1、高級英語筆譯,An Advanced Course of English Translation,許寧云,博士 副教授,主講人：,;QQ:1271567950,英漢翻譯技巧,視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換與句子結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換,第五講,視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換 視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換法是指譯者在充分理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，突破語言外殼，改變對原文的思索方向，從另一個(gè)角度來表達(dá)原文含義，使譯文語言更加地道順暢地體現(xiàn)原文的表達(dá)效果。從廣義上來說，視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換法包括正說和反說轉(zhuǎn)換、相對性的轉(zhuǎn)換、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換，等等。這里重點(diǎn)介紹前兩種轉(zhuǎn)換方式：,一、正說和反說的轉(zhuǎn)換 由于英漢兩種語言的思維邏輯、表達(dá)習(xí)慣不同，英語里有些從正

2、面表達(dá)的詞語或句子，譯成漢語時(shí)，反而從反面表達(dá)更符合漢語習(xí)慣，而英語里有些從反面表達(dá)的詞語或句子，譯成漢語時(shí)則從正面表達(dá)更通順。如：,Western society (about 1.2 billion people) cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive standard of living without exhausting the earths resources. 譯文一：西方社會(huì)約有億人口。要讓欠發(fā)達(dá)國家的億人口都

3、達(dá)到西方消費(fèi)型的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，必然會(huì)把地球的資源消耗殆盡。（正說） 譯文二：西方社會(huì)約有億人口。要讓欠發(fā)達(dá)國家的億人口都達(dá)到西方消費(fèi)型的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不可能不把地球的資源消耗殆盡。（反說）,例1：It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price. 開這么高的價(jià)，簡直是敲竹杠。 （反說正譯）,例2：Law is no respecter of persons. 法律面前，人人平等。（反說正譯） 例3：Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the

4、 garage. 他突然聽見后面有聲響，意識(shí)到車庫里還有別人。（反說正譯）,例4：Please tender exact fare. 恕不找錢。（正說反譯） 例5：Keep off the lawn! 請勿踐踏草地?。ㄕf反譯）,常需要正說反譯的詞和短語有：動(dòng)詞fail，grudge，miss，deny，形容詞last，short，absent，final，介詞beyond, past, against, off, from, but, except，固定搭配far from，tooto，wiserthan，live up to ones expectations，divert attenti

5、on from，be at a loss，rather than以及neither, seldom, rarely, differently等表示否定的詞，等等。,常需要反說正譯的詞和短語有：含no或not的一些短語，如：no less than，no lessthan，no other than，none other than，nothing but，no choice but，以及一些帶有否定詞綴的詞，如：carelessly，dislike，unpleasant，等等。 總之，無論是采取正說反譯法還是反說正譯法，都應(yīng)從翻譯的實(shí)際需要出發(fā)，真正達(dá)到明確語義、加強(qiáng)修辭及符合漢語習(xí)慣的目的。,

6、二、相對性的轉(zhuǎn)換 英漢翻譯中，有時(shí)很難從字面上找到完全對等的譯入語詞匯。此時(shí)，不妨跳出原文形式，不落窠臼，換個(gè)角度，利用事物的相對性來表達(dá)原文。如： 例6：riot police 防暴警察（而非暴亂的警察） 例7：crisis law 反危機(jī)法案（而非危機(jī)法案） 以上兩例均從對立面入手，既表達(dá)了原文的真正含義，又符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。又如：,例8：Her parents are both in their seventies. 她父母都已年過古稀。（時(shí)間相對） 例9：He lived in a room with a southern exposure. 他住的是一間北屋。（空間相對）,例10：

7、She has been a widow only six months, and it is too soon for her to remarry. 她丈夫去世才不過半年，就要改嫁，未免太快了。（因果相對）,例11：Blossom Jackson will never forget that November night when at ten minutes to nine her sister-in-law pounded on the door of her small Brooklyn house screaming 布勞森杰克遜永遠(yuǎn)忘不了那天晚上的情景。那是十一月份的一個(gè)晚上，差

8、十分九點(diǎn)，孩子他姑在紐約布魯克林區(qū)他們小小的住宅前使勁敲門，一邊喊道（關(guān)系相對）,His name slipped from my memory. 我一時(shí)想不起他的名字了。 Two of a trade can never agree. 同行是冤家。 We went no further than the bridge. 我們走到橋邊就停下來。,There is nothing in his house but bare walls. 他家徒四壁。 No pains, no gains. 一份耕耘，一份收獲。,句子結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換 在翻譯較復(fù)雜的長句時(shí)我們要運(yùn)用到多種翻譯技巧，有時(shí)通過詞的引申、詞性

9、的轉(zhuǎn)換或句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)換還是不能確切表達(dá)原文的含義，這時(shí)就要突破原文的形式，改變句子的整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)，使之既忠實(shí)于原文的意義又符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。這是英譯漢時(shí)不可缺少的一個(gè)手段，下面舉例說明常用的句子結(jié)構(gòu)的轉(zhuǎn)換法：,(1). 成分分譯法。即把原文中較長的句子成分，或不易安排的句子成分分出來另作處理，一般譯為漢語短語或獨(dú)立句。如： The very short wavelengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordinary sound waves can do. 譯文：超聲波的波長極短，其功能與普通聲波相比大不相同。（主語分譯）,A

10、little yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar. 譯文：一個(gè)要飯的，身材短小，面黃肌瘦，衣衫襤褸，瘸腿，滿臉短髭。（定語分譯）,Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 譯文：她期待著會(huì)有某些奇跡般的解決方法，這是不合情理的事。（狀語分譯）,(2). 句子變換法。主要包括幾下幾種方法： A. 把原文中的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句譯成一個(gè)單句，如： His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is

11、in the north of Italy near the sea. 譯文：他的父親在意大利北部近海的比薩做小生意。,B. 把原文中的主從復(fù)合句(complex sentence)譯成單句。如： One must study hard before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 譯文：一個(gè)人必須勤學(xué)苦練，才能精通一種外國語。,C. 把定語從句譯成狀語從句。如： The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to

12、talk to or to hear from. 譯文：大使只宴請了幾個(gè)人，因?yàn)樗氐叵牒瓦@些人談?wù)劊犅犓麄兊囊庖?。（表原因?He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 譯文：他堅(jiān)持要再造一幢房子，盡管他并無此需要。（表讓步） There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 譯文：這方案富于創(chuàng)造性，獨(dú)出心裁，很有氣勢，所以他們都很喜歡。（表結(jié)果）,課堂練習(xí),A Wor

13、ld Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. 在月日結(jié)束的巴黎會(huì)議上披露了一份世界銀行的報(bào)告。該報(bào)告反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)越南經(jīng)濟(jì)的全面增長將更加倚重于其本國的政策，而并非外來資金的數(shù)額大小。,Then there are some backpackers, w

14、ho in midsummer walk with their packs on their backs to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, regardless of the warning that the temperature is many degrees higher on the floor of the canyon, one mile down, than it is on the rim.,還有一些背包客，背著行囊，冒著酷暑，徑直走進(jìn)大峽谷的底部。雖然早有人警告說一千米以下的谷底溫度比谷沿要高出許多，這群背包客卻全然不當(dāng)回事。,The Gr

15、eeks, when they developed competitive games, divided them into two categories. Neither offered money prizes. 希臘人發(fā)展了競技體育，把它分為兩類，均不提供獎(jiǎng)金。,課后作業(yè)：,1. They could accept this suggestion with dignity. 2. He came back with no hope on his face. 3. tried hard not to lose a word of what he said.,一、將下面的句子譯成漢語(使用視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換),二、將下面的短文譯成漢語(使用結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換),The drugstore was beginning to close for the night. Young Alfred Higgins, who worked in the store was putting on his coat, getting ready to go home. On his way ou