1、,第一單元1 Design features of language：arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement. 2. Functions of language：Informative, Interpersonal（人際-）, Performative施為-, Emotive, Phatic communion寒暄語，Recreational，Metalinguistic元語言功能 3 Main branches of linguistics:Phonetics(speech sounds)語音學(xué)/Phonology音系學(xué)/Morpho

2、logy: (words)形態(tài)學(xué)/Syntax: (structures of sentences)句法學(xué)/Semantics語義學(xué)/Pragmatics語用學(xué) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Important distinction in linguistics: Descriptive (native) vs prescriptive/ Synchronic共時(shí) closed /i:/, half closed /e/, half open /, open /a/

3、3) The degree of lip rounding: rounded /u:/, unrounded /i:/ 4) Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs glidings: /a/, /au/ 5) Long vs short vowels or tense vs lax vowels: /i:/, /I/,3 WORD -Open/Closed-class封閉/開放類詞words whose membership is fixed (infinite) or (un)limited -Word classes分類: categorie

4、s of words classified according to their grammatical, semantic, phonological properties or on the basis of formal similarities in terms of inflections and distribution: interjections! Article冠詞/New word classes identified: Particles小品詞(to, not, subordinate element in phrasal verb), auxiliaties助詞(traditional-do, can), pro-forms代詞形式, determiners限定詞, -morpheme語素minimal units of meaning,包括free/bound- 自由/粘著- closed /i:/, half closed /e/, half open /, open /a/ 3) The degree of lip rounding: rounded /u:/, unrounded /i:/ 4) Monophthong vs diphthong or pure vowels vs g