1、同等學(xué)歷閱讀技巧,一、考試要求：,同等學(xué)力人員申請(qǐng)碩士學(xué)位英語考試大綱要求考生在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)閱讀一定數(shù)量的文章在理解短文的基礎(chǔ)上從每題所給的4 個(gè)備選取答案中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。閱讀理解部分共設(shè)2530 題，每題1分?？荚嚂r(shí)間為4050 分鐘。閱讀理解的短文為56 篇，每篇300400 個(gè)單詞。,二、考查的重點(diǎn)和復(fù)習(xí)方法：,從閱讀理解中的語境詞匯開始，通過學(xué)習(xí)閱讀中的詞匯以及詞匯之間的關(guān)聯(lián)、邏輯聯(lián)系等，幫助提高考生的語言基本功； 利用常見的閱讀考試題型和方式規(guī)律，把握考試脈絡(luò)。,閱讀中的詞匯,提高閱讀質(zhì)量首先要擴(kuò)大閱讀詞匯量，對(duì)與文章題材、內(nèi)容密切相關(guān)的核心詞匯的總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)常常會(huì)事半功倍。因?yàn)檫@些詞

2、匯往往和主題密切相關(guān)，會(huì)在同類題材的文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)， 一方面，對(duì)擴(kuò)展詞匯有積極作用，可以幫助加深對(duì)詞匯用法和詞義的理解以及部分詞語在上下文中特定的含義， 另一方面又可以準(zhǔn)確把握文章的內(nèi)容，熟悉同類文章的寫作思路和表達(dá)手段,三、閱讀理解的?？碱}型,主旨?xì)w納題、 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、 詞義句意猜測(cè)題、 推理判斷題、 邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題、 觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題、 計(jì)算視圖題、 文后段落討論題。,閱讀理解五大?？伎键c(diǎn),第一點(diǎn)：開頭結(jié)尾?？?.記敘文開頭交待文章的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系，結(jié)尾往往總結(jié)出文章的主旨抑或有幾句含金量很高的句子，可以作為推斷題細(xì)節(jié)題滋生的天然土壤。 .說明文開頭總寫，每段第一句話總寫該段段意，最后一段下結(jié)

3、論，總結(jié)全文。 .議論文開頭引出話題抑或提出論點(diǎn)，最后一段總結(jié)論點(diǎn)。從中同學(xué)們可以看出，無論是記敘文、說明文、議論文，文章中最重要最帥氣的段落，往往是開頭結(jié)尾，所以對(duì)于開頭結(jié)尾我們一定要認(rèn)真理解，尤其是文章中的最后一段的最后一句話。,All were there to explore the ocean depths and to make plans for the use of its resources. Scientists hope to find enough mineral, vegetable, and animal wealth there to provide food f

4、or the entire world. 1. The author wants to tell us_. A. that scientists try to measure the ocean depths B. that scientists try to make use of resources C. that the plant and animal life in the ocean remain unknown D. that scientists try to explore life in the ocean and make use of it,第二點(diǎn)：因果關(guān)系?？?一篇文

5、章中出現(xiàn)because/for/since/so/as a result等表示原因抑或結(jié)果的詞引導(dǎo)的語句，往往含金量非常高，是出題老師出細(xì)節(jié)題的最愛。 【考例分析2】Fus soup became the talk of the town. Many people came to see him. Once a restaurant owner asked him what was in the soup. “Ill tell you,” Fu said. “But if your restaurant going to sell the soup you must call it brain

6、s because of its shape and colour. And your restaurant should be renamed after my mother. 1. The food is called brains because_. A. it looks like brains B. it has animal brains in it C. Fus mother liked the name D. it makes one clever and live longer 2. Before Fu told the restaurant owner what was i

7、n the food, one of the things he demanded was that_. A. the restaurant shouldnt offer any other food B. the restaurant should use his mothers name C. the shape of the food must never be changed D. the food must be used to help sick people,第三點(diǎn)：轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系常考,but/however/whereas等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞引導(dǎo)的語句往往成為細(xì)節(jié)題的出題點(diǎn)。 【考例分析3

8、】All these early dives were deep. But the divers could not stay down for very long. They had to come back up to the surface after a few seconds. Scientists needed to stay down longer to study life below surface. Gradually they succeeded, Cousteau, a Frenchman, was able to keep men down to a depth of

9、 36 feet for one month and to a depth of 90 feet for a week. 1. Which of the following statements is true? A. The early divers could not stay down for very long B. Up to now only five women scientists have stayed in the undersea laboratory C. The purpose of undersea laboratories is to make plans for

10、 the resources in the ocean D. It is easy to explore the plant and animal life in the deep ocean,第四點(diǎn)：比較關(guān)系?？?比較關(guān)系涉及幾個(gè)事物之間的比較，能夠很好地說明事物的特征，這樣的句子，對(duì)于出題老師來說具有很大的誘惑力。 【考例分析4】Along the way, Pittsburgh University has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The harder a student studies, the mo

11、re heat his body gives off. Boy students send out more heat than girl students, and the larger a student, the more heat he produces. It sounds rather reasonable to draw the following conclusion that the hottest prospect for the Pittsburgh University would be a hardworking, overweight boy student who

12、 is very clever in the university. 1. Which of the following persons would produce the least heat? A. A fat boy students who is clever and studies hard B. A thin girl students who is not clever and does not study hard C. A thin boy students who is clever and studied hard D. A fat girl students who i

13、s both clever and hardworking 2. In the last sentence, the “hottest prospect” refers to A. the person who produces the most heat B. the person who suffers most from heat C. the person who takes in the most heat D. the person who bears the most heat,第五點(diǎn)：數(shù)字關(guān)系常考,文章中的數(shù)字，表明時(shí)間、特征量間的數(shù)量關(guān)系，對(duì)于說明事物特征具有文字所不能及的作

14、用。 【考例分析5】In the United States Government, the laws are made by the Congress, which has the House of Representatives and the Senate. They are almost equal in power. The House of Representatives is larger than the Senate whose 100 members serve for six years. The 435 members of the House are elected

15、every two years, and the number from each state is determined by the population of the state. 1. The House of Representatives has members. A. 100 B. 435 C. 535 D. 335,I. 主旨?xì)w納題 常見設(shè)題形式： 1.The subject of this passage is . 2.What topic is treated in this passage? 3.The main idea is . 4.The point of this

16、 passage is that . 5.Which title best gives the idea of the passage? 6.Whats the topic of the last paragraph? 7.Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in this passage? 8.The passage mainly talks about . 9.By this passage the writer wanted to tell us that . 10.The best title for this text

17、would be .,閱讀理解的?？碱}型詳解,解題技巧： 1.在文章第一段找出主題句：通常是第一個(gè)句子 或最后一個(gè)句子，根據(jù)主題句的關(guān)鍵詞縮寫精練的 句子或短語。 2.如果第一段沒有主題句，就在文章最后一段， 最后一段找不到或許在文章第二段中。 3.如果全篇文章中找不到主題句，根據(jù)自己對(duì)文 章的理解歸納總結(jié)。 注意：1.)要找出產(chǎn)生某種結(jié)果的直接原因，而不 是間接原因。 2.)要全面而不是你個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)。,1. 題句位于句首。主題句出現(xiàn)在文首，開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋、支撐主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹寫作法。 2. 主題句位于段末。主題句出現(xiàn)在文章結(jié)尾是作者采用了先

18、擺事實(shí)，后作結(jié)論的手法。這種段落稱作歸納型段落。這是英語中最常見的歸納寫作法。 3. 主題句首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方法也較為多見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。 4. 主題句位于段落的中間。主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間，通常前面只提出問題，文章的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋、說明或發(fā)展。 5. 主題句隱含在段意之中。全文沒有明確的主題句。其中心思想包含在各個(gè)句子中，在這種情況下，讀者要把所有已知的細(xì)節(jié)綜合起來，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，概括歸納出主題句。,主題句位置：

19、,【典例】 Domestic (馴養(yǎng)的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses werent tame (馴服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today。 Thousands of years ago, people ki

20、lled the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。 The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agricultur

21、e. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to

22、 interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. (2008北京卷) The passage is mainly about _。 A. why humans domesticated horses B. how humans and horses needed each other C. why horses came in different shapes and sizes D. how human societies and

23、horses influenced each other,考查文章標(biāo)題的選擇 The best title/headline for this passage is_. Which of the following is the best title? What would be the best title for the text? The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_.,文章標(biāo)題特點(diǎn),1. 概括性 要求標(biāo)題應(yīng)在最大限度上覆蓋全文，囊括文章的主要內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨。標(biāo)題實(shí)際上是文章主題的一種確認(rèn)方式。前面我

24、們提到，通過尋找主題句，往往很容易確定短文的標(biāo)題。但大多數(shù)文章的主題句并不明顯，需要我們通過體會(huì)字里行間蘊(yùn)含的意思從整體上把握文章的主旨，從全局的角度概括歸納出文章的標(biāo)題。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以點(diǎn)代面，以偏概全。 2. 針對(duì)性 針對(duì)性原則是對(duì)標(biāo)題外延的一種界定。概括性原則要求文章標(biāo)題包括文章的主要內(nèi)容。但如果標(biāo)題過大，就違背了針對(duì)性原則、針對(duì)性原則要求標(biāo)題不能太過于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即標(biāo)題不能太大也不能太小。要量體裁衣，大小適度。 3. 醒目性 標(biāo)題是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆，是文章的靈魂。標(biāo)題的好壞往往會(huì)影響文章的可讀性。讀者往往從標(biāo)題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標(biāo)題往往比較醒目，甚至

25、比較離奇，目的是為了吸引讀者的注意力，喚起讀者對(duì)文章閱讀的興趣。所以在標(biāo)題選擇的過程中，在滿足概括性和針對(duì)性的條件下，還要考慮標(biāo)題的醒目性。,方法： 1.理清層次關(guān)系, 選出最佳標(biāo)題 標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精練表達(dá),多為一個(gè)名詞詞組，短小明了,函蓋性強(qiáng)做這類題目時(shí),要在閱讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上,把握好層次關(guān)系。注意選項(xiàng)的歸納范圍要恰如其分,干擾項(xiàng)往往是局部信息，是某一小節(jié)或文章里的某一句。所以我們?cè)诮忸}時(shí)要反復(fù)推敲，把概括范圍過窄或過寬的選項(xiàng)過濾掉。,2.抓住關(guān)鍵詞，判斷作者意圖 作者在描述事實(shí)或傳遞信息時(shí),不管他的意圖是什么,其觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度都不可避免地在文章中反映出來常見的涉及到作者態(tài)度的詞有褒義類詞（

26、approving, positive, optimistic,等），貶義類詞(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性類詞(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。這就要求考生在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意文章的措辭,尤其注意那些表達(dá)感情色彩的形容詞如improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者對(duì)人物語言行為和思想的描寫,從中領(lǐng)悟作者的寫作意圖和態(tài)度,For example（節(jié)選自文章第一部分）,To err is

27、 human. To blame the other guy is even more human. Common sense is not all that common. Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse? These three popular misquotes(戲謔的引語)are meant to be jokes, and yet they tell us a lot about human nature . To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part

28、 of being human, but it seems that most people dont want to accept the responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this:” To err is human, to forgive, divine(神圣的). ”This saying mirrors an ideal people should be forgiving of o

29、thers mistakes. Instead, we tend to do the opposite find someone else to pass the blame on to. However, taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a making of great maturity. 55. What would be the best title for his passage? A. A Mirror of Human Nature B. To Blame or to Forgive C. A Mark

30、 of Maturity D. Truth or Excuse,B.干擾項(xiàng)特點(diǎn) . 以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。 . 斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。 . 主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。 . 張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)?？忌蛔⒁獾那闆r下，會(huì)造成錯(cuò)選答案。 . 無中生有或似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語好像在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。,C.解題指導(dǎo) 1.分清主次

31、，抓住主干，找出主題句。 主題句是歸納表達(dá)文章中心思想的句子,它的出現(xiàn)有四種情況: 1）主題句在開頭主題句出現(xiàn)在段落或文章的開頭部分,起著開宗明義點(diǎn)明主題的作用,它可以使讀者一開始就明白文章所講的內(nèi)容主旨而支撐句則使用一些具體的人、物、數(shù)字或具體的步驟來闡述或論證主題，常伴有 for example i.e. that is first second finally once another time for one thing 等詞。 2）主題句在結(jié)尾用歸納法寫的文章,其結(jié)構(gòu)是表述細(xì)節(jié)的句子放在前面,概述性的句子放在后面,并以此而結(jié)尾,所以結(jié)尾的句子起著總結(jié)歸納畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用，多伴有so t

32、hereforethus in short as a resultthat is why 等詞。 3）考生可以快速瀏覽每段首尾兩句來確定每段的主題句，從而確定文章的主題句。,For example,We often dont remember things as well when were trying to manage several details at the same time. Without mental focus, we may not pay enough attention to new information coming in, so it never makes

33、it into our memory stores. That is one of the main reasons we forget peoples names-even sometimes right after they have introduced themselves. Multitasking can also affect our relationships. If someone checks their e-mail while on the phone with a friend, they may come off as absent-minded or disint

34、erested. It can also cause that person to miss or overlook key information being passed on to them. 52. What is the main idea of the passage? （節(jié)選自文章最后一段） A. Multitasking has become a way of life. B. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline. C. Multitasking exercises need to be improved. D. Mul

35、titasking enables people to remember things better.,小結(jié)：總之，主旨大意類題雖然綜合性強(qiáng)，對(duì)考生的能力要求較高，但只要我們掌握了一定的解題技巧，在讀懂讀透文章的基礎(chǔ)上，仔細(xì)對(duì)比四個(gè)備選項(xiàng)之間的內(nèi)涵與外延之間的差異，定能準(zhǔn)確地找出正確答案。,II.細(xì)節(jié)理解題,常見的命題方式： According to the author, who/what/when/ where/which/why/how? (5W1H開頭的特殊疑問句) Which of the following statements is true/not true? The stat

36、ement made by the author is based on the evidence/example/fact that_ Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the text? The author states all of the following EXCEPT_,事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題:主要考查學(xué)生 對(duì)閱讀材料中的某一特定細(xì)節(jié)或文章的主要事實(shí)的理解能力,問題主要包括詢問人(who)、物(what)、時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(cause)、結(jié)果(effect)、數(shù)據(jù)(data)等。 新聞、說明文

37、、廣告信息等常?？季唧w細(xì)節(jié)。 .直接事實(shí)題：先閱讀題干，確定讀材料的時(shí)候要查找的細(xì)節(jié)及事實(shí)的范圍，然后利用略讀的手法找出出處。 .間接事實(shí)題：需結(jié)合上下文提供的語境和信息進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的概括和判斷。,選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)： A.正確答案的特點(diǎn)：與原文情節(jié)表達(dá)手法不同，但所表達(dá)的意思相同。 B.干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)： . 是原文信息，但與題目要求不符-照抄部分原文信息； . 符合常識(shí)，但不符合原文內(nèi)容； . 與原文情節(jié)極為相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)-偷梁換柱的內(nèi)容：與原文內(nèi)容一半相同一半不同，即選項(xiàng)仍用文章中的句法結(jié)構(gòu)和大部分詞匯，但換關(guān)鍵詞，造成意思上的改變； . 選項(xiàng)中所提供的信息部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤-含有原文中沒有

38、的內(nèi)容； . 在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反-與原文相矛盾的內(nèi)容； .張冠李戴的內(nèi)容(把A的特征加在B上)； .與原句內(nèi)容相似但過于絕對(duì)化。,C. 正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)： (1)事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題中，一般照抄原文的不是正確答案，而同義替換的是正確選項(xiàng)。 (2)排除式題型：?jiǎn)栠x項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)正確(包括在內(nèi))或錯(cuò)誤(不包括在內(nèi))的題。一般來說，含有一些概括性太強(qiáng)的詞(如：only，everything，all，none，must，never，always，too，so，alone，everyone，entirely，absolute，mainly，any，have to, no，very，completely，

39、hardly，the most, no longer等)的選項(xiàng)都是錯(cuò)誤的。而含有不肯定詞：some，sometimes，certain，someone，morethan，(not) asas，less等的選項(xiàng)往往正確。 (3)這類題的答案往往在兩個(gè)意義相近或相反的選項(xiàng)中。,D.常見問題形式有 1).三正一誤(三項(xiàng)正確，只有一項(xiàng)不符合原文內(nèi)容)或三誤一正(三項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，只有一項(xiàng)符合原文容)： .Which of the following is true/false except? .Which of the following is mentioned except 2).定義 3.年代與數(shù)字 4

40、.比較 5.原因和結(jié)果,解題技巧： 1.帶著問題直接在文章中查找有關(guān)信息，最好用筆標(biāo)出來，以便比較使用，不必通讀全文； 2.做數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題關(guān)鍵要弄清楚數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)數(shù)據(jù)，確定計(jì)算方法； 3.對(duì)于簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)，可以利用推算法；較復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)可以分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰； 4.排序先找出故事發(fā)生的首尾，然后縮小范圍； 5 .圖表利用判斷法與文字?jǐn)⑹鱿鄬?duì)照。,原文: Unfortunately, in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity. 題目: Which of the following sentences wo

41、uld most probably follow the last sentence of the passage? _ (A) Thus, a physicist interested in studying phenomena near singularities would necessarily hope to find a singularity with a measurable gravitational field. (B) Accordingly, physicists to date have been unable to observe directly any sing

42、ularity. (C) It is specifically this startling phenomenon that has allowed us to codify the scant information currently available about singularities. (D) Moreover, the existence of this extraordinary phenomenon is implied in the extensive reports of several physicists. (E) Although unanticipated, p

43、henomena such as these are consistent with the structure of a singularity. 原文: in most cases., cannot see the singularity 選項(xiàng): unable to observe directly any singularity 解答細(xì)節(jié)題的具體方法是： 從選項(xiàng)（題干、題支入手），尋找原文的語言重現(xiàn)。,【典例1】 Despite the fact that it has never been seen almost everyone is familiar with the legend

44、ary unicorn(獨(dú)角獸). Descriptions of unicorns have been found dating from ancient times. The great philosopher Aristotle theorized that there were two types of unicorn- the so-called Indian Ass and the Oryx, a kind of antelope. Unicorns are often used in the logo of a noble family, town council or univ

45、ersity as their special sign. Even Scotland is represented by a unicorn。 According to the legend, anyone attempting to catch a unicorn had to be extremely cautious as it has a reputation for being very fierce. A clever trick suggested by unicorn-trappers, in order to catch this magnificent beast wit

46、hout being hurt by its horn, was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and then to move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged. Hopefully, the creature could then be captured when its horn was stuck in the tree。 (2008江西卷) 56. Which of the following is TRUE of the unicorn? A. It was not histor

47、ically recorded B. Its horn was first used in France C. It was similar to the Indian Ass and the Oryx D. It could be the symbol of a university 57. To catch a unicorn, the unicorn-trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT _。 A. tempting the unicorn to attack B. making use of the tree as a prot

48、ection C. hiding quickly behind the unicorn D. having the unicorn horn stuck in the tree,Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word? The wordcould best be replaced by? In theparagraph, the wordmeans (refers to) According to the passage,probably means The authors uses the wordto mea

49、n The wordis most likely to mean。,常見的命題方式：,III.詞義推測(cè)題 常見設(shè)題形式： 1.Which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to ? 2.What does the underlined word.most probably mean? 3.The phrase underlined in the third paragraph means . 4.The word underlined in the second paragraph can be replaced by . 5.Acc

50、ording to the passage the sentence underlined in the last paragraph means . 6.The author used the word.to mean .,7.In the second paragraph the underlined word refers to . 8.What does the word underlined in the first paragraph refer to? 解題技巧： 1.在劃線詞、短語或句子的前一個(gè)句意上理解，或 本句，或后句，常有一個(gè)與之意義相近、相同或相反 的詞或短語，其標(biāo)志詞

51、有：and, or等。 2.掌握該詞的派生詞、合成詞的含義。 3.通過定語（從句）、同位語（從句）的含義推測(cè) 單詞的含義，此時(shí)定語、同位語前常常有：or, similarly, that is（to say）,in other words, namely,or other, say等，而定語從句和同位語從句的謂語動(dòng) 詞常是：be, mean, deal with, be called, refer to, signify, be considered to be, represent, define等詞。 4.看一看句中是否有though, although, still, instead o

52、f, rather than, while, but, on the other hand, unlike, for one thing, for another等 表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞。 5.根據(jù)自己的理解，參考所給答案，可利用排 除法，選出正確選項(xiàng)。 注意：切不可望詞生義，考綱上的常用詞在此 常不是它的常用詞義，要根據(jù)意境來理解。,詞義推測(cè)具體方法：,閱讀中的生詞不是孤立的，而是與其上、下文中的詞、句乃至整個(gè)篇章，在意義上、結(jié)構(gòu)上和邏輯上存在聯(lián)系，這些聯(lián)系便是我們推測(cè)詞義的依據(jù)，通常簡(jiǎn)稱為詞的上下文線索(context clues)。,常用的上、下文線索有以下幾種：,1)舉例線索； 2)推理線索；

53、3)比較與對(duì)照性線索(包括同義、反 義詞線索及重復(fù)線索)。,1)舉例線索,舉例的目的是對(duì)重要的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行支持與論證或?qū)﹄y懂的概念或術(shù)語進(jìn)行解釋與說明。舉例往往會(huì)使觀點(diǎn)與概念更加清楚、明了、易懂。如在“So they became dynastic names，as Ptolemy was for the ancient Egyptian rulersOne of my names，Chief Buffalo Child，is a dynastic name and title”一句中，作者要說明的是這個(gè)概念。從它的構(gòu)詞上我們也可以猜出它的基本意思。但如果從它的上下文來理解，意思則更加明了。As(

54、正如)引起的定語從句說明Ptolemy就是古埃及統(tǒng)治者的名字，即這個(gè)名字代表著Ptolemy王朝。因此我們可以推測(cè)dynastic意思是“表示朝代的”或“代表王朝的”。所以dynastic names的意思就是“朝代名稱”、“國(guó)號(hào)”。那么下文中所說的“對(duì)我的一個(gè)稱謂或我的一個(gè)頭銜”就是根據(jù)Buffalo(這個(gè)朝代名)命名的。表示舉例的信號(hào)詞有：for example，for instance，such as，as，like,2)推理線索：,句子是由詞群或詞組群組合而成的，其中詞與詞或詞組與詞組之間總是存在一定的搭配與銜接關(guān)系，即它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系。上、下文的句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間也存在

55、這樣的邏輯關(guān)系。這些邏輯關(guān)系所形成的推測(cè)依據(jù)，就是我們所說的推理線索。 1. Generosity can not be measured by the amount of money that one spends to benefit other people. True generosity comes from ones heart, not from his _. A time B labor C mind D purse,3.) 比較與對(duì)照性線索：,比較與對(duì)照也是一種常見的重要技巧。作者在寫作時(shí)經(jīng)常把兩個(gè)或更多的人或事物放在一起進(jìn)行比較或?qū)φ?，展現(xiàn)出其相同點(diǎn)或區(qū)別點(diǎn)。比較和對(duì)照有助

56、于讀者在更寬廣的范圍內(nèi)理解作者的意圖，提高閱讀效果。注意，比較用來指出事物的相同點(diǎn)，而對(duì)照則用來指出事物的不同之處。 例： He had always envied others who excelled in athletics and he longed to join them in games; but he was too slow. Even though he had been elected class president, he still longed to be_ A a sports hero B the best student C a respected perso

57、n D a club member,常用的過渡性詞語有以下幾類：,1)表示并列遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上句子處于并列地位，共同說明一個(gè)話題，一種現(xiàn)象。如：also，besides，further，furthermore，even，too，moreover，in addition，in particular，even more important，still，whats more，and等。 2)強(qiáng)對(duì)比與轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：表示與上文相反，下文提出作者的真實(shí)觀點(diǎn)。如：(un)like，similarlylikewise，in the same way，in spite of，despite，On the c

58、ontrary，by comparison，in contrast，but，however，although，On the other hand，yet，conversely，otherwise，as a matter of fact，no doubt，unhappily，unfortunately，in fact，after all，anyway，even等 3)因果關(guān)系：也是一種解釋關(guān)系，結(jié)果在前，原因在后多談?wù)摰氖且粋€(gè)問題，一層意思。如：because，thus，so，so that，now that，since，as a result，therefore，consequently，fo

59、r this (that) reason，hence，accordingly，seeing that等。 4) 例舉關(guān)系: 如：such as，ie.，for example，for instance，in fact，a case in point，take sthfor example，for one，for another 5)表示結(jié)論和概括意義: 如：to conclude，to sum up，in sum，in conclusion，in short，in brief，On the whole，in a word，all in all，generally speaking，it can be seen from等。,猜測(cè)詞義方法,1).Definition 定義法： 一般通過定義、定語（從句）或同位語（從句）來確定詞義. .It will be very