1、專四語法總結(jié),I. 主謂一致,意義一致和就近原則 連詞not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.but Not only the students but also the teacher is enjoying the film. Either he or I am right. 副詞here/ there Here are my replies to your questions. There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates.,2. 以s結(jié)尾的名詞做主

2、語的主謂一致 疾病名詞： 單數(shù)：arthritis關(guān)節(jié)炎,bronchitis支氣管炎，rickets軟骨病，mumps腮腺炎，diabetes糖尿病 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)： rickets軟骨病，measles麻疹 游戲名稱一般做單數(shù)，表示游戲所用鏢等意義時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù) Darts投鏢，marbles打彈子游戲 Cards用復(fù)數(shù)：Cards are not allowed here. 地理名稱 國名用單數(shù) 群山、海峽、瀑布用復(fù)數(shù) The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life. Scissors, glasses,

3、shorts, trousers一類詞單獨(dú)使用用復(fù)數(shù)，加上單位詞，如a pair of 由單位詞單、復(fù)數(shù)決定 ings結(jié)尾的名詞一般用復(fù)數(shù) The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt. 特例 The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms. All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.,3. 集體名詞作主語主謂一致1)通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞集體名詞，如：police, people,cattle,mi

4、litia民兵,poultry家禽等，通常作復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2)通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞有些集體名詞，如 foliage葉子,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise, 通常作不可數(shù)名詞，隨后的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如： All the machinery in the factory is made in China.3)既可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞集體名詞，如audience, committee, class, crew, family,

5、public, government等，既可作單數(shù)，也可作復(fù)數(shù)用。The city council is meeting to set its agenda.4)a committee,etc. of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞如果主語是由“a committee of /a panel of /a board of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，隨后的動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：A committee of five men and three women is to consider the matter.,4.并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)的主謂一致 Egg and milk is a good breakfast. (這里的雞蛋和牛

6、奶都指一頓早飯，不可分割) Fish and chips(炸魚土豆片 ) is a popular supper here. 當(dāng)and連接的并列名詞詞組帶有each, every或者many a 等限定詞時(shí)，隨后動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù) Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need. Every boy and girl in the class is given a copy of the photo. 主語后跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less th

7、an, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等引導(dǎo)的結(jié)構(gòu)或詞組，取決于主語本身形式。,5. 表示數(shù)量的名詞短語作主語 主語是“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”，動(dòng)詞的形式取決于中心名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。 e.g.Two thirds of the city was destroyed in the war. Thirty-five percent of the doctors were female. a number of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。the number of + 名詞，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 e.

8、g.A great number of students have entered for the sports meeting. The number of students has doubled in two years. 表示時(shí)間和度量的名詞短語通常作為一個(gè)整體看待, 謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式 e.g. Twenty minutes is too long to wait. 如果做主語的名詞短語由“a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of, a kind of, a sort of, a type of, this kind/sort/

9、type of ”構(gòu)成，無論中心名詞的形式如何，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式通常都是單數(shù)。 e.g.There is a kind of rose in the garden. “復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + of this kind”，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. Peaches of this kind are juicy. “these/those kind of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 e.g. These kind of peaches are very juicy 由“many a + 單數(shù)名詞”或者“more than one + 單數(shù)名詞”組成的名詞短語雖然在意義上是復(fù)數(shù)，但習(xí)慣上謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 e

10、.g.More than one game was lost.,1. Mr. Wells, together with all the members of his family, _ for Europe this afternoon.(2003) A. are to leave B. are leaving C. is leaving D. leave 2. The statistics _that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times. (2006) proves B. is prov

11、ing C. are proving D. prove 3. All the Presidents Men _ one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.(2007) A. remain B. remains C. Remained D. is remaining 4. Which of the following is INCORRECT? (2008) A. All his lectures were boring. B. Half his money was gone. C. Her

12、 few friends are all fond of dancing D. He invited many his friends to the party. (限定詞) C D B D,5. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? （2012） ATwenty miles seems like a long walk to him BNo one except his supporters agree with him CNeither Julia nor I were going to the party DFew students

13、 in my class are really lazy 6Which of the following determiners(限定詞)can be placed before both singular count nouns and plural count nouns? (2012) Amany a Bfew C. Such Dthe next 7. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? (2012) A New machinery were introduced in the factory B Poultry are very

14、 expensive in the city CThe police are investigating the murder case DThe militia were called out to rescue flood victims C D A,II.限定詞,限定詞的相互搭配關(guān)系為：前位+中位+后位 在這三類限定詞中，前位限定詞與前位限定詞以及中位限定詞與中位限定詞是相互排斥的，后位限定詞與后位限定詞之間雖不相互排斥但有搭配限制。 前位限定詞包括：all,both,half; double,twice,three times,etc; one-third,two-fifths,etc

15、; what,such,(a / an）等。 中位限定詞包括： 冠詞：a(n),the/ 指示代詞：this,that,these,those 形容詞性物主代詞：my,your,his,her,our,etc 名詞屬格：Jims,my mothers 不定代詞：some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough,etc 連接代詞what(ever),which(ever),whose,etc 后位限定詞包括： one,two,three,etc; first,second,third,etc; next,last,other,another,etc; ma

16、ny,much,(a) few,(a) little,fewer,(the) fewest,less,(the) least,more,most; several,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a great / large / good number of,a great / good deal of,a large / small amount of; such等。,幾個(gè)屬于不同層次的形容詞作修飾語時(shí)，其詞序一般按下列順序排列：限定詞表示說話人評(píng)價(jià)的形容詞表示大小、形狀、新舊的形容詞表示顏色的形容詞表示國別、來源、材料的形容詞表示用途或目的的形容詞名詞中心詞,1.

17、Which of the following is INCORRECT? (2010) A. All his lectures are very interesting. B. Half his savings were gone. C. Many his friends came to the party. D. Both his sisters are nurses. 2. The manager is not likely to agree to _propositions.（2004） A. Other these B. other all C. all other D. other

18、any C C,III. 虛擬語氣,下面是虛擬條件句的幾種基本形式。 (1)與將來事實(shí)相反 would/could+V，should do/were to do (2)與過去事實(shí)相反 would/could have done，had done (3)與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反 would/could do，were / did,專四中常見的虛擬語氣形式。 1） wish后的賓語從句 I wish I knew what was going to happen. 2）suggest （suggestion）,propose（proposal）,advise （advice）demand, insist,

19、order, request, require, recommend, desire, ask, decide等。在這些從句中，謂語形式為should加動(dòng)詞原形，should可以省略。例：The generals command was that the soldiers _ their fort and carry out more important task.A. would leaveB. leaveC. leftD. have left（答案：B）（2002年49題）例：Its desired that she _ to teach us at least twice a week.

20、A. comesB. will comeC. comeD. may come（答案：C）（1997年29題）,3）would rather, would as soon, as if/though 以及wish后邊that從句中虛擬語氣的運(yùn)用。1. I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you _ next month for a dinner.A. comeB. would comeC. cameD. have come（答案：C。would rather 后面的從句中，動(dòng)詞用過去式。）（2002）2、He talks as if h

21、e _ everything in the world.A. knowsB. knewC. had knownD. would have know（正確答案為B。在as if/though后邊的方式狀語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑，動(dòng)詞用過去式；如果表示的是想象中的過去的動(dòng)作，用過去完成時(shí)。本句表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的情況有所懷疑。）（1998年45題）3. You look as if you had seen a ghost.4. I wish I knew his address.5. Peter wishes that he _ law instead of literatur

22、e when he was in college。A. could studyB. studiedC. had studiedD. would study（答案為C。2000年32題）,4) 在It is （high/about） time后邊的that從句中，動(dòng)詞用過去式，表示該做某事了。例：Dont you think it is time you _ smoking?A. give upB. gave upC. would give upD. should give up（答案為B。）（1999年31題） It is the first(second/third)time后的that從句

23、中，謂語動(dòng)詞要用完成體來表示一種經(jīng)驗(yàn) Its the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner. This is the second cigarette that he has smoked today. It was the first time that-結(jié)構(gòu)中，that-從句通常用過去完成時(shí)，偶爾還可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) It was the first time this year that he hadnt hasnt worked on a Saturday. 這是今年來他第一次在星期六不上班。,5) if only后邊tha

24、t從句中，動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去完成式。 If only I knew her address. If only she had listened to my advice. 6)在 for fear that, in case, lest 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，若用虛擬語氣時(shí)，從句謂語為： should + 動(dòng)詞原形。并且 should不能省略She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。 在s

25、o that, in order that所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，從句中的謂語為： can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 動(dòng)詞原形。如：He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 7）amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, ha

26、ppy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset等后面的狀語從句中常用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為： should + 原形動(dòng)詞(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?。如： He was angry that you should call him by name. I was astonished that he should not answer such an easy question. should + 完成式, 指過去。如： Im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. I was very surpris

27、ed that Father should have known what I did yesterday.,would rather 句型 “would rather+動(dòng)詞原形”意為“寧愿做某事”，其中的動(dòng)詞原形不能改為不定式或分詞。如： Wed rather stay at home. I would rather not tell him. would rather+動(dòng)詞原形+than+動(dòng)詞原形”意為“寧愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如： He would rather play than work. “would +動(dòng)詞原形+rather than+動(dòng)詞原形”意為“寧愿做某事而不愿做另一事

28、”。如： I would do anything rather than let him get off. prefer+不定式+rather than+動(dòng)詞原形 其意為“寧愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如： I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus. prefer+動(dòng)名詞+to+動(dòng)名詞 其意為“寧愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如： He prefers swimming to riding as a sport.,1. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _for that

29、. (2003) A.for us to be prepared B.that we are prepared C.of us to be prepared D.our being prepared 2. _ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? (2004) A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprised C. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised 3. It is imperati

30、ve that students _ their term papers on time. （2004） A. hand in B. would hand in C. have to hand in D. handed in A A A,4. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he _ able to advise you much better than I can.(2005) A.would be B. will have been C. was D. were 5. That was not the first time

31、 he _ us. I think its high time we _ strong actions against him. (2005) A. betrayedtake B. had betrayedtook C. has betrayedtook D. has betrayedtake 6. _ you _ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice. (2005) A. If, had B. Have, had C. Should, have D. In case, had 7. Its hig

32、h time we _ cutting down the rainforests. (2006) A stopped B had to stop C shall stop D stop 8. I am surprised_ this city is a dull place to live in. (2006) A that you should think B by what you are thinking C . that you would think D with what you were thinking 9. It is imperative that the governme

33、nt _ more investment into the shipbuilding industry. (2006) A attracts B shall attract C attract D has to A B C A A C,10. If only the patient _ a different treatment instead of using the antibodies he might still be alive now.(2007) A. had received B. received C. should receive D. were receiving 11.

34、 He would have finished his college education, but he _to quit and find a job to support his family.(2007) A. had had B. has C. had D. would have 12. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she _ much better results now. (2008) A. would be getting B. could have got C. must get D. would 13. If

35、there were no subjunctive mood, English _ much easier to learn.(2009) A. could have been B. would beC. will be D. would have been 14. Arent you tired? I _ you had done enough for today.(2009) A. should have thought B. must have thought C. might have thought D. could have thought 15. Its getting late

36、. Id rather you_now.(2011) A. leftB. leaveC. are leavingD. will leave A C B B A A,16. My boss ordered that the legal documents _ to him before lunch(2012) A.be sent B.were sent C.were to be sent D.must be sent A,IV. 倒裝,倒裝分部分倒裝和全部倒裝。謂語部分所有單詞都放在主語前是全部倒裝，謂語的一部分放在主語的前面是部分倒裝，謂語中的一部分通常是指：1、系動(dòng)詞；2、助動(dòng)詞；3、情態(tài)動(dòng)

37、詞。全部倒裝的六條原則 There be句型（表示有）； 以There或now, then開頭的句子，且句子謂語動(dòng)詞為come或go；There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. 3. 以Here開頭的句子，且句子謂語動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞be； Here you are. Here is your letter. 4. 以副詞out, in, up, down, away開頭的句子； Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意: 上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須

38、是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。如：Here he comes. Away they went. 5. 以狀語（常見的是地點(diǎn)狀語）開頭的句子。 Under the tree sat an old man. 6. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞可提至句首構(gòu)成“分詞+ be + 主語+其它+的倒裝句式。如： Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.,部分倒裝的五條原則： so放在句首時(shí)表示承前肯定，這個(gè)句子用部分倒裝； nor, neither放在句首時(shí)表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒裝； so/such. that句型中，so +

39、形容詞/副詞提前，主謂倒裝。如： So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway. So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 2. 省略了引導(dǎo)詞if 的虛擬條件從句，可以把從句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一 個(gè)提到從句最前面的位置，構(gòu)成部分倒裝 3. as, though表示“盡管”時(shí)引導(dǎo)從句，從句中的表語可以置于引導(dǎo)詞之前構(gòu)成部分倒裝； e.g. _B_ as it was at such a time,

40、 his work attracted much attention. A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published 當(dāng)題干是as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句，且as前為一個(gè)空格時(shí)他表示的就是盡管，空格處要填的就是 表語。,4. 表示否定含義的單詞或短語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝；常見的一些表示否定含義的單詞：never, little, few, hardly ( when), scarcely ( when) ；seldom 難得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。常見的一些表示否定含義的短語：in no way 決不； on no

41、account 決不；under no circumstances 在任何情況下都不。 Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。 5. only + 狀語放在句首，句子用部分倒裝； Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests. A permitted are freshmen B

42、 freshmen are permitted C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen,1._ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region.(2004) A. Only if, willB. If only, would C. Should, willD. Unless, would 2. Stealthily _ out of the room. (2004) the girl crept B. crept the g

43、irl C. did the girl crept D. creeps the girl 3. Little _ about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger. (2009) A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she care A A D,V. 附加疑問句,1. 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是everybody, everyone, someone, no one, nobody, somebody等不定代詞時(shí)，反意疑問句部分中的主語正式語體用he,非正式語體常

44、用they Nobody phoned while I was out, did they? 2. 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是everything, anything, nothing, something等表物的不定代詞時(shí)，反意疑問部分的主語常用it.如：Everything has been done on how to prevent the pollution, hasnt it? 3. 當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是one時(shí)，反意疑問部分的主語常用one或you。如：One cant be too careful, can one/ you? 4.當(dāng)陳述部分的主語是man(人類)時(shí)，反意疑問部分的主語常

45、用he。如：Man is the master of his own fate, isnt he? 5.當(dāng)陳述部分是there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)， 反意疑問部分用there,省略主語代詞。如：There is a book on the desk, isnt there?,6.當(dāng)陳述部分含有seldom, hardly, never, rarely, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，反意疑問部分的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用肯定形式 You have nothing else to say, have you? 7.當(dāng)陳述部分是Im 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分常用arent I

46、如：I am late, arent I? 8.當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分往往與從句保持一致，而且要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移。如： I suppose that she is careful, isnt she? 我認(rèn)為她認(rèn)真，是嗎？I think he is a thief, isnt he? 我認(rèn)為他是一個(gè)小偷，是嗎？I dont believe she has gone home, has she? 我認(rèn)為她沒有回家，是嗎？I dont think he can do it well, can he? 我認(rèn)

47、為他做不好那件事，是嗎？I dont believe you can finish the job, can you? 我覺得你完不成這項(xiàng)工作，是嗎？I dont guess he knows it, does he? 我想他不知道這件事，是嗎？,9.當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語動(dòng)詞包括have to, had to時(shí)，反意疑問部分通常用do的適當(dāng)形式。如： You had to take the early bus, didnt you? 10.當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞used to時(shí)，反意疑問部分可用used to形式或did形式。如： He used to smoke three cigarettes

48、 a day, didnt/ usednt he? 11.當(dāng)陳述部分是祈使句時(shí)，反意疑問部分常用will you. 如： Help me to do it, will you? Dont go there, will you? 以Lets 開頭的祈使句，反意疑問部分常用shall we.以Let us開頭的祈使句，反意疑問部分常用will you. 12. 當(dāng)陳述句部分含had better/best, would like to, would rather等約定俗成特殊短語時(shí)，反意疑問部分應(yīng)保留第一個(gè)詞。如： He had better do more speaking, hadnt he?

49、 13.當(dāng)陳述句部分是強(qiáng)調(diào)句或類似強(qiáng)調(diào)句的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分常和句首的It is/was保持一致。如： It was in a park that you met him, wasnt it? 14.當(dāng)陳述句部分為感嘆句時(shí)，反意疑問句部分常用否定形式，且問句部分的動(dòng)詞常用be. 如： What a handsome man he is, isnt he?,15.當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, cant, 且表示推測時(shí)，反意疑問部分不能用must, may, cant自身，應(yīng)和后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞保持一致；He must be Mr. Chen, isnt he? He must hav

50、e stayed at home yesterday, didnt he? (有確定的過去時(shí)間狀語，用一般過去時(shí)) He cant have known the news, has he? 16.當(dāng)陳述部分含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞need, dare時(shí)，反意疑問部分有兩種形式：作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)保留自身；作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)反意疑問句應(yīng)借助于助動(dòng)詞do/does/did來完成。如： You neednt go there, need you? He needs to start at once, doesnt he?,1. There used to be a petrol station near the park,

51、 _? (2006) A.didnt it B.doesnt there C.usednt it D.didnt there 2. When you have finished with that book, dont forget to put it back on my desk, _? (2008) do you B. dont you C. will you D. wont you 3. She seldom goes to the theatre, _?(2010) doesnt sheB. does sheC. would sheD. wouldnt she 4. When you

52、 have finished with the book, dont forget to return it to Tim, _ ?(2011) A. do youB. will youC. dont youD. wont you D C B B,VI. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞?？嫉木湫?1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，與had better相近。如：Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.(2)cannot/canttoo “越越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個(gè)句型的變體can

53、notover。如： You cannot be too careful when you drive a car. The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.(3)usednt或didnt use to為used to (do)的否定式。(4)should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didnt expect that he should have behaved like that.,1. I

54、f only I _ play the guitar as well as you! (2006) A.would B.could C.should D.might 2. She _ fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.(2007) A. must be B. had been C. could be D. must have been 3. Which of the following sentences expresses probability? (2008) A. You must leave immediately.

55、B. You must be feeling rather tired. C. You must be here by eight oclock. D. You must complete the reading assignment on time. 4. Nancys gone to work but her cars still there. She _ by bus.(2010) A. must have gone B. should have gone C. ought to have gone D. could have gone 5. Which of the following

56、 sentences expresses WILLINGNESS? (2012) ABy now she will be eating dinner BI shall never do that again CYou shall get a promotion DMy brother will help you with the luggage B D B A D,6. Which of the following best explains the meaning of“Shall we buy the tickets first”? AHe said that we were going

57、to buy the tickets first BHe requested that we buy the tickets first CHe suggested that we buy the tickets first DHe advised us to buy the tickets first C,VII. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)由兩部分組成，前一部份是名詞或者代詞，后一部分是非謂語動(dòng)詞(不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞)或形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語，多用于書面語。 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作狀語，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的

58、等。,1.名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 2.名詞/主格代詞+過去分詞 The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 3.名詞/主格代詞+不定式 He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 4.名詞/主格代詞+形容詞 An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 5.名詞/主格代詞+副詞 He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 6.名詞/主格代詞+介詞短語 The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 7. There being +名詞（代詞） There being nothing else to do, we went home. There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.,8. It