1、名詞,專有名詞(Proper Nouns),普通名詞 (Common Nouns),個(gè)體名詞(Individual Nouns),集體名詞(Collective Nouns),物質(zhì)名詞(Material Nouns),抽象名詞(Abstract Nouns),不可數(shù)名詞(Uncountable Nouns),可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns),Proper Nouns: 指人名、地名及某些人和事物專有的名稱,Eg:Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：專有名詞的第一個(gè)字母要大寫,Common Nouns： 專有

2、名詞以外的名詞都是普通名詞,1。Individual Nouns: 指作為個(gè)體而存在的人或東西。,可以指具體的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象東西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. Collective Nouns: 表示由個(gè)體組成的集體。,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待，有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。一般來說，視為整體時(shí)作單數(shù)看，突出它的成員時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看。,Eg: His family isnt la

3、rge.,Cf: His family are all music lovers.,在不少情況下，集體名詞后單復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可以用，沒什么差別。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,有少數(shù)集體名詞通常用作單數(shù)。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,個(gè)別集體名詞則多作復(fù)數(shù)看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,3. Material Nouns: 指無法分為

4、個(gè)體的東西。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般來說，物質(zhì)名詞是不可數(shù)的，因而沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但有一些特殊情況：,1)有些物質(zhì)名詞可用作可數(shù)名詞，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一種”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 兩份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一種）,2)個(gè)別物質(zhì)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式可以表示特別的意義。,Eg: rains （雨季）snows (積雪）waters(海域)

5、 （see note paper),4.Abstract Nouns: 表示一些抽象的概念。,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多數(shù)情況下，這種名詞常用于單數(shù)形式，不加任何冠詞。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,有時(shí)也可以加冠詞。,He works hard for the welfare of the poor.,After a brief peace, war broke out aga

6、in.,有些名詞可以兼作可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。,glass ( 玻璃 ) copper ( 銅 ) tin ( 錫 ) paper ( 紙 ) iron (鐵 ) wood ( 木頭 ) gold (金子 ) youth (青春 ) power ( 力量 ) beauty ( 美 ) pleasure( 愉快 ) relation(關(guān)系）,a glass ( 玻璃杯 ) a copper ( 銅幣板 ) a tin ( 罐頭，聽頭 ) a paper ( 報(bào)紙，證件，論文 ) an iron (熨斗 ) a wood ( 樹林 ) a gold (金牌 ) a youth (年青人 ) a p

7、ower ( 大國 ) a beauty ( 美人，美的東西 ) a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 ) a relation(親戚）,英語中有許多對(duì)詞，一個(gè)可數(shù)，一個(gè)不可數(shù)。,a poem(一首詩 ) a machine(一臺(tái)機(jī)器 ) a job(一件工作 ) a laugh(一個(gè)笑聲 ) a permit(許可證 ) a garment (一件衣裳 ) a bag(case) (一件行李 ) a loaf (一只面包 ) a hair(一根頭發(fā) ),poetry(詩歌總稱 ) machinery(機(jī)器總稱 ) work(工作 ) laughter(笑聲 ) permission(允許

8、 ) clothing(衣裳總稱 ) luggage, baggage(行李 ) bread(面包 ) hair( 頭發(fā)),名詞復(fù)數(shù),情況,加法,例詞,一般情況,以s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾的詞,以輔音y結(jié)尾的詞,以輔音+o 結(jié)尾的詞,以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞,加-s,加-es,去y加-ies,多數(shù)加-es,把f/fe改成ves,Brothers;schools,Buses;watches;dishes*1,Ladies;countries;*2,Heroes; tomatoes*3,Halves; leaves;*4,Notes:,*1:stomach,stomachs,*2:以元音+y或以專有名詞

9、+y結(jié)尾的名詞，直接在詞尾加-s. Eg:boys; toys; Germanys; Henrys,*3: 以元音+oeg: videos; studios 以oo結(jié)尾 eg: zoos; bamboos;kangaroos 一些外來詞(特別是音樂方面的詞)eg:pianos 一些縮寫詞 eg: kilos; photos; memos 一些專有名詞 eg: Eskimos; Filipinos,直接在詞尾加-s.,*4:以f/fe結(jié)尾只加-s的詞： proofs;gulfs; cliffs; roofs;serfs; beliefs;chiefs,不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：,1.man,men,Eg: w

10、oman women; chairman-chairmen,2.oo,ee,Eg:foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese,3.+en,Eg:child-children; ox-oxen,4.ouse,ice,Eg: mouse-mice; louse-lice（虱子）,有些外來詞的不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式：,Eg: analysis-analyses; basis-bases; thesis-theses; crisis-crises,criterion-criteria; phenomenon-phenomena; medium-media,單復(fù)數(shù)相同的情況：,she

11、ep; deer; means; fish; works; species; Chinese;Japanese 以及由漢語音譯表示度量衡、貨幣等單位的名詞。 Eg: yuan,jiao,fen, jin, mu,復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：,1.詞末+-s eg:film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law 3.兩個(gè)組成部分皆變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)：women doctors; men cooks* 這種形式的第一個(gè)名詞必須是man或woman,名詞所有格(The Possessive Case o

12、f Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake. She was at her wits end. Now they could sing at their hearts content. We should get the children out of harms way. We had best keep them at arms length. For goodness sake,stop arguing. Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(為了友誼）,（

13、黔驢技窮）,（盡情地）,（不受損害）,（保持距離）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,主謂一致,。語法形式上的一致（主單謂單；主復(fù)謂復(fù)）,。意義上的一致（主語形單意復(fù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Eg:people;police) （主語形復(fù)意單，謂語用單數(shù)。Eg: news;economics),3.就近原則：eitheror; neithernor; not onlybut also,4. 單復(fù)數(shù)視情況而定。 ）集體名詞作主語：強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，用單數(shù)；強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，用復(fù)數(shù),）單復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語，按意義一致原則。Eg:means,species,）中心詞是all, most, half, rest時(shí)，按意義一致原則。

14、即主語單數(shù)意義，謂語用單數(shù)；主語復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。,）主語是and連接兩個(gè)名詞時(shí)，指一樣?xùn)|西，謂語單數(shù)；指兩樣?xùn)|西，謂語復(fù)數(shù)。Eg: A knife and fork is on the table.,5)代詞作主語，取決于它代替的是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。意義一致原則。Eg: ours, yours; such, the same; who, that, which; any, either, neither,(單獨(dú)作主語，謂語單數(shù)） none, all, some, more,）分?jǐn)?shù)，量詞，half of, part of作主語，于中心詞保持一致。,）what 引導(dǎo)的主語從句。通常用單數(shù)；所指的

15、具體內(nèi)容為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。,）主謂倒裝，謂語與其后主語一致。,。謂語用單數(shù)的情況。,）名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略。（指商店，工場(chǎng)，住宅等）作主語。Eg: The doctors, my uncles, the bakers,2) 中心詞是時(shí)間、距離、金額、度量、書名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞。Eg: three years; The selected poems of Li Bai;,3) each, every, no 所修飾名詞，即使以and 或逗號(hào)連接。 Eg: each boy and each girl ; every man and woman,4) 主語有more than one; man

16、y a,5) a kind of; a pair of; a series of,6) This kind of,7) The number of,8) A great deal of; a large amount of +un,9) One and a half +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) eg: One and a half bananas is left on the table.,10) The departed (死者）意義上指?jìng)€(gè)體,11) the only one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)定語從句。從句中的謂語用單數(shù)。,。謂語用復(fù)數(shù)的情況。,）police,;people;cattle; mil

17、itia(民兵）作主語。,）有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞。（表示衣物或工具）eg: glasses; chopsticks,3)these kind of men（口語); men of this kind 作主語,）bothand. 修飾主語,5) A number of; large quantities of; large amounts of修飾主語,）the+ 形容詞作主語，一般情況下,）one of the+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)定語從句，從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。,Assignment:,1. Try to learn these words by heart: (通常用于復(fù)數(shù)形式的詞）,scissors剪刀; pants褲子; contents目錄 compasses兩腳規(guī); cords燈心絨褲; arms武器 earphones耳機(jī); pyjamas睡衣褲;ashes