

36、 children to feel loved and lovable. In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery (神秘)My mother died ten days after I was married. I was 22. That was the year the gardenia stopped coming.41. Which of the fol

37、lowing would be the best title for the text?A. A childhood Dream. B. A Mothers Love.C. A Graduation Party. D.ASpecial Birthday.總則：Skill 1：Find the topic sentence(s) by skimming the paragraph / passageSkill 2: Summarize the main idea in our own words and then choose the best title.First, get the main

38、 idea of each paragraph. Second, summarize the main idea in our own words, according to the structure of the passage. Third, compare it with the choices to see which one is the best.“how a good title should be” “simple, accurate ,complete ,new” simple easy to understand accurate express the writers

39、opinion fully and correctly. complete Include the main information. newThe title should be fashionable, attractive and can arouse the readers interest.Skill 3: Suppose you are asked to write a passage using the best one as its title, how will you write it?Skill 4: Use your experience in read Chinese

40、 articles to help you.課后鞏固練習(xí)：AEnglish is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English. BSome students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Oth

41、ers prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. Not a single teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. CLife in 2035 will be different from what it is today. For one thing, you will sleep later because your job will

42、start later in the morning. Too, machines will do most of your routine work for you. Also, you will travel to work on a moving sidewalk. Furthermore, you will talk to your friends on a picture telephone. Finally, you will take longer vacations in more distant places since transportation will be so m

43、uch faster and cheaper. Certainly all of us can look forward to many new advantages in the coming 30 years. DIf you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly draw your attention: “Color TV. Only 79. Two days sale. Hurry.” However, when you go to the store rea

44、dy to buy, you may discover that they are sold out. But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model. A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs 395. This sales method is called “bait and switch”. Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are swit

45、ched to another more expensive one. Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.The paragraph could be entitled _. A. Buying A TV Set B. A Selling Method C. Buyer Beware D. TV on Sale EBefore a new type of airplane goes into service, every part of it is

46、 tested again and again. But there are two tests that are more important than all the others.The first is called the tank test. A modem airplane must fly very high in the sky. Air must be pumped into the plane so that the passengers can breathe. The metal structure （結(jié)構(gòu)）of the plane has to be very st

47、rong for this reason. When the plane is filled with air, the air presses against the skin of the plane inside. The pressure （壓力） on a small window is like a huge foot that is trying to get out. If a small part of the plane were to fail, the plane would explode in the sky. To test the structure of th

48、e plane, the plane is lowered into a huge tank or container of water. Then it is filled with air. The pressure inside the plane is greater than it ever will be when it is high up in the air. Finally, there is an explosion. This does not cause so much damage inside the water tank as it would anywhere

49、 else. Engineers can discover which part of the plane has broken. Then that part is made stronger.The most dangerous test happens when the new plane is going through test flights in the air. The test pilot must find out exactly what happens when the engines （發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)） are all shut off at once. The plane

50、begins to fall like a stone. It is the pilot s job to find out how he can get control of the plane again. These two tests are examples of how planes are made safe before they ever carry passengers.(2004 全國(guó))71. What might be the most suitable title for the text? A. Two Important Tests on Airplanes B.

51、 The Importance of Flying Safely C. The Danger of Testing Airplanes D. How Airplanes Are Made and Tested FReading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills（讀寫能力. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental li

52、steners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence（自信心）, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals（ITA）in Salt Lake City. The group says it is the first program in the country to use dogs to help develop literacy in children, with the introduction of Reading Education Assistance Dogs（READ）.Th

53、e Salt Lake City Public Library is sold on the idea. “Literacy specialists admit that children who read below the level of their fellow pupils are often afraid of reading aloud in a group, often have lower self-respect, and regard reading as a headache,” said Lisa Myron, manager of the childrens dep

54、artment.Last November the two groups started “Dog Day Afternoon” in the childrens department of the main library. About 25children attended each of the four Saturday-afternoon classes, reading for half an hour. Those who attended three of the four classes received a “pawgraphed” book at the last cla

55、ss.The program was so successful that the library plans to repeal it in April, according to Dana Thumpowsky, public relations manager. (2003 全國(guó))59What is mainly discussed in the text?AChildrens reading difficulties.BAdvantages of raising dogs.CService in public libraryDA special reading program. GBe

56、ing considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise. Leadership means power, commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement. Unlike vitamin C, leadership skills cant be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.Different from popular belief, most good leaders

57、 are made, not born. They learn their skills in their everyday lives. But which do they develop? How do they (and how can you) get others to follow?Always give credit. Many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performance from others is to treat them like heroes. Giving public cred

58、it to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world. It is also an act of generosity (慷慨) thats never forgotten. Giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批評(píng)), which often hurts rather than helps. Kenneth Blanchard, the author of The One-Minute Manager，agrees. Catch people doing something right! he says. Then tell everyone about it.Take