1、English Grammar,Week 1-Nouns,1. Countable & Uncountable Nouns,a. Uncountable nouns: Advice applause bacon baggage luggage clothing damage equipment furniture laughter stationery b. Individual noun（C.） collective noun（U.） poem poetry machine machinery garment clothing table, chair etc. furniture poli

2、ceman police clergyman clergy trunk, bag, etc. Luggage article merchandise news reporter (the) press,c. individual noun(C.) abstract noun(U.) laugh laughter job work letter correspondence photo photography permit permission song music d. Uncountablecountable 1) 物質(zhì)名詞若表示具體事物可作可數(shù)名詞 Paper is made of woo

3、d. What do the papers say? Ice floats. Would you like an ice? Her hair is gray. She has gray hairs. Glass feels smooth. Id like a glass of milk. Strike while the iron is hot. We supply electric irons, not flat irons.,2) 一些不可數(shù)物質(zhì)名詞若表示不同種類，可有復(fù)數(shù)形式 A store selling many different teas Various soaps 3) 一些不

4、可數(shù)的抽象名詞表示“某一種”“某一方面”“個體”含義時，可作可數(shù)名詞 He had a good knowledge of politics. There is a certain honesty about this man which forces me admire him. She was a beauty in her youth. His room, at sixteen dollars a day, was a disappointment. CountableUncountable 可數(shù)名詞表示抽象或物質(zhì)意義時，作不可數(shù)用 He ate a whole chicken! Wou

5、ld you like some chicken? I reserved a single room in this hotel. Sure, theres much room for improvement.,2. Noun as modifier,a. N. + N. Danger zone trouble spot the supplier country A member state leg muscles kitchen counter Blood type b. number N.+N. A ten-pound baby a twelve-foot pole Ten two-hou

6、r lessons A three-month-old baby (時間語里常用所有格形式，比如： In two years time ten minutes break=a ten minute walk),3. Number of nouns,a. plural form 1)studios radios videos bamboos zoos 2)photos pianos solos autos kilos memos 3)Filipinos Eskimos Romeos 4)potatoes echoes heroes tomatoes 5)zeros/zeroes volcanos

7、/volcanoes cargos/cargoes mosquitos/mosquitoes 6) parties ladies rays boys plays 7) 12個變f或fe為ves calf-calves half-halves knife-knives leaf-leaves loaf-loaves self-selves sheaf-sheaves shelf-shelves thief-thieves wife-wives wolf-wolves,其余都加s Beliefs chiefs cliffs safes 極少數(shù)有兩種形式 Dwarf-dwarfs/dwarves h

8、andkerchief scarf Hoof wharf 8) Irregular plural forms -foot feet man men mouse mice tooth teeth goose-geese child children ox oxen -外來詞 From Latin: bacterium-bacteria curriculum-curricula um a datum-data medium-dedia,Antenna-antennae Formula-formulae a ae nucleus-nuclei radius-radii us i Stimulus-s

9、timuli Appendix-appendices Index-indices ix/ex ices,From Greek Analysis-analyses Basis-bases Crisis-crises is es Diagnosis-diagnoses Hypothesis-hypotheses Thesis-theses Axis-axes Criterion-criteria on a Phenomenon-phenomena,9) 單復(fù)同形 -deer sheep salmon -craft hovercraft spacecraft -Chinese Swiss Vietn

10、amese -horsepower hertz jin yuan mu -means series species works crossroads headquarters barracks Notice: 該類名詞作主語時，謂語的數(shù)取決于名詞前面的修飾語。 This species of rose is very rare. There are thousands of species of butterflies. All means have been used to get him to change his mind. One means is still to be tried.

11、,復(fù)數(shù)與單數(shù)意義不同 In a few minutes he will arrive here. The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed. She threw her arms around his neck. Having failed to resolve their disputes at the conference table, the two countries appealed to arms. 更多單復(fù)意義不同單詞示例： Air/airs ash/ashes content/contents Custom/

12、customs damage/damages Experience/experiences fund/funds,10) 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式 -Looker-on son-in-law -close-up go-between drawback -man-servant woman doctor 11) 集合名詞的數(shù) 常作單數(shù)的無生命物：cutlery machinery jewelry poetry merchandise 常作復(fù)數(shù)的生命物：cattle police poultry clergy 單（整體）復(fù)（個體） eg: The present government, which ha

13、snt been in power long, is trying to control inflation. It isnt having much success. The government, who are looking for a quick victory, are calling for a general election soon. They expected to be re-elected. A lot of people are giving them their support.,12) 復(fù)數(shù)形式名詞的數(shù) 通常作單數(shù)的s結(jié)尾名詞 News bowls darts

14、dominoes draughts AIDS mumps rickets Athens Naples General Motors the Netherlands the New York Times 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的s結(jié)尾名詞 Compasses glasses jeans scales scissors Shades shorts trousers the West Indians the Alps the Himalayas the Olympic Games Belongings diggings earnings lodgings surroundings takings finding

15、s savings Arms clothes goods minutes stairs suburbs threads wages brains,可單可復(fù)的s結(jié)尾名詞 No pains were spread to ensure success. Much pains has been taken. The odds are in her favor. Whats the odds? Acoustics athletics classics economics Ethics (當其表示一種學(xué)科時，作單數(shù)；當其指人們所從事的實際活動或特定事物時，作復(fù)數(shù)) Modern gymnastics ar

16、e performed with or without apparatus. The acoustics in the Festival Hall are extremely good.,名詞的屬格,1) s的屬格形式 單數(shù)名詞加s,-babys 復(fù)數(shù)名詞加s,-friemens S結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞加-doctors s結(jié)尾的專有名詞加s或-Mr. Joness或Mr. Jones 并列名詞表示各自所屬關(guān)系- Americas and Englands problems Johns, Marys and Jacks books Cf: America and Englands problems

17、John, Mary and Jacks books,s屬格與of屬格的區(qū)別,一般來說，s屬格表有生命，of屬格表無生命。 必須用s屬格的情況： a.起分類作用 childrens stories= stories for children womens college= a college for women b.成語 for heavens sake in ones eyes c. Lees friend, the singer, is a member of Chinese Musicians Association. d. 值多少錢的固定結(jié)構(gòu) twenty dollars worth

18、of gasoline,用于某些特定名詞后，此類詞后可省略家庭、住宅、公共建筑物 at the chemists at Bills at the dentists 必須用of屬格的情況： a) 名詞帶有后置修飾語或同位語時： The boys ran out, obeying the directions of a man with a whistle. I took the advice of a couple I met on the train and hired a car. b) 名詞為the+participle/adj. The struggle of the exploited

19、 in those areas is developing.,在同位結(jié)構(gòu)中 The city of Rome the ten of us 在a/an+n.1+of+n.2結(jié)構(gòu)中，此處被修飾對象不是n.1,而是n.2: A hell of a life= a hell-like life A palace of a house=a palace-like house A mountain of a wave=a wave as high as a mountain An angel of a child That fool of a ticket-inspector His huge bears paw