1、Unit 2 The environment,Grammar and usage,什么是定語(attributive)?,定語是用來修飾、限定、說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的。 主要有形容詞此外還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、動詞不定式（短語）、分詞、定語從句或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞、短語或句子都可以作定語。,Revision,Hes a tall man. There are a lot of banana trees on the island. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.,什么是表語(predicative)?,表語是用來說

2、明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的，表語常由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式、動詞的-ing、從句來充當(dāng)，它常位于系動詞(be, become, appear, seem, look, sound, feel, get, smell等詞)之后。,Albert Einstein was a famous professor of physics. Our plan is to keep the affair secret. This dog is frightening.,什么是賓語補足語 (object complement)?,賓語補足語：某些及物動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語，意

3、思才完整，賓語和它的補足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。,Im going to paint it pink. I saw the kite up and down. Tom made the girl cry. Can you smell something burning?,現(xiàn)在分詞,現(xiàn)在分詞是由“動詞原形+ing”構(gòu)成，在功能上具有形容詞或副詞的特點。,現(xiàn)在分詞做定語,現(xiàn)在分詞可用于名詞前，用來修飾該名詞，功能上相當(dāng)于形容詞。 This will have a lasting effect. （現(xiàn)在分詞lasting做定語，修飾名詞effect，相當(dāng)于形容詞） 有時還可將副詞置于現(xiàn)在分詞之前，修飾現(xiàn)在分

4、詞。 That was an extremely interesting speech. （副詞extremely修飾現(xiàn)在分詞interesting）,副詞或名詞可以和現(xiàn)在分詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。 The fast-growing economy has caused environmental problems. （副詞fast和現(xiàn)在分詞growing一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞fast-growing） A wood-burning stove is environmentally unfriendly.（名詞wood和現(xiàn)在分詞burning一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞wood-burning）,1. Everybody

5、 says he is a _ boy. A. promised B. promising C. to promise D. promise 答案為 B 。 解析：這是一個典型的v-ing形式作前置定語以形容詞功能出現(xiàn)，在這里，promising意為“有希望的”。,典型例題,2. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with the _. A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars 答

6、案選D。 解析：remain 是不及物動詞，其過去分詞無被動含義，用remaining (剩下的)作定語，修飾20 dollars。remaining 20 dollars =20 dollars left。,現(xiàn)在分詞短語用于名詞后，用來修飾該名詞，功能上相當(dāng)于形容詞。此時現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以改寫為定語從句。 People running these factories are very concerned about the environment.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語running 用于名詞people后做定語，用來修飾該名詞。） = People who run these factories a

7、re very concerned about the environment.,Look over there - theres a very long, winding path _ up to the house. (2011 山東) A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead 解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，a path與lead構(gòu)成 邏輯上的主動關(guān)系，故用leading。本句意思 是：看那邊 那里有一條很長的蜿蜒曲折 的通往那所房子的路?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語做定語。,高考真題,A,2. Recently a survey _ prices of the same go

8、ods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (2011江蘇) A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared 解析：compare的動作是survey發(fā)出的，現(xiàn)在分詞短語做后置定語。,B,2012湖南卷31. The lecture, _ at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A. starting B

9、. being started C. to start D. to be started 本題考查非謂語動詞的用法。根據(jù)last night可知start已經(jīng)發(fā)生，故排除C、D，不定式常表將來。B. being done，一般表進行，也排除。非謂語動詞的主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài) ，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語。,A,現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞作定語的區(qū)別,動名詞作定語表名詞的作用或功能，現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表名詞正在進行的動作。,現(xiàn)在分詞做表語,This destruction is frightening. （現(xiàn)在分詞frightening 用在系動詞is后，做表語。）,Her job is teaching. Seeing

10、is believing.,- What do you think of the book? - Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time. A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read,C,典型例題,現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞作表語的區(qū)別,（1）動名詞 My job is teaching. = Teaching is my job. Her full-time job is laying eggs. = Laying eggs is her full-time job.,（2）現(xiàn)在分詞 The play i

11、s exciting. Exciting is the play. The story he told us was very interesting. Interesting was the story he told us.,現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補足語,They think of greedy businessmen hiding from their responsibilities . （現(xiàn)在分詞hiding做賓語補足語， 補充說明賓語businessmen）,Listen! Do you hear someone _ for help? （2010湖南） A. calling B. cal

12、l C. to call D. called 答案：A 解析：該空在句中為非謂語動詞作賓補，根據(jù) someone與call的主動關(guān)系排除D項。hear后接不定式作賓補時應(yīng)省略to，由此排除C項。由Listen可判斷此處表示正在求救。,高考真題,現(xiàn)在分詞也有完成時形式： having+過去分詞 Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environment and growing economy should be possible at the same time. （現(xiàn)在分詞的

13、完成時形式having worked說明，動詞work先于主句謂語動詞know發(fā)生）,Dina, _ for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. （2010湖南） A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle 答案選C。 解析：邏輯主語Dina與struggle為主動關(guān)系,故排除B項。由劇中的finally可知非謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生在句中謂語took a position

14、之前, 故用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成主動式。,高考真題,【2012四川卷】 I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound 【答案】 C 【解析】本題考查非謂語動詞。此題考查現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。winding its way與賓語snake之間為主動關(guān)系且此動作正在進行，故選C。,現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語,1. Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up

15、. 2. Being a student, he was interested in sports. 3. Having written the letter, John went to the post office. 4. When crossing the street, he was knocked down by a car.,現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，注意如下三點： 作狀語表示時間、原因、條件、伴隨等，相當(dāng)于相應(yīng)的從句 分詞的邏輯主語就是全句的主語 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時有不同的時態(tài)與語態(tài),【2012江蘇卷】31. _ an important decision more on emotion

16、than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later. A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base 【答案】B 【解析】動詞base與邏輯主語you之間構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，所以用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，故選B項。,現(xiàn)在分詞短語,現(xiàn)在分詞短語可以單獨使用，也可以在其后面跟賓語和狀語。現(xiàn)在分詞短語通?？梢杂脕肀硎緯r間、原因、結(jié)果、條件等。,表示時間,Asking around, I find my people willing to pay a little higher prices for things that are fri

17、endly to the environment. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語asking around和主句謂語動詞find發(fā)生的時間一致或者相同） = When I ask around, I find many people ,Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語having observed the problem for many years表示動作發(fā)生在先，主句謂語

18、動詞announced動作發(fā)生在后） = After he observed the problem for many years, he announced that we ,表示原因,We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown 解釋主句中動作的原因） = We are making bigger holes in the

19、nets, because we hope to avoid catching ,He had a wonderful childhood, _ with his mother to all corners of the world.（2010安徽） A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling 答案選D。 解析：主語（he）與動詞travel之間存在主動關(guān)系，故用traveling作原因狀語。,高考真題,【2012重慶卷】_ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A

20、. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked 答案: A 【解析】逗號前為原因狀語，空白處與句子的主語為邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，由此可排除表示主動關(guān)系的B和C選項，D選項常作目的和結(jié)果狀語，不作原因狀語，也可排除，而A選項為現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動形式，可作時間狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、伴隨狀語等。,表示結(jié)果,The factory keeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語making the air dirty是主句中動作的結(jié)果） = The factory ke

21、eps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.,1. It rained heavily in the south, _ serious flooding in several provinces. （2010天津） A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 答案選C。 解析：空格后serious flooding是rained heavily的后果，而且句子主語it和cause之間存在主動關(guān)系，所以此處要用動詞的ing形式作結(jié)果狀語。,高考真題,2. The retir

22、ed man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, _the students to return to their classrooms. （2010江蘇） A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled 答案：選A。 解析：enabling 表示他在捐獻后的結(jié)果。,表示條件,Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語preparing

23、fully是主句中動作實現(xiàn)的先決條件） = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.,Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, _ on your feet. (2011北京) A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept 解析：用現(xiàn)在分詞表示一種條件，keep的動作是you發(fā)出的，二者之間沒有動作的先后，所以不能用having kept。,高考真題,“conj. + 現(xiàn)在分詞短語”也可以用來表示時間。常用的

24、連詞有when, whenever, while, once和until。 We have to take environment protection into consideration when developing the economy. （連詞when和現(xiàn)在分詞developing一起用來表示時間） = We have to take environment protection into consideration when we are developing the economy.,通常情況下，分詞的邏輯主語和句子的主語一致。 He travelled on the plan

25、e like this, keeping the tortoise hidden in a blanket. （現(xiàn)在分詞keeping的邏輯主語和句子的主語一致，都是he） = When he travelled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.,現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式是由“not + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 He sat there, not knowing what to say. （否定詞not放在現(xiàn)在分詞knowing前構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式）,Where is my passport? I remem

26、ber _ it here.You shouldnt have left it here. Remember _ it with you all the time. A. to put; to take B. putting; taking C. putting; to take D. to put; taking,C,Practice,2. After finishing his homework, he went on _ a letter to his parents. A. write B. writing C. wrote D. to write,D,3. _ is a good kind of exercise for both the young and the old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D