1、第五章 第二節(jié) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的譯法,退出,2,語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法 Translation of Passive Voice,語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法指主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的互譯，即把英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子, 或把英語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子, 使譯文顯得地道自然，符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換譯法是一種十分常見(jiàn)的翻譯方法和技巧。,3,英語(yǔ)中，尤其是科技英語(yǔ)中, 凡是不說(shuō)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（施事者），或無(wú)從說(shuō)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或者為了連貫上下文，使前后分句的主語(yǔ)保持一致，為了使敘述的重點(diǎn)突出，語(yǔ)意連貫，語(yǔ)氣流暢，常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。在科技文章中，著力所寫(xiě)的是事物、物質(zhì)或過(guò)程，而不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。在一般英

2、語(yǔ)文體中，也常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有的是出于禮貌，有的是要使措辭婉轉(zhuǎn)圓通，有的則是為了著重事實(shí)真相和客觀情景，而避開(kāi)動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者的身份等。,4,例如：As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rock structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain

3、area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called “a derrick”.,譯文：因?yàn)槭蜕盥竦叵?，所以單靠研究地面還不能確定有無(wú)石油儲(chǔ)量。因此，必須對(duì)地下巖層結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行地質(zhì)勘測(cè)。如果認(rèn)為某地域巖層含有石油，那就在該處安裝“鉆機(jī)”。鉆機(jī)中最顯眼的部件叫做“井架”。,5,科技英語(yǔ)頻繁使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，除了語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)上的原因之外，還有語(yǔ)義價(jià)值?？偸前咽挛锏拿Q(chēng)作為主語(yǔ)放在突出的位置上，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表述有關(guān)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，突出表述客觀事實(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)練。 漢語(yǔ)中習(xí)慣多用

4、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，大量使用無(wú)主句、形式主動(dòng)意義被動(dòng)的句子以及判斷句等。雖然由于文化的交流，受西方語(yǔ)言的影響，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用比過(guò)去有所增加，但仍很有限。英譯漢時(shí)，有一些仍需要保持被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而在很多情況下決不能總是恪守原句的語(yǔ)態(tài)，必須擺脫這種局限性，譯成主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句。這樣才能使譯文既在內(nèi)容上忠實(shí)于原文，又在語(yǔ)言形式上通順自然，符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式。,6,所謂“被”字句，就是在漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞前面加上一個(gè)“被”字來(lái)表示被動(dòng)的句子。主要表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作不利于受事者或這個(gè)情況有點(diǎn)特殊，或者出乎意料。加上“被”字以引起讀者的注意。一般情況下，動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（施事者）不出現(xiàn)，譯文按“動(dòng)作接受者+被+動(dòng)詞”的順序排列。表示“被”這一動(dòng)作

5、是動(dòng)作接受者（受事者）不樂(lè)意或不情愿接受的。,1. 順譯法 (Translation in Original Order),既保留原文的主語(yǔ)，又要使譯文主要成分的順序和原文大體一致的翻譯方法就叫順譯法。,1. 1 順譯成被動(dòng)句,A. 譯成 “被” 字句,7,例1：Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated. 【譯文】 維生素C受熱過(guò)度就會(huì)被破壞。 例2：She thought all was fair and legal, and never dreamt she was going to be entrapped into a feigned u

6、nion with a defrauded wretched, already bound to a bad, mad, and imbruted partner! (Charlotte Bront: Jane Eyre) 【譯文】她以為一切都是公正合法的，做夢(mèng)也沒(méi)想到過(guò)自己竟會(huì)被誘入欺詐婚姻的圈套，跟一個(gè)騙子、瘋子、十足的壞蛋締結(jié)姻緣。,8,“挨”僅用于翻譯該動(dòng)作是對(duì)動(dòng)作接受者（受事者）不利或不好的句子。 例1：The boy was criticized yesterday. 【譯文】這孩子昨天挨了一頓批評(píng)。 例2：I was caught in the downpour. 【譯文】我在大

7、雨中挨澆了。,B. 譯成 “挨” 字句,9,例1：Our clothes were soaked with sweat. 【譯文】我們的衣服給汗水濕透了。 例2：The crops were washed away by the flood. 【譯文】莊稼給大水沖跑了。 例3：Your car was towed away by a towing truck from Lewis Company. 【譯文】路易斯公司的一輛拖車(chē)把你的汽車(chē)給拖走了。,C. 譯成 “給” 字句,“給”也是用于翻譯該動(dòng)作對(duì)動(dòng)作接受者（受事者）不愉快或不愿接受的句子。,10,例1：You have been wette

8、d in the rain. 【譯文】你叫雨淋濕了。 例2：The -rays are not affected by an electric field. 【譯文】射線不受電場(chǎng)影響。,D. 譯成 “叫、讓、由、受、遭到、受到、予、予以、加、加以、引以、為所、經(jīng)所” 等字句，用以加強(qiáng)說(shuō)話、表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣。,11,例3：A lot of houses and buildings, roads and bridges were damaged in the seaquake. 【譯文】許多房屋建筑、道路橋梁在這次海嘯中遭到破壞。 例4：It must be dealt with at the appro

9、priate time with appropriate means. 【譯文】這件事必須在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候用適當(dāng)?shù)氖侄斡枰蕴幚怼?12,例1. The novel I had thrown away was chosen by the Book Society. 【譯文】我一度扔掉的那部小說(shuō)后來(lái)被書(shū)社選中。 例2. The sun and the earth are in a great group of stars；it is called the galaxy. 【譯文】太陽(yáng)和地球處于一個(gè)巨大的星群之中，這個(gè)星群叫做銀河系。,課堂練習(xí)：順譯成被動(dòng)句,13,例3Premier Zhou is r

10、espected and loved by the people of the whole country. 【譯文】周總理受到全國(guó)人民的尊敬和愛(ài)戴。 例4It need not be said that all factors must be taken into consideration. 【譯文】不用說(shuō)，所有因素都必須考慮在內(nèi)。,課堂練習(xí)：順譯成被動(dòng)句,14,例1：Love can not be forced. 【譯文】愛(ài)情不能強(qiáng)求。,1. 2 順譯成主動(dòng)句,A. 順譯成形式是主動(dòng)，意義是被動(dòng)的句子,把英語(yǔ)句子順譯成主動(dòng)句，其形式是主動(dòng)，但從意義和邏輯關(guān)系上看還是被動(dòng)句。,15,例2：

11、My holidays afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. (Washington Irving) 【譯文】每逢假日的下午，我總要漫步周?chē)泥l(xiāng)村。 例3：Illness must be correctly diagnosed before they can be treated with medicine. 【譯文】疾病必須先確診，再用藥。,16,例1：The teacher was satisfied with the answer. 【譯文】老師對(duì)回答感到滿意。 例2：I am told you ar

12、e careless. 【譯文】聽(tīng)說(shuō)你很粗心大意。 例3：The long river is originated from that high mountain. 【譯文】這條大河發(fā)源于那座山。,B. 改變?cè)牡闹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，順譯成主動(dòng)句,17,例1：That ridiculous idea was put forward by his brother. 【譯文】這個(gè)怪念頭是他哥哥想出來(lái)的。 例2：The credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872. 【譯文】美國(guó)的學(xué)分制是1872年在哈佛大學(xué)首

13、先實(shí)施的。,C. 順譯成 “是的” 結(jié)構(gòu),18,例3：Poetry was chanted to the accompaniment of the lyre. 【譯文】詩(shī)歌吟唱時(shí)是由七弦琴伴奏的。 例4：The left ear is controlled by the right side of the brain. 【譯文】左耳是由大腦的右側(cè)控制的。,19,例1：The quality of our products has been greatly improved. 【譯文】產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量有了很大的提高。 例2：A bald head is soon shaven. 【譯文】光頭好剃。/光頭

14、剃起來(lái)快。 例3：The story was based on the information from a reliable source. 【譯文】這事信息來(lái)源可靠。,課堂練習(xí)：順譯成主動(dòng)句,20,例4：He is greatly attached to his work. 【譯文】他非常熱愛(ài)自己的工作。 例5：In this sense, bad thing can be turned into good things. 【譯文】從這一點(diǎn)上說(shuō)來(lái)，壞事也可以轉(zhuǎn)變成為好事。 例6：Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small d

15、rops of water in the sky. 【譯文】彩虹是陽(yáng)光透過(guò)天空中的小水滴時(shí)形成的。,課堂練習(xí)：順譯成主動(dòng)句,21,2. 倒譯法 (Translation in Reverse Order),倒譯法就是將英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)漢譯成賓語(yǔ)的翻譯方法。倒譯法又分完全倒譯法和部分倒譯法。完全倒譯法不僅可將原文by后的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)，還可將原文其它介詞的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)；部分倒譯法譯出的漢語(yǔ)句子常是無(wú)主句。,22,2. 1 把 by 后的賓語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ),例1：Yet, only a part of this energy is used by man. 【譯文】然而，人類(lèi)只利用

16、了這種能量的一部分。 例2：We are brought freedom and happiness by socialism. 【譯文】社會(huì)主義給我們帶來(lái)了自由和幸福。 例3：Light and heat can be given to us by the sun. 【譯文】太陽(yáng)供給我們光和熱。,23,例4：Heat is removed from the body during sweating. 【譯文】出汗時(shí)人體散發(fā)熱量。 例5：Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book. 【譯文】這本參考書(shū)提

17、供了大量的練習(xí)和問(wèn)題。,24,例1：Quality of products must be guaranteed first. 【譯文】首先要確保產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。 例2：The goods are urgently needed. 【譯文】急需此貨。,2. 2 倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句,將原文主語(yǔ)倒譯成漢語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)，譯出的漢語(yǔ)句子常是無(wú)主句。有時(shí)也會(huì)譯成動(dòng)賓詞組作主語(yǔ)的句子，這種譯法更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，通順自然。對(duì)于原文中未提及動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者（施事者）的句子?？刹扇∵@種翻譯方法。,25,例3：Smoking is not allowed here. 【譯文】此處禁止吸煙。 例4：Children should b

18、e taught to speak the truth. 【譯文】應(yīng)該教育兒童講真話。 例5：You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered. 【譯文】書(shū)到后應(yīng)立即付款。,26,課堂練習(xí)：倒譯法,例1：Table tennis is played all over China. 【譯文】中國(guó)到處都在打乓乒球。 例2：You have been told so many times not to mention this. 【譯文】已經(jīng)告訴你多少遍不要再提這件事了。 例3：A decisive battle was foug

19、ht near this city. 【譯文】在這座城市附近，進(jìn)行了一次決定性的戰(zhàn)役。,27,3. 分譯法 (Splitting Translation),把原文的主語(yǔ)部分或被動(dòng)式謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞從原文中分出來(lái)，單獨(dú)譯成一個(gè)帶主語(yǔ)或不帶主語(yǔ)的分句，放在句首，剩余部分再譯成一句或幾句，跟在其后。,28,原句的主語(yǔ)是先行代詞It，翻譯時(shí)添加“有人，人們，大家，我們”等作主語(yǔ)，常用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)中：,3. 1 “It + be + V.-ed + that-cl. ”結(jié)構(gòu),It is asked that 有人會(huì)問(wèn) It is asserted that 有人主張 It is felt that 有人感到；人們

20、認(rèn)為； It is preferred that有人建議 It is recommended that 有人建議；有人推薦 It is suggested that 有人建議 It is stressed that 有人強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō),29,It is regarded that 人們認(rèn)為 It is noticed that 人們注意到；有人指出 It is noted that 人們注意到；有人指出 It is sometimes asked that 人們有時(shí)會(huì)問(wèn) It was told that 人們?cè)f(shuō) It is supposed that 人們猜測(cè) It is expected that

21、 人們希望 It is hoped that 人們希望 It is still to be hoped that 我們?nèi)詰?yīng)希望 It is generally considered that 大家認(rèn)為 It is well known that 眾所周知,30,例1：It is pointed that there may be as many as 100,000 different sorts of proteins in a mans body. 【譯文】有人指出人體內(nèi)不同種類(lèi)的蛋白質(zhì)可多達(dá)10萬(wàn)種。 例2：During the enquiry, it was discovered th

22、at her death had not been an accident. 【譯文】在調(diào)查中，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)她并非死于意外事故。,31,例3：It is well known that laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being. 【譯文】人們知道，笑具有健身作用，身心皆宜，它可以使人體充滿一種愉快的感覺(jué)。,32,S + be known to-V 大家知道， S + be held to-V 人們認(rèn)為， S + be considered to-

23、V 我們認(rèn)為， S + be found to V 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)， S + be thought to-V 有人認(rèn)為，,3. 2 “S + be + v.-ed + to-v.”結(jié)構(gòu),原句的主語(yǔ)是名詞或人稱(chēng)代詞，翻譯時(shí)添加“有人，人們，大家，我們”等，譯成分句，其余部分分層譯出。此結(jié)構(gòu)如下：,33,例1：Little Derick was found at his book in the reading room. 【譯文】有人看見(jiàn)小德里克在閱覽室看書(shū)。 例2：The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time. 【譯文】人們很早就知

24、道油井的存在。 例3：She was much run after in her youth. 【譯文】她年輕時(shí)，有許多人追求她。,34,S + be said to-V 據(jù)說(shuō) S + be reported to-V 據(jù)報(bào)道 S + be stated to-V 據(jù)稱(chēng) S + be known to-V 據(jù)了解,3. 3 譯成“據(jù)”字句,原句的主語(yǔ)也是名詞或人稱(chēng)代詞，翻譯時(shí)常把被動(dòng)的部分譯成“據(jù)”，然后再按主謂順序譯出其余部分。常見(jiàn)于下列句型結(jié)構(gòu)。,35,例1：The area is known to be rich in natural resources. 【譯文】據(jù)了解，這個(gè)地區(qū)有豐富

25、的自然資源。 例2：The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we get well prepared for it. 【譯文】即將舉行的物理考試據(jù)說(shuō)相當(dāng)難，所以我們必須做好充分準(zhǔn)備。,36,S + be now thought to-V 現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為， S + have been found to-V 已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)， S + should be pointed out that 應(yīng)當(dāng)指出 S + may be safely said that 可以有把握地說(shuō),3. 4 譯成漢語(yǔ)的無(wú)主句,原句的主語(yǔ)是名詞或人稱(chēng)代詞，翻譯時(shí)常把被動(dòng)的部分提出來(lái)根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣、語(yǔ)義