1、If引導(dǎo)的條件句、虛擬語氣,if引導(dǎo)的條件句,If she invites me tomorrow, I will go to the party. 請(qǐng)把這句話與下面虛擬語氣的帶條件從句的主從復(fù)合句進(jìn)行比較： If she invited me, I would go to the party. 假如她邀請(qǐng)我參加聚會(huì)，我就去。 If she had invited me yesterday, I would have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀請(qǐng)我參加聚會(huì)，我就去了。 If she should invite me tomorrow, I would go to the

2、 part 如果她明天邀請(qǐng)我參加聚會(huì)，我會(huì)去的。,后退一步法是指在準(zhǔn)確地判斷了該句與哪一事實(shí)相反后，if引導(dǎo)的非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞按正常情況“后退一步”。 也就是：與過去事實(shí)相反，在從句中用過去完成時(shí)形式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，在從句中用過去一般時(shí)形式表示 與將來事實(shí)可能相反，在從句中用過去將來時(shí)形式表示 主句中則用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞would, should, could 等加動(dòng)詞形式,退后一步法,1. 對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬,一、if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣的三種情況,If the people were better educated, I believe this could solve the proble

3、m.If they had proper education in schools, they would know how to control their lives.,2. 對(duì)過去的虛擬,If they had ended their meeting without further action, Amercia would have been very different.If they had not campagined for financial independence, women may not have had control over their own money.,

4、與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),1. If the lecture should be late, you should have to make a speech first. 2. If the lecture were late tomorrow, you would have to make a speech first.,虛擬語氣中省略if：在書面語中，如果從句的謂語中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并將were, had 或should 放到句首。當(dāng)然，如果從句沒有were, had, 或should,就不能省略if.,二、虛擬語氣中if的省略,If I were

5、to do it, Id do it some other way. Were I to do it, Id do it some other way. If you should fail, try again. Should you fail, try again. If you had been here earlier, you would have seen him. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. I would have bought the house If I had had enough money.

6、I would have bought the house had I had enough money.,Note： 省略了if的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。 Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. （） Werent it for the expense, I would go to Italy.（）,But for your help, I couldnt have done it. Without electricity human life would be quite different today. 練習(xí)：請(qǐng)用介

7、詞短語代替條件狀語從句 1. 要不是你的幫助，我就失敗了。 2. 如果沒有恰當(dāng)?shù)目刂剖侄危朔磻?yīng)堆就會(huì)爆炸（核反應(yīng)堆 nuclear reactor）。,三、用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句,4.1 Wish/ if only 的用法 用在“wish+賓語從句”中，表示很難實(shí)現(xiàn)或不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，可以翻譯為“但愿”, “悔不該”等。 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的虛擬，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式（be動(dòng)詞用were）； 表示對(duì)過去的假設(shè)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用 “had+過去分詞” 表示對(duì)將來的愿望，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用“would (could)+動(dòng)詞原形,四、虛擬語氣的其他句型和用法,表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不相符的假設(shè)事件 1. V-e

8、d 主語+ wish/ if only + that+ 2. were 3. would/could/should+V I wish that he were my boyfriend. I wish that he cared for me. I wish that he could help me when I an in trouble.,表示與過去事實(shí)想法的假設(shè) 主語+ wish/ if only + that+ 1. 過去完成時(shí) 2. would/could/should+V +have done I wish that he had been my boyfriend at tha

9、t time. I wish that she could have helped me when I wan in trouble.,與將來事實(shí)相反 主語+ wish/ if only + that+ would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形 I wish you would agree with me. If only the rain would stop. I wish I could see the situation through his eyes.,注意：wish 與hope接賓語從句的區(qū)別在于： hope表示一般可以實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望，賓語從句用陳述語氣。 Wish表示很難或不大

10、可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，賓語從句用虛擬語氣。 請(qǐng)比較： We hope we will succeed. (We dont know if we will succeed.) We wish we would succeed. (We know we can hardly succeed.),4.2 as if/as though, even if/even though從句中的虛擬. 如果指的是現(xiàn)在的狀況，則用過去式(be用were) 如果指過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，則謂語動(dòng)詞用had過去分詞形式 如果指將來的事情，would (should, could)+動(dòng)詞原形 She looks as if/thou

11、gh she were ill.看她的樣子，好像生病了。 He walks as if he were a king.他走起路來就好像他是國王。 He acted as if nothing had happened.他表現(xiàn)得若無其事。 He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse.即使天塌下來，他也不會(huì)辭職。,4.3在It is (high) time (that)句型中 后面的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用過去式(be的過去式用were) 或用should+動(dòng)詞原形(should 不能省略)來表示。這句話的意思是“（現(xiàn)在）該”。 For

12、example: It is time we left/should leave. It is high time that you got married. It is time that I bought a car.,4.4 在 I would rather (that)句型中, “我寧可” Would rather+從句+與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，則用過去式(be用were) Would rather+從句+與過去動(dòng)作相反，則謂語動(dòng)詞用had過去分詞形式 For example: Id rather I were in the rain now. Id rather you did not te

13、ll him. I would rather she hadnt done that.,4.6 用在表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動(dòng)詞 主語+ 謂語動(dòng)詞+should + 動(dòng)詞原形，should 可以省略。這類的動(dòng)詞有：arrange/command/demand/desire/ insist/order/propose/request/require/suggest/beg/move（提議） We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that they (should) go with us. The doctor or

14、dered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days. He demanded that we (should) start right away. The villagers requested that the old building not be pulled down.,Note：suggest 表示“暗示，表明”時(shí)，賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。Insist后面強(qiáng)調(diào)的是事實(shí)時(shí)，賓語從句也不用虛擬語氣。,Note: 若上述表示建議、要求、命令等意思的動(dòng)詞用作名詞時(shí)，名詞之后的從句用虛擬語氣，should 可以省略。如： He made a re

15、quest that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off. Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized.,Note:上述動(dòng)詞在It is suggested that, It is required that, Its requested that, Its ordered that, Its arranged that句型中，that 之后的從句用虛擬語氣，should 可以省略，但引導(dǎo)詞that 不能省略。如： It was suggested that he attend t

16、he conference. It was requested that the trial be openly reported.,4.7 用在表示建議、要求、命令等意思的形容詞 在Its important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that句型中，that 引導(dǎo)的從句用虛擬語氣，should可以省略。這個(gè)句型表示說話人的意見、要求等。 For example: It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter. It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July. It is imperative that the board chairman be