1、議論文寫作,一. 定義 二. 段落結(jié)構(gòu) 三. 題型及范文 四. 真題回顧 五. 課后寫作,一. 定義,The purpose of argumentation is to convince. An argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.

2、 Speeches on policies, editorials of newspapers, articles on political or theoretical questions, and various proposals are often argumentative. Argumentation frequently makes use of the other 3 types of writing - description, narration, and above all exposition, for argumentation and exposition are

3、very closely related- argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.,二. 段落結(jié)構(gòu),Writing in argumentative style requires : 1. An Introduction 2. Development 3. Conclusion,三. 題型與范文,1. 談個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)題型 My View on （之我見） Two viewpoints available and illustrate the viewp

4、oint you support（存在兩種觀點(diǎn)并提出你的觀點(diǎn)）: 1) 對立觀點(diǎn)式 A有人認(rèn)為X 是好事，贊成X， 為什么？ B 有人認(rèn)為X 是壞事， 反對X，為什么？ C我的看法。 2) 批駁觀點(diǎn)式 A一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤觀點(diǎn)。 B 我不同意。,My View on Educational Reform,Peoples views on educational reform vary from person to person. Some people think the educational reform is very important and necessary. They hold this

5、 view because they think the traditional way of education is outmoded. We must change the test-oriented education into ability- oriented education. In this way, our country will develop faster and faster.,But others hold that the reform is unnecessary. In their opinion, the test-oriented education i

6、s very good. The test score is a ruler to measure the degree of students mastery of knowledge. With the traditional educational system, our country has developed fast and will do as ever.,As to me, I am in favor of the first view. The following are the reasons of my standpoint. First, the world keep

7、s changing. If we know only book knowledge, it is not enough for us to keep pace of the rapid development of science and technology. Besides, high score doesnt mean high intelligence.,We must pay attention to the basic quality rather than the score. In many schools, teachers spend a lot of time deve

8、loping their own abilities. It should be noted that our society needs people with different kinds of abilities not people with only high scores. In a word, schools should cultivate students different abilities according to their different interests.,2. Advantages and Disadvantages of 題型,事物總是一分為二的。 四

9、,六級寫作題目中有許多涉及某一事物的正反兩方面。例如： 四,六級考過“運(yùn)動(dòng)的積極因素與消極因素”，“雙休日的好處與副作用”， “新的科學(xué)技術(shù)給社會(huì)帶來的好處與問題”， “摩托車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與缺點(diǎn)”。,Advantages and Disadvantages of Having a Part-time Job,At present, more and more university students are doing part-time jobs. They work as shop assistants, salespersons, waiters and so on. Like everythi

10、ng else, having a part-time job has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.,First, students can have the chance of earning pocket money and thus reduce their parents financial burden. In addition, they can give full play to their professional knowl

11、edge and skills. Above all, by watching and studying society, they can gain an insight into things that their textbooks can never teach them. Thus, they can form their own thoughts and become mature.,But every coin has two sides. The disadvantages of having a part-time job are also obvious. To begin

12、 with, students may have less time to relax or feed themselves mentally. They may feel university life is tiring and uninteresting. To make matters worse, some students have not enough time to review their lessons and they will fall behind others in study.,Worst of all, some students regard earning

13、money rather than acquiring knowledge as more important. Through above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects. Therefore, to a certain degree, students will benefit a lot form their part-time jobs if they can keep a good balance between part-time jobs and studyin

14、g.,3. How to題型,四、六級考過的有“怎樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)綠化”，“我是如何克服英語學(xué)習(xí)中所遇到的困難的”， “我怎么為我理想的職業(yè)作準(zhǔn)備”等等。屬于想辦法類型的題目。,How to Eliminate False Advertisements,Nowadays, some advertisers take advantage of newspapers, radio and television programs to do false advertisements which boast their products by over-praising their quality or e

15、xaggerating their function. These advertisements mislead consumers and damage the credit of business.,Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all, before they are published, all the advertisements must be censored(審查) by the au

16、thorities concerned to see whether they conform to their products. The advertisements must be objective and scientific and irrelevant propaganda must be forbidden. Besides, the mass media should be advised not to accept any advertisements merely for the sake of money.,They should be selective and di

17、scriminating in publishing advertisements. Finally, Laws should be passed to restrain false advertisements. Anyone who publishes false advertisements must bear the legal responsibility. These are not the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong

18、actions to eliminate false advertisements and protect consumers interests.,4.“兩者選一”題型,人生面臨著許多抉擇。這在四，六級寫作題中也反映了出來。例如：四,六級考過“始終從事一種工作還是經(jīng)常更換工作”以及“有選擇地讀書還是博覽群書”。碰到這種“兩者選一”類的題目，可參考下列的寫作方法。,Going on a Self-tour or a Package Tour,When we go traveling, well be faced with the choice between a self-tour and a

19、 package tour. Before making the right choice, we had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.,First of all, if we go traveling ourselves, we can take any means of transport as we like. If we choose package tour, we can also choose between the plane and the train at different prices. Sec

20、ond, if we travel ourselves, we can go to any places at any time. Likewise, if we choose package tour, we can provide a great variety of journey to different places. Despite their similarities, self-tour and package tour are different in the following aspects.,First, it is cheaper to travel ourselve

21、s but it is inconvenient to buy the train or plane ticket and accommodate ourselves. However, though more expensive, package tour will arrange every thing for us and we need not bother about transportation and accommodation. Besides, traveling ourselves, we will feel quite free and can stay in any p

22、lace as long as we like.,On the contrary, by package tour we will be hurried along when time is up according to the schedule. Therefore, it depends on which is better. If we want to be thrifty and free, we should go traveling ourselves, but if we want to get relaxed, we should choose package tour.,5

23、. 社會(huì)問題（現(xiàn)象）式,參考模式: 1一個(gè)社會(huì)問題或者現(xiàn)象。 2 產(chǎn)生的原因 。 3對社會(huì)和我們生活的影響 。 4 如何杜絕（如果是問題的話）。 5 前景的預(yù)測。,模版1,Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 觀點(diǎn)1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 觀點(diǎn)2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my bel

24、ief. First of all, 論據(jù)1. More importantly, 論據(jù)2. Most important of all, 論據(jù)3. In summary, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心. 或 From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測.,模版2,People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 觀點(diǎn)1, while others point out that 觀點(diǎn)2. As far as

25、I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 論據(jù)1. For another, 論據(jù)2. Last but not the least, 論據(jù)3. To conclude, 總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心. 或 From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測.,模版3,There is no consensus(共識) of opinions among people about X（爭論的焦點(diǎn)）.

26、Some people are of the view that 觀點(diǎn)1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 觀點(diǎn)2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 論據(jù)1. Furthermore, 論據(jù)2. Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the stronge

27、st. That is, 論據(jù)3. A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that總結(jié)觀點(diǎn). As a college student, I am supposed to 表決心. ( From above, we can predict that 預(yù)測).,四. 真題回顧,2005.12.24 CET4 Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 1. 名校校園正成為旅游熱點(diǎn) 2. 校園是否應(yīng)該對游客開放,人們看法不同 3. 我認(rèn)為,(14 points article),Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? University campuses, especially those of the renowned universities, have recently become the new tourist attractions.