1、科技英語基本知識,科技英語簡介（Instruction）,有較多的科技專業(yè)詞匯，詞義單純，一詞一義 機械工程：Shaper（牛頭刨床） turret lathe （轉(zhuǎn)塔車床、六角車床） 電子技術(shù)：alternating current（交流電） 單詞在一般英語和科技英語里可能有不同意思 envelop（信封；包絡(luò)、機殼）normal（正常的；法線，當量） Bug（臭蟲；故障）develop（發(fā)展；研制、設(shè)計） 創(chuàng)造新詞 telesat（通訊衛(wèi)星）electrofax（電子攝影） 大量使用縮寫詞 D.C.（direct current）N.C.（numerical control）,詞匯方面：（

2、Vocabulary） 詞義、詞源、構(gòu)詞法等方面存在某些獨特之處,常用較長的名詞詞組 Machine control systems designing techinque Wheel and axle mechanical advantage computation problems（差動滑輪機械效益計算問題） 許多來自希臘語或拉丁語的科技術(shù)語 Mathematics, electron, pneumatic Focus, radius 科技詞匯的構(gòu)造都比較有規(guī)律 Metal-metallic-metalline-metalliferous-metallography-metallograp

3、hic-metallographer,詞匯方面：（Vocabulary）,長句較多，但結(jié)構(gòu)不離奇，句型變化幅度不大；長句較多主要由于大量短語和從句作為修飾成分； 動詞的被動語態(tài)用的很多 科技英語里所用的動詞時態(tài)不過七、八種，都比較簡單 科技英語中，間接賓語用的較少 （主語）補語、獨立分詞短語、“It isthat”強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、動詞的虛擬語氣用的較多,語法方面：（Grammar） 屬于書面語言，語法結(jié)構(gòu)比較嚴謹，條理清楚,（主語）補語、獨立分詞短語、“It isthat”強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、動詞的虛擬語氣用的較多 Such a machine is called a driller. There are v

4、arious kinds of metal, each having its special uses in industry. It is the potential difference that makes the electric current flow. If air were all oxygen, even metals would burn easily.,語法方面：（Grammar）,總結(jié)： 1. 學(xué)習(xí)科技英語，除學(xué)習(xí)科技專業(yè)詞匯，也必須學(xué)習(xí)普通詞匯和全部的語法知識，當然可以有所側(cè)重 2.在第一條的基礎(chǔ)上，還必須學(xué)習(xí)一些有關(guān)翻譯方面的理論與技巧 3.還應(yīng)該多接觸科技資料的各

5、種文體,詞匯知識（Vocabulary Knowledge）,英語詞匯的各種成分 Foe-enemy, Freedom-liberty： 同義詞或近義詞 It is a tall building-It is a high building Electric lamps, electric wire-electrical book, eletrical engineering Machine-machinery Technique-technology see-look 反義詞 1）Long-short 2）Fast -slow direct -indirect -loose -divert,

6、 deflect 3）Quick- slow Fast- 4）A tall house-a low house A tall man-a short man,英語詞匯的一般知識：（Common Knowledge）,同音異義詞、同形異義詞、同音同形異義詞（與多義詞不同） see-sea coarse-course week-weak lead-li:d led tear-ti t wind-wind waind Bear, light, base 近形詞 internal-interval Unit-Unite through-thorough-though-thought 單義詞、多義詞 1

7、）metallic, cam, turbine 2）power, board,幾個詞結(jié)合起來，構(gòu)成一個成語，意義與各個詞的本來語義大不相同，只能作為生詞來記憶 In apple-pie order on ones beam-ends,成語與固定用法（Idiom develop-develops-developed-is developed B）兩者的句子結(jié)構(gòu)不同 A hydropress is a press operated by hydraulic pressure. 液壓機是靠液壓工作的壓力機。 C）兩者的習(xí)慣表達方式不同 第三層樓-the second floor（英式英語）. 優(yōu)點很

8、多-There are many good points.,英譯漢的一般知識：（Common Knowledge）,N2 is less dense than air.-,氮比空氣更不密。,氮的密度比空氣小,When the circuit increases in length- When the length of the circuit increases,翻譯的任務(wù)在于通過一種語言的詞匯、語法結(jié)構(gòu)、習(xí)慣表達方式理解句子的意義內(nèi)容之后，以另一種語言的詞匯、語法結(jié)構(gòu)、習(xí)慣表達方式將該意義內(nèi)容表達出來，決不能根據(jù)一些詞匯或語法的表面現(xiàn)象從一種語言直接跳躍到另一種語言： A）錯誤一：只著重詞匯

9、方面 The production of aluminum is second only to that of iron and steel. B）錯誤二：根據(jù)一些專業(yè)知識去猜想或拼湊其意義 Even metal plates can be pierced through by laser beam. C）錯誤三：忽略了習(xí)慣表達方式 Mild steels are not so hard as high- or medium-carbon steels. Silver is the most conductive metal. Medium-carbon steels contain more

10、 carbon than mild steels. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.,英譯漢的一般知識：（Common Knowledge）,鋁的生產(chǎn)是只不過那個鐵和鋼的第二。,鋁的產(chǎn)量僅次于鋼鐵【的產(chǎn)量】,平滑的金屬板可以通過激光束,甚至金屬板也能被激光束穿透,In conclusion, 正確的翻譯應(yīng)該是首先弄清詞義，弄清句子結(jié)構(gòu)，然后在確切理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣和科技特點表達出來。,英譯漢，最大的問題是詞義的選擇（針對多義詞）； A）科技專業(yè)詞匯一般一詞一義 Gear slotter, proton

11、B）一類多義詞：要從上下文的聯(lián)系、詞匯搭配、專業(yè)內(nèi)容等方面進行判斷，正確選擇詞義 Sciences develop very fast. The photographic developing process The formulas developed C）多類多義詞：除參考B）以外，要先確定屬于何種詞類，再判斷詞義 People like using tapered files. (vt.) Like poles repel each other. (adj.) A planer is like a shaper in many respects. (prep.) Rubbers, woo

12、d, ceramics, and the like are good insulators. (n.) D）除考慮詞匯意義外，也要考慮語法意義 Sciences develop very fast.,弄清詞的意義：（Clarify the meaning ）,So, 詞義的選擇必須根據(jù)詞在劇中的邏輯地位與語法地位來考慮，不能孤立進行，例如： The value of can be found from the following formula. A boring machine is used to bore holes.,翻譯時可能會遇到詞典上的詞義“不夠用”的情況，一方面需要在基本詞義的

13、基礎(chǔ)上引伸出比較確切的詞義（次要意義）；另也需結(jié)合單詞在句中的須發(fā)地位與邏輯地位來進行（如根據(jù)詞形變化賦予的語法意義） Wonderful laser tools are now available. Mechanics is the study of the motion of objects. Steel is among the strongest of all constructional materials. Semiconductors exist in nature; but men did not know much about them. The electrodes of

14、a transistor are the emitter, the collector and the base. 翻譯時要充分注意固定用法或成語,弄清詞的意義：（Clarify the meaning ）,有些詞與一些反義詞連用時，意義卻是一樣的 Slow up-Slow down 有些詞與一些并非明顯的反義詞連用時，意義卻相反(如over-前綴) This point must not (should not) be overemphasized. This point can not be overemphasized.,弄清詞的意義：（Clarify the meaning ）,詞義與

15、句子結(jié)構(gòu)弄清以后，需用恰當?shù)臐h語表達出來；這將涉及到所謂的翻譯技巧，如：省詞、加詞、重復(fù)、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換、句子數(shù)量增減、全句改譯等，盡量做到在正確表達原句意義的情況，譯文通順，符合漢語習(xí)慣 The fact that force and counterforce are equal and opposite can be proved in many ways.（省詞、加詞） The book consists of 500 pages, with many pictures in it.（重復(fù)） Conductors behave differently from insulator

16、s.（詞類轉(zhuǎn)換） Iron and copper, which have many good properties, are widely used in industry. （句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換） Two elements combine to form water: they are hydrogen and oxygen. （句子數(shù)量減少） If not well insulated, the wire is dangerous. （全局部分改譯）,用漢語確切表達：（Express Accurately ）,Tickle sb. pink Seal sb.s lips,Idioms,Riddl

17、es,1. Q: Which can move faster, heat or cold?,A: Heat, because you can catch cold.,A: Three and a half minutes.,2. Q: If it takes three and a half minutes to boil one egg, how long does it take to boil four eggs?,Homework Please translate the paragraph below in Chinese 1.A beam freely supported at t

18、he ends is called a simple beam.（P389，詞義引申） 2. The procedure varies quite a lot, dependent upon the nature of the material used. （P393，句子數(shù)量增加） 3. For two wires connected in series, the current flowing through them is the same. （P391， 省詞） 4.Sulfuric acid is very active. （P393， 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換） 5. Make sure the

19、spindle of the tailstock is in as far as it will go.（P394， 全句大步改譯）,怎樣記憶詞匯（Remember Tips）,詞義 詞類 讀音與拼寫 變化與用法 So, 一般的詞典至少都要列出一個詞的詞義、詞類、讀音，至于用法，較大的詞典也大都有說明 如：Screw skru: n. v.t.,需要記住什么：（what）,與縱橫各方面有關(guān)的事物聯(lián)系起來記，不要一個個單詞孤立地記 反復(fù)循環(huán)記憶 China had no machine tool industry before liberation. Old China even could n

20、ot produce the poorest machine tools. After liberation, under the leadership of the Party, the working people of China undertook to build an entirely new manchine manufacturing industry for China. Today, we have large and small factories and machining centers that produce all kinds of newest mechani

21、cal devices. The quality is improving and the quantiry is increasing at a great speed.,如何記住生詞：（How）,詞匯的翻譯問題（Remember Tips）,詞量的增加 A）抽象概念名詞或表示動作意義名詞（或動名詞） Flatation, fission, solution, transmission, knurling, gearing, instrumentation, setting, loading, grounding Water may be heated to very high temper

22、atures, but no noticeable decomposition takes place. B）根據(jù)上下文，英語句中往往會省略某些成分 The fine feeds are one third and the coarse are eight times of the normal feeds. C）英語中名詞復(fù)數(shù)通常用s或es表示 Release automatic clamps of the moving members by means of selection switch 13 on the main control panel. D）英語詞匯與漢語詞匯的搭配關(guān)系或借代

23、習(xí)慣不同 The lever(F1) is set at N (provided normal feed is used) E）英語詞匯與漢語詞匯的搭配關(guān)系或借代習(xí)慣不同 This is a record increase.,詞量的增減：（Addition otherwise a rapid destruction of the chain links would happen. B）為了強調(diào)或把意義敘述得更為清楚，一個詞后往往用另一個意義相同的詞加以說明 Loosen the outer ring nut(1), retighten the inner ring nut(2) so that

24、 the spindle can be rotated easily by hand without catching or jamming C）英語中普遍用冠詞，介詞、連詞和代詞也較多 “e” represents the electron. Its mass is very small, but it carries a negative charge on it. D）重復(fù)使用謂語動詞、介詞等 This drying method is the simplest and easiest with regard to the generator manipulation and with

25、regard to the measurement. E）英語習(xí)慣，同一概念在文中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時，使用一些同義詞或同義結(jié)構(gòu)來表達 如feature, characteristic behavior, behavior, properties,詞量的增減：（Addition & Subtration）,構(gòu)詞手段，根據(jù)詞的前綴、詞根、后綴等來確定恰當?shù)淖g名 Pre-deburring, unloader 還可根據(jù)上下文來確定 Jet propelled planes consumes enormous quatities of propellant. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動詞的新詞 The tree trunk

26、s were tractored to the river bank to be floated down stream.,新詞的翻譯：（New word）,有些詞在不同的場合，屬于不同的詞類，意義可能不同；有些形容詞加-ly以后，詞義有改變 A）hard To liberate oxygen from a compound is not a very hard task. Edison worked hard all his life. Many substances are hardly soluble in water. B）ready The plane is ready to take off. Charcoal readily absorbs many gas.,詞義的改變：（Change）,Ones hair stand on end