1、1,第三單元 科技英語表達與寫作按不同功能選擇所需表達方式,Apr. 27th, 2011 英曉光,2,第五節(jié) 運動與功能方面,1 “用” 使用、利用某物、藥品、原理進行工作、實驗、計算等。 Apply(of /for/ to ), apply to, employ, use, utilize.,3,Apply: 指將一事物運用于另一事物之上以發(fā)揮其有效作用。 曲線擬合有兩種方法。一是直接應(yīng)用擬合方程；二是在沒有合適擬合方程的情況下創(chuàng)造數(shù)學(xué)模型。 There are two paths for curve fitting. One way is to directly apply the fi

2、tting function; another way is to create a mathematical model when there is no appropriate fitting function available. 盡管半水合物(semiclathrates)從20世紀40年代就開始為科學(xué)界所知，然而直到最近十年才因為他們在氣體貯存和分離方面的潛在應(yīng)用而開始受到(garner)重視。 While semiclathrates have been known in the scientific community since the 1940s, it is only in

3、 the past decade that they have begun to garner attention for their potential applications in gas storage and separation.,4,錳酸鹽(manganite)材料的電阻決定于若干參數(shù)，如組成、溫度、外加磁場、晶粒尺寸等等。 The resistivity of manganite materials is determined by several parameters such as composition, temperature, the applied magnetic

4、 field, grain size(晶粒尺寸), and so on. 本文提出(proposes)并運用一種新方法，利用等容數(shù)據(jù)(isochoric data)預(yù)測飽和密度。 The paper proposes and applies a new methodology for predicting saturation densities using isochoric data. (電導(dǎo)率)它是一種簡單而又精確的測試方法，用于很多環(huán)境及工業(yè)領(lǐng)域。 (electrical conductivity) It is a simple and highly accurate measurem

5、ent and is used in many environmental and industrial applications.,5,Employ: 指使用處于待機狀態(tài)或未被用過的人或物，可以與use換用，但強調(diào)進行選擇、充分利用。 Through experimental raw data employed in the method of the regression analysis, the experimental spectra in various magnetic fields have been simulated. 等式2描述了理想模型，該模型不能直接用于實際儀器。 E

6、quation 2 describes the ideal model which cannot be employed directly to the practical instrument. 在本次實驗(investigation)中使用的所有材料均屬于分析純(A. R. grade)。 All materials employed in the present investigation were of A. R. grade.,6,Use：普通用詞，著重為達到某一目的而利用某人或某物 The dissociation behavior of krypton (氪，Kr) hydrat

7、e below the freezing point of water was characterized using optical scanning microscopy (OSM). 使用等容平衡池(isochoric equilibrium cell)測定固-氣-液平衡狀態(tài)。 The solid-vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions was measured using an isochoric equilibrium cell. An isochoric equilibrium cell was used for measuring the soli

8、d-vapor-liquid equilibrium conditions,7,因此，利用一個相對簡單的步驟，測量單電解質(zhì)(electrolyte)溶液在5到90C溫度范圍內(nèi)的電導(dǎo)率。 Therefore, a relatively simple procedure was used to measure the electrical conductivities of single solutions over a range of temperatures from 5 to 90oC. 我們建議使用更加精確的模型解決觀察到的差異(discrepancies )。 It is recomm

9、ended the use of a more accurate model to resolve the discrepancies observed.,8,Utilize：側(cè)重有利可圖或能達到某一實際目的 Do the rent include utilities？(因為utility本身含有水電等公共設(shè)施的含義，因此utilize 側(cè)重于儀器等實體設(shè)備的使用 ),9,大規(guī)模溶劑萃取已得到成功運用，然而大量揮發(fā)性(volatile)有機溶劑(diluents)的使用危害人類健康和環(huán)境安全。 Large-scale solvent extraction has been successful

10、ly utilized, but the use of a high volume of volatile organic diluents risks peoples health and the environment.,10,The Wheatstone bridge was utilized to improve the sensitivity for voltage measurement.,惠斯通電橋,11,2 作 作用 施加影響、作用，發(fā)生反應(yīng)，出現(xiàn)行為等 Perform, exert, act, action,12,Perform: 執(zhí)行、運轉(zhuǎn)，指完成困難較大、較復(fù)雜的任務(wù)，儀

11、器、模塊或機理運轉(zhuǎn)的性能如何 It should be noted that Deschamps and Dalmazzone only performed experiments with an mixture of CH4 + CO2 and did not include any measurements of the gas phase composition.,13,在三種N-乙酰氨基酸(N-acetylamino acid)中展開一項對比實驗。 A comparative study is performed among three types of N-acetylamino a

12、cids. 重復(fù)做實驗(in duplicate) ，發(fā)現(xiàn)它們在95%的置信區(qū)間(confidence interval)內(nèi)可再生(reproducible)。 Experiments were performed in duplicate, and it was found that they were reproducible within a 95 % confidence interval.,14,采用Simulis Thermodynamics軟件與excel配合進行計算 Calculations are performed using Simulis Thermodynamics(

13、化工熱力學(xué)計算軟件) coupled with Microsoft Excel. 回歸組合模型(regressive combined model)很好地反映了熱導(dǎo)率與濃度之間的關(guān)系. The regressive combined model performs well in reflecting the relationship between thermal conductivity and concentration.,15,Exert：盡(力), 施加(壓力、影響等), 努力 Literature and art are subordinate to politics, but in

14、 their turn exert a great influence on politics. 文藝從屬于政治的，但反過來給予政治重大的影響。 混合氣體所產(chǎn)生的壓強等于混合物中各成分分壓強之和. The pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. Act：一般指具體的、短暫的或個別的行為，強調(diào)行為的完成及其效果 The Eu(III) metal ion acts as a quencher(抑制劑) for the li

15、gand of high aromaticity.,16,3 一致，符合，吻合，呼應(yīng) Coincide, agree, correspond, concur, conform,17,Coincide: 多用于指觀點、判斷、愿望、利益或興趣的一致或相符，強調(diào)意見或觀點完全相同。 這兩個檢查(inspection)結(jié)果彼此吻合 The result from the two inspection coincides with each other.,18,Agree: 指經(jīng)過比較后的所有主要部分均和諧一致，無沖突和矛盾。 The H value from our results agreed we

16、ll with (19.54 +- 0.24) kJ/mol, which was obtained from an earlier calorimetric analysis. The good agreement between the measured and the simulated results of resistivity indicates that the function can accurately predict some aspects of,19,測試的密度和粘度與表一展示的文獻數(shù)據(jù)(literature values)十分(reasonably well)一致.

17、 The measured densities and viscosities agreed reasonably well with the literature values as shown in Table 1.,20,發(fā)現(xiàn)這組數(shù)據(jù)與另一組很一致 The data are found to be in good agreement with one another. 他們測出的和提出(recommended)的熱導(dǎo)率數(shù)值很一致 Their measured and recommended values of thermal conductivity were in good agree

18、ment. 結(jié)果顯示測出的和提出的熱導(dǎo)率數(shù)值線性關(guān)系很好 The results showed that a good linear agreement between the measured and the recommended thermal conductivity values.,21,Correspond: 一致的、對應(yīng)的；指在進行比較時，兩個事物在某一個重要方面或細節(jié)上互相匹配、一致。 The comparison between the results indicates that parameter corresponds to the metal-insulator tr

19、ansition temperature(金屬-絕緣體轉(zhuǎn)變溫度). The error introduced during this step corresponds to approximately 30 ppm in density. 在這一步引入的誤差大約相當于密度的百萬分之30,22,根據(jù)相應(yīng)的滴定曲線推斷出中性(normal)和質(zhì)子化(protonated)二元復(fù)合物(binary complexes)的形成。 The formation of the normal and protonated binary complexes is inferred from the corres

20、ponding titration curves. 正S0值對應(yīng)吸附成分(species)的自由度(degree of freedom)的增加。 The positive S0 value corresponds to an increase in the degree of freedom of the adsorbed species.,23,Conform：多指與某模式或規(guī)則相符，也引申指改變習(xí)慣等以適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境。 測得的熱容數(shù)據(jù)與已知的文獻數(shù)據(jù)的總體相符(conformity)的結(jié)果令人滿意。 The whole conformity of the measured heat capa

21、city values to the known literature data is satisfactory. 溫度計符合國際溫標(ITS 90)，由制造商校準 The thermometer conforms to the International Temperature Standard (ITS-90) and was calibrated (to standards) by the manufacturer.,24,4 傳送 Transmit Communicate Transfer Convey,25,Transmit: 指將文件、消息、能量、運動形式等發(fā)至某地或他人(形態(tài)不變

22、)。 Parents transmit some of their characteristics to their children. 父母將部分性狀遺傳給子女 引擎的動力通過皮帶傳送給機械。 The power from the engine is transmitted to the machine through the belt.,26,Communicate： 溝通, 交流，傳達，強調(diào)連接狀態(tài) The piston movement is communicated to the wheels through a crankshaft(曲軸). The movement of the

23、 spindle is communicated to the lead screw through gears. 主軸的運動通過齒輪傳達給絲杠,27,Transfer: 轉(zhuǎn)移、轉(zhuǎn)送、移交或遷移，尤指交通運輸中的換乘或職務(wù)的調(diào)動等。 The molten metal is transferred from the ladle to the mould. 熔化的金屬從鋼包轉(zhuǎn)移到模具。 (Thermodynamic) It is also necessary for engineering calculation, research of mass transfer, heat transfer,

24、 and fluid flow. 富鹽相中鹽濃度的降低歸結(jié)為水從富聚合物相向中富鹽相中的轉(zhuǎn)移。 The salt concentration in the salt-rich phase decreases due to the transfer of the water from the polymer-rich to the salt-rich phase.,28,Convey：把引到目的地 Wires are used to convey electricity. SNR (ratio of signal to noise) is the ratio of the amount of s

25、ignals conveying information to the amount of signals which do not convey information 信噪比是傳遞信息的信號量與不傳遞信息的信號量之比。,29,5 運動 不同物體的運動要注意使用不同的詞 A trip-lever(分離桿) actuate /operates the valve. = A trip-lever make the valve move. A flexible belt drives the motor. = A flexible belt makes the motor move.,30,The

26、 piston 活塞往復(fù) (moves). The pendulum鐘擺 (swings). The wheel The liquid (steam, air) through the pipe. The machine is .,reciprocates,oscillates,rotates(turns, revolves).,circulates,at rest/in motion,31,32,6 運轉(zhuǎn)、運行 Operate, work, behave, run, in operation Operate操作, 運轉(zhuǎn), 開動, 起作用, 動手術(shù), 開刀 The machine dose n

27、ot operate properly. Solar energy is now being used to operate communication satellites. The adaptive immune system operates to expand a specific lymphocyte clone recognizing allergens. 獲得性免疫系統(tǒng)的運作產(chǎn)生一種特殊的淋巴克隆識別過敏原。,33,這項分析(assays)運行的過程需要一個電池驅(qū)動的計時器(timer) ，因為要在血滴接觸(applying)裝置頂端剛好3分鐘之后讀出分析的結(jié)果。 The pro

28、cedure for running these assays calls for a battery-operated timer, because the results of the assay must be read precisely 3 min after applying a drop of blood to the top of the device.,34,Work 用作不及物動詞時，有工作, 起作用, 產(chǎn)生影響, 創(chuàng)造, 實現(xiàn), 操作, 正常運轉(zhuǎn), 成功, 逐漸進行, 處理等含義 The new power station has been working smoothl

29、y since its trial run last June. 自從六月份試運行以來，新電站一直在平穩(wěn)運行。 我們已經(jīng)對該體系進行大量研究，在上述測量中給出了偏差度。 Since we have worked extensively with this system, a degree of bias is present in the measurements described above.,35,Work 名詞；用于描述研究現(xiàn)狀 很少有工作圍繞廢水所含能量的測定而展開。 There has been very little work conducted to quantify the

30、amount of energy held in wastewater. Shizas 和Bagley的工作為廢水中能量的確定創(chuàng)造了有價值的開端。 The work of Shizas and Bagley provides a valuable starting point for the estimation of energy in wastewater.,36,Behave表現(xiàn), 行為, 舉止(behavior, n) Water behaves in different ways when it is heated and when it is frozen. How is the

31、new machine behaving? 循環(huán)數(shù)據(jù)點(circular data points)提供了流體通過導(dǎo)管(conduit)時毛細(wicking)行為的信息 The circular data points provide information about the wicking behavior of fluid through a conduit. 在128A/g處的電壓數(shù)據(jù)(profile)表現(xiàn)出電容(capacitance)的行為，因此這是操作頻率(operating rates)的極限。 The voltage profile at 128 A/g shows a ca

32、pacitance behavior and thus it is the limit of the operating rates.,37,7 改變. Change , alter, turn, vary, variety, variation, variance, convert, modify, transform, transmute,38,Change指任何變化，完全改變，強調(diào)與原先的情況有明顯的不同。 The line shape change can be explained by the lifetime broadening effects exerted by the eq

33、uilibrium state. 線形的變化可以解釋為平衡態(tài)施加的壽命延長效果。 另一個氫原子的共振信號幾乎(virtually)不隨Ca2+離子濃度而改變。 The resonance signals of the other hydrogen remain virtually unchanged toward the concentration of Ca2+ cations. 觀察到最明顯的信號變化，并將其歸結(jié)為4-亞胺基苯醌(assigned to 4-iminobenzoquinone)。 The most significant changes were observed and

34、assigned to 4-iminobenzoquinone.,39,Alter: 常指輕微的改變，強調(diào)基本上保持原物、原狀的情況下所進行的部分改變。 各種流體的毛細現(xiàn)象(wicking)也能受到表面活性物質(zhì)存在的影響，這些物質(zhì)改變氣液界面張力。 The wicking behaviors of various fluids can also be affected by the presence of surface-active agents that alter the liquid-vapor interfacial tension.,40,Alter 還有“交替呈現(xiàn)”的含義： 通過

35、交替疊放花紋紙(patterned paper)和雙面膠(double-sided adhesive tape)組裝成流體計時器Fluidic timers. Fluidic timers are fabricated by alternating layers of patterned paper and double-sided adhesive tape.,41,為了考察鋅(zinc)原子插入甲烷的行為，在高溫系統(tǒng)中嘗試了另一種合成HZnCH3的方法。 In order to investigate the insertion of zinc atoms into methane, an

36、 alternate synthesis of HZnCH3 was attempted in the high temperature system.,42,vary: 暗示不規(guī)則或斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地變。 采用不同方法所能夠從廢水中獲取的能量大小是變化的。 The energy that can be obtained from wastewater by different processes is varied. 單核細胞(monocytes)分化為(differentiate to)巨噬細胞(macrophages)的數(shù)量從100000到200000不等。 The number of mono

37、cytes that had differentiated to macrophages varied between 100 000 and 200 000.,43,Various：各種 These results strongly indicated that the calcium ions could be coordinated by atoms carrying lone electron pairs with various capabilities. 這些結(jié)果強烈暗示了鈣離子可以與具有各種功能的孤對電子的原子配合。 Variety：多樣性 它們可兼容(compatible)多種

38、其他纖維素基診斷設(shè)備 They will be compatible with a variety of other fiber-based diagnostic devices.,44,variance “方差”： Before the tests were performed, the data were checked for equal variance and normal distribution, validating the use of a two sample t test. 進行檢驗之前，先驗證數(shù)據(jù)的等方差性和正態(tài)分布，以確保雙樣本t檢驗可用。,45,convert: 指

39、進行全部或局部改變以適應(yīng)新的功能或用途。指信仰或態(tài)度時，強調(diào)較激烈、大的改變。 把氧氣和水變成雙氧水 to convert O2 and H2O into H2O2 從一摩爾醋酸到一摩爾甲烷的轉(zhuǎn)變 the conversion of one mole of acetate to one mole of methane,46,modify: 強調(diào)起限定作用的變化或變更。指細小的變化，常含“緩和、降調(diào)”的意味。 “改進” Because each -conjugation face might be able to provide almost identical binding affinity

40、 with the selenite ion, a modified fitting method was applied. “改性” Chemical modifications or oxidations of lens proteins may contribute to the emergence(情況) of opacities(渾濁). 根據(jù)Flint and Tinkle的方法，經(jīng)過少許改動，引入了過敏性接觸炎癥反應(yīng)。 Allergic contact dermatitis was induced according to the method of Flint and Tink

41、le with slight modifications.,47,8. 阻礙 Prevent，keepfrom, hinder, avoid, obviate, eliminate, obstacle, block,48,Prevent: 含義廣泛，指采取預(yù)防措施或設(shè)置障礙去阻止某人或某事。 帶負電的COO阻礙了SeO32-負離子向絡(luò)合物(the complex)接近。 The negatively charged COO(carboxyl) prevented the approach of the SeO32- anion onto the complex. 雙極識別(ditopic re

42、cognition)特性給PRX提供了用于防治白內(nèi)障(cataract)的醫(yī)學(xué)理論(clinical rationale) 。 The ditopic recognition properties provides PRX a clinical rationale for cataract prevention and therapy.,49,為防止磷酸鈣在磷酸鈉溶液中的沉淀，選醋酸銨(ammonium acetate)作為緩沖溶液。 To prevent the precipitation of calcium phosphate in sodium phosphate solutions,

43、 ammonium acetate was chosen as the buffer solution.,50,These findings further demonstrate the potential value of black rice bran(麩) as an anti-inflammatory(炎癥) and anti-allergic(過敏) food ingredient and possibly also as a therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with chronic(慢性) inflammation. 這些發(fā)現(xiàn)進一步證實了黑米糠作為一種消炎、脫敏性食物成分的潛在價值