《英漢語言對比》PPT課件.ppt_第1頁
《英漢語言對比》PPT課件.ppt_第2頁
《英漢語言對比》PPT課件.ppt_第3頁
《英漢語言對比》PPT課件.ppt_第4頁
《英漢語言對比》PPT課件.ppt_第5頁
已閱讀5頁,還剩77頁未讀, 繼續(xù)免費閱讀

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

1、第三章 英漢語言對比,英漢語詞匯的文化意蘊之對比,詞的意義,理性意義:指詞語在語言交際中所表達(dá)出來的最基本的意義,是對客觀事物主要特征的反映和概括。理性意義還可以劃分為概念意義與指稱意義兩種。 聯(lián)想意義:指語言標(biāo)志所喚起的想象和形象。聯(lián)想意義不是詞語本身所固有的而是一種附加在理性意義之上的意義。,1)指示意義相同,聯(lián)想意義不同或截然相反,例:“龍”與“dragon” 中國:真龍?zhí)熳樱积埖膫魅?;龍鳳呈祥 西方:撒旦:the great dragon. The woman is a dragon.,例:“蟋蟀”與“cricket” 中國: 昨夜寒蛩不住鳴,驚回千里夢,已三更。 岳飛“小重山” 但聞

2、四壁蟲聲唧唧,如助余之嘆息。 歐陽修的“秋聲賦” 蛩唱如波咽,更深似水寒。 杜牧的“寢夜”: 西方: “I have not had all the luck I expected; but am as merry as a cricket”。 C Kingsley Two Years Ago,例:“西風(fēng)”與“west wind” 中國: 咸陽古道音塵絕,音塵絕,西風(fēng)殘照,漢家陵闋。 李白“憶秦娥” 古道西風(fēng)瘦馬,夕陽西下,斷腸人在天涯。 馬致遠(yuǎn)的“天凈沙,秋思” 海天未必知天數(shù),空對西風(fēng)老淚滂。 艾性的“避亂逢友人”,西方: 雪萊西風(fēng)頌(Ode to the West Wind)中就對wes

3、t wind進(jìn)行了高度的贊頌,把它作為希望和力量的象征。 Chaucer在坎特伯雷故事的引子中說:“When the sweet showers of April fall and shout / From which there springs the engendering of the flower, / When also Zephyrus with his sweet breath / Exhales an air in every grove and heath. / Upon the tender shoots, and the young sun.”,2)指示意義相同,聯(lián)想意義

4、部分相同,例:“玫瑰”與“rose” 愛情 under the rose?,例:“貓頭鷹”與“owl” 不吉利、兇兆、死亡 Macbeth: “I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise?” Lady Macbeth: “I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry”。 Shakespear 夜貓子進(jìn)宅,無事不來。,as wise as an owl “A wise old owl lived in an oak. / The more he saw the less he spoke. / Th

5、e less he spoke the more he heard. / Why cant we all be like that wise old bird?” Mother Gooses Fairy Tales (英國民間童謠) trespass?,3)指示意義相同,在一種語言中有豐富的聯(lián)想意義,在另一種語言中卻沒有,例:“竹”與“bamboo” 咬定青山不放松,立根原在破巖中。 千磨萬擊還堅勁,任爾東西南北風(fēng)。 鄭板橋竹石 竹色君子德,猗猗寒更綠。 歐陽修的弄部看竹 食者竹筍,庇者竹瓦,載者竹筏,衣者竹皮, 書者竹紙,履者竹鞋。真可謂不可一日無此君者也耶! 蘇東坡,“黃水仙花”與“daf

6、fodil”,I Wondered Lonely as a CloudWilliam Wordsworth,I wondered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils ; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze Continuous as the stars that shine And tw

7、inkle on the milky way, They stretched in the never-ending line Along the margin of a bay : Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.,The waves beside them danced ; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee : A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company : I

8、gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought : For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.,4)各自文化中特有的詞匯,即文化中的詞匯缺項,例:客氣

9、 哪里,哪里 陰陽 風(fēng)水 hippie punk,英漢思維方式與句法差異,思維方式差異,西方:主客對立 中國:主客一體,西方:形式邏輯思維 中國:直覺思維,西方:個人主義 中國:集體主義,句法差異,一、綜合語與分析語 (Synthetic vs. Analytic),綜合語的特征是運用形態(tài)變化來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary給綜合語定義為:A synthetic language is “Characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to expre

10、ss grammatical relationships”。拉丁語、德語和古英語都屬于這類語言。 分析語的特征是不用形態(tài)變化而用詞序及虛詞來表達(dá)語法關(guān)系。The Random House College Dictionary給分析語定義為:An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inf

11、lected form”。,英語有形態(tài)變化, 漢語沒有嚴(yán)格意義的形態(tài)變化。,1) 構(gòu)詞形態(tài),即起構(gòu)詞作用的詞綴變化包括大量的前綴和后綴。英語可以運用豐富的詞綴構(gòu)詞造句,如:,His moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rap

12、idity with which he moved astonished me. He astonished us by moving rapidly. He astonished us by his rapid movements. He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements. (O. Jespersen) 他行進(jìn)的速度快得令人驚訝。 他行進(jìn)速度之快,令人驚訝。 他的快速行進(jìn)使我們感到驚訝。 我們對他的快速行進(jìn)感到驚訝。,漢語詞綴變化,前綴 超 超人,超值,超女,超支,超音速 非 非人,非原則,非正式,非軍事化 無 無線電,無名氏,無疑

13、 反 反問,反彈道導(dǎo)彈,反腐敗 可 可親,可愛,可調(diào)整,,漢語詞綴變化,后綴 手 助手,選手,幫手,一把手 年 幼年,晚年,青少年,周年 子 金子,銀子,票子,耗子,妻子 頭 外頭,對頭,拳頭,枕頭,苗頭,2)構(gòu)形形態(tài),即表達(dá)語法意義的詞形變化。如:,我給他一本書。 I gave him a book. 他已給我兩本書。 He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常給他一些書。 His father often gives him books.,They told me that by the end of the year they would have been wor

14、king together for thirty years. 他們告訴我,到(那年)年底,他們在一起工作就有三十年了。 New factories are being built all over the country. 全國到處都在興建新工廠。 During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their childre

15、n. 戰(zhàn)爭期間(要是)碰到這樣的年景,很多人肯定會死去,很多會逃荒要飯,很多人會被迫賣兒賣女。,現(xiàn)代英語的形態(tài)變化主要是動詞的變化和名詞、代詞、形容詞及副詞的變化以及上述的詞綴變化。這些變化有:性(gender)、數(shù)(number)、格(case)、時(tense)、體(aspect)、語態(tài)(voice)、語氣(mood)、比較級(degree of comparison)、人稱(person)和詞性(parts of speech)等。有了這些變化,一個詞(或詞組)常??梢酝瑫r表達(dá)幾種語法意義,例如從詞的形態(tài)可以判別它的詞類、在句中的作用、與其他詞的關(guān)系等。,嚴(yán)格來說,漢語沒有形態(tài)變化。 漢

16、語的數(shù)量助詞(如“們”表示復(fù)數(shù))、動態(tài)助詞(如“著”、“了”、“過”表示動詞的體)與結(jié)構(gòu)助詞(如“的”、“地”、“得”表示定語、狀語與補語),雖類似英語的形態(tài)變化,但這些成分的使用在漢語里常常缺乏普遍性。,2. 英語詞序比較靈活, 漢語詞序相對固定。,形態(tài)變化與詞序有密切的關(guān)系。形態(tài)變化越多的語言,詞序越靈活,反之亦然。漢語是典型的分析語,詞沒有形態(tài)標(biāo)志,位置不能隨便移動,詞語之間的關(guān)系主要通過安排及使用虛詞來表達(dá)。,1) 英漢句子的主要成分如主語、謂語動詞、賓語或表語的詞序基本上相同,一般地說,英漢的排列順序都是:主謂賓(表)。但與漢語相比,英語詞序倒裝的現(xiàn)象比較多。,What a beau

17、tiful voice you have! (驚嘆倒裝) A pair of black eyes might have done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face. (假設(shè)倒裝) Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared. (平衡倒裝) Such are the rewards that always crown virtue.

18、(銜接倒裝) Not a finger did I lay on him.(否定倒裝),她文章寫得好。 酒他喝得太多。,2)漢語的定語一般在名詞的前面,而英語的定語在許多情況下可以通過形態(tài)變化或借助連接詞語置于名詞的前后,位置比較靈活。,一個很重要的問題: a very important question a question of great importance 以空前的速度 at an unprecedented speed at a speed unprecedented,The second aspect is the application by all members of s

19、ociety, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by ordinary chemical means.,3. 英漢都有大量的虛詞,但各有特點。,英語的虛詞(form words),也稱結(jié)構(gòu)詞(structural

20、 words)或功能詞(function words),包括冠詞、介詞、助動詞、并列連詞(coordinators)和從屬連詞(subordinators)等。漢語的虛詞(empty words)包括介詞、助詞(particles)和連詞等。漢英虛詞都是與實詞(notion words或full words)相對而言的,在句中起輔助和連接等作用。,1) 英語經(jīng)常使用定冠詞和不定冠詞,out of question out of the question a hundred and one one hundred and one She was with a child. She was wit

21、h child.,2) 漢語有豐富多彩的助詞。助詞又分為動態(tài)助詞(如:著、了、過)、結(jié)構(gòu)助詞(如:的、地、得)和語氣助詞(如:嗎、呢、吧、啊、嘛、呀、哪)等。,今天不會下雨吧? It isnt going to rain today, is it? 你好好想想吧! Just think it over. 明天就明天吧。 All right, lets make it tomorrow. 咱們走吧。 Lets go. 打吧,打不下去;跑吧,跑不了,敵人只好投降。 Unable to fight on or to escape, the enemy were forced to surrender

22、.,You must be feeling rather tired. 你一定覺得有點兒累。 你一定覺得有點兒累了。 你一定覺得有點兒累了吧。,3) 英語常用介詞,漢語則少用介詞。,Peter drew his knife on the robber. 彼得拔刀向那個強盜砍去。 If a man couldnt walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasnt much of a politician. 要是一個人不能一上任就看出誰支持他,誰反對他,那他就不配搞政治。,4) 英語表示

23、并列和從屬關(guān)系的連接詞,不僅種類和數(shù)量比漢語多,而且使用率也比漢語高。,This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. 就在這期間,愛因斯坦開始進(jìn)行了一項研究。經(jīng)過這項研究,他創(chuàng)立了著名的相對論。 He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. 他說得那么好聽,誰都相信他是無辜的了。,二、聚集與流散 (Compact vs.

24、Diffusive),英語句子有嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹髦^結(jié)構(gòu)。主語不可或缺,謂語動詞是句子的中心,兩者協(xié)調(diào)一致(S-V concord),提綱挈領(lǐng),聚集各種關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)(connective-nexus)。因此,英語句子主次分明,層次清楚,前呼后應(yīng),嚴(yán)密規(guī)范,句式呈“聚集型”(compactness)。 漢語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)具有很大的多樣性、復(fù)雜性和靈活性,因而句式呈“流散型”(diffusiveness)。,。,英語主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的五種基本句型: 主語+動詞:The telephone rang. 主語+動詞+表語:We are students. 主語+動詞+賓語:The news surprised me. 主語+動詞

25、+間接賓語+直接賓語: I sent him a letter. 主語+動詞+賓語+賓語補足語: He painted the door green.,漢語的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)要復(fù)雜得多。主語不僅形式多樣,而且可有可無:它可表示施事、受事,也可表示時間、地點;可用名詞、動詞,也可用形容詞、數(shù)量詞;句子可以沒有主語,也可以省略主語,還可以變換主語并予以隱含。,試比較下列英漢句子的主語: 文章翻譯完了。(受事主語) The article has been translated. 全市到處都在興建新工廠。(地點主語) New factories are being built all over the ci

26、ty. 現(xiàn)在正下著毛毛雨。(時間主語) Its drizzling at the moment. 累得我站不起來了。(無主句) Im so exhausted that I cant stand up.,漢語的謂語也復(fù)雜多樣:它可以是動詞、名詞或形容詞;可以是一個動詞,也可以是多個動詞,它還可以沒有動詞;它可以是一個單詞,也可以是多個詞組。,試比較下列英漢句子的謂語。 天高云淡。(形容詞作謂語) The sky is high and the clouds are pale. 他出國留學(xué)去了。(連動式謂語) He has gone abroad for further studies. 我介紹

27、他加入?yún)f(xié)會。(兼語式謂語) I recommended him for membership of the association.,三、形合與意合 (Hypotactic vs. Paratactic),所謂形合,指的是句中的詞語或分句之間用語言形式手段(如關(guān)聯(lián)詞)連接起來,表達(dá)語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系。The American Heritage Dictionary給形合定義為:“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, for example, I shall d

28、espair if you dont come.”英語造句主要采用形合法(Hypotaxis)。 所謂意合,指的是詞語或分句之間不用語言形式手段連接,句中的語法意義和邏輯關(guān)系通過習(xí)語或分句的含義表達(dá)。The American Heritage Dictionary給意合定義為:“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Example: The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed

29、away.”漢語造句主要采用意合法(Parataxis)。,英語的形合法 英語造句常用各種形式手段連接詞、語、分句或從句,注重顯性連接(overt cohesion),注重句子形式,注重結(jié)構(gòu)完整,注重以形顯義。,1. 關(guān)系詞和連接詞。 關(guān)系詞包括關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、連接代詞和連接副詞,如who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how等,用來連接主句和定語從句、主語從句、賓語從句或表語從句。連接詞包括并列連詞和從屬連詞,如and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either(n)or及when,while

30、,as,since,until,sowhat,unless,lest等,用來連接詞、詞組、分句或狀語從句。,When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other. 為什么如此眾多的美國人不能如想象中那樣幸福呢?我認(rèn)為原因有二,而兩者之間又有深淺之分。 It ha

31、d been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall. 那是個天氣晴朗、黃金可愛的秋天,美好的秋色為那些青年們送別。待到戰(zhàn)后和平時期,荒野紛飛的秋天再度來臨,當(dāng)日的青年已經(jīng)失去青春,有的喪失了生命。,2. 介詞。介詞包括簡單介詞(如with,no,in,of,about,between,through)、合成介詞(如in

32、side,onto,upon,within,without,throughout)和成語介詞(如according to,along with,apart from,because of,in front of,on behalf of,with regard to)。,The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多種顏色,外圈紅,內(nèi)圈紫。 This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting in a pa

33、cked Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. 這是一次精心組織起來的會議。市政廳例濟濟一堂,熱情洋溢,主持會議的是斯特朗先生。,3.其他連接手段,如形態(tài)變化形式,包括詞綴變化,動詞、名詞、代詞、形容詞和副詞的形態(tài)變化(如性、數(shù)、時、體、語態(tài)、語氣、比較級、人稱等)及其保持前后一致的關(guān)系,廣泛使用代詞以保持前后呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系,以及使用“it”和“there”作替補詞起連接作用等等。,He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the

34、children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day. 他吹噓說,任何奴隸一踏上英國的土地就獲得自由,而他卻出賣窮人家六歲的孩子到工廠干活,每天十六個小時,受盡鞭打責(zé)罵。 They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the S

35、ummit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 他們恐怕免不了在有生之年要蒙受不潔之名,人們會說他們貿(mào)然采取行動,使最高會議遭到擱淺,而且,可以設(shè)想,還可能挑起了一場核戰(zhàn)爭。 Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly whimsical than that of gunners using science to shatter mens bodies while, close at hand, surgeons use it to restore t

36、hem? 炮手用科學(xué)毀壞了人體,而就在附近,外科醫(yī)生用科學(xué)使其恢復(fù)健康,還有什么情景比這更加荒謬絕倫?,漢語的意合法 漢語造句少用甚至不用形式連接手段,注重隱性連貫(covert coherence),注重邏輯事理順序,注重功能、意義,注重以神統(tǒng)形。漢語的形合手段比英語少得多:沒有英語所常用的那些關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、連接代詞和連接副詞;介詞數(shù)量少,大約只有30個,而且大多是從動詞“借”來的。漢語沒有詞的形態(tài)變化,沒有“it”和“there”這類替補詞,代詞也用得較少,總之,“盡量省去一切不必要的形式裝置”,重意合而不重形合,詞語之間的關(guān)系常在不言之中,語法意義和邏輯聯(lián)系常隱含在字里行間。,1.

37、 語序,(因為)她不老實,我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest, I cant trust her. 我不能信任她,因為她不老實。 I cant trust her, because she is not honest. 人(若)不犯我,我(則)不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 說是說了,沒有結(jié)果。(=我雖然說了,但是沒結(jié)果。) Ive made proposals, but they proved futile. 打腫臉充胖子,吃虧是自己。 If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer. 人到事中迷,就怕沒人提。 When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint. 抓住了主要矛盾,一切問題就可以迎刃而

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

最新文檔

評論

0/150

提交評論