1、Anatomy and evaluation of the ankle,Athletic Training Education Program,Ankle,Anatomical Structures Tibia Fibular Talus,Tibia脛骨,This is the strongest largest bone of the lower leg. It bears weight and the bone creates the medial malleoli (the bump on the inside of your ankle) which is the medial asp

2、ect of the mortise or the (hole) that the talus lies within. 這是最強(qiáng)壯的小腿骨。它具有承重和形成了內(nèi)側(cè)支撐面(組成腳踝的凹面)，能與距骨相契合,The Tibia is the medial bone and largest bone of the lower leg.,Tibia,脛骨是小腿的最大和支撐骨的骨頭。,Fibula腓骨,This is a smaller lateral bone of the lower leg. It is not vital for weight bearing yet it comprises

3、the lateral (outside) aspect of the malleoli and makes up the lateral aspect of the mortise. 這是小腿的一根更小的外側(cè)骨頭。 它不承重，它是踝關(guān)節(jié)的外側(cè)支撐面。,Fibula-,The fibula is longer and non weight bearing. It makes up the lateral aspect of the mortise. The lateral malleoli lies inferior (below) the medial malleoli 它比較長和不承重。

4、并組成踝關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)面。 并低于內(nèi)側(cè)面,_,Talus,This bone transmits the forces from the calcaneus up into the tibia and also allows the articulations of Plantar Flexion (pointing the foot downward) Dorsiflexion or pulling the foot upward and Inversion (rolling the foot inward) and Eversion (rolling the foot outward),- Ta

5、lus,Talocrural Joint,The formation of the mortise (a hole) by the medial malleoli (Tibia) and lateral malleoli (fibula) with the talus lying in between them makes up the talocrural joint. This is a hinge joint and allows most of the motion with plantarflexion and dorsiflexion.,_ _,Talocrural Jt.,Sub

6、talar Joint,The articulation between the talus and the calcaneus is referred to as the subtalar joint. Motion allowed by this joint is inversion (roll inward)/eversion (roll outward) as well as rear foot pronation (inward tilt of the calcaneus) and supination (outward tilt of the calcaneus) .,calcan

7、eus,Talus,-Subtalar Joint,Medial aspect of foot,Ankle Ligaments,There are three lateral ligaments predominantly responsible for the support and maintenance of bone apposition (best possible fit). These ligaments prevent inversion of the foot. These ligaments are: Anterior talofibular ligament Calcan

8、eofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament,Talus,Fibula,Tibia,Ant. Talofibular Ligament,Ant.Tibiofibular Lig.,Post. Tibiofibular Lig.,- Fibula,- Ant. Talofibular Lig,- Talus,Peroneal Tendons,Calcaneofibular Ligament,Calcaneus, Subtalar Joint Space,Cuboid,calcaneus,-Fibular head,Posterior tibi

9、ofibular Ligament,Achilles Tendon,Talus,Posterior talofibular lig.,Peroneal tendons,The deltoid ligament,This is located on the medial aspect of the foot. It is the largest ligament but is actually comprised of several sections all fused together. This ligament prevents (eversion) of the ankle. The

10、deltoid ligament is triangular in shape and has superficial and deep layers. It is the most difficult ligament in the foot to sprain.,Tibia,X,X,X,Navicular -,- Talus,Tibialis Posterior Tendon,Tibialis Ant. Tendon,Deltoid Ligament,X,Muscles of the lower leg/ankle,There are 4 compartments that make up

11、 the lower leg that operate the motions of the ankle. Injury can cause swelling inside these compartments that can lead to tissue death or nerve damage.,Anterior Compartment,Ant. Tibialis Ext. Hallicus Longus Extensor Digitorum Longus Contains Ant. Tibial Nerve Contains Anterior Tibial Artery Dorsif

12、lexors of the foot (lifts foot up),-Ant. Comp,Lateral Compartment,Everters of the foot (turns foot outward) Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis Peroneus Tertius Contains the superficial peroneal nerve,-Lat. Comp.,Posterior Superficial Group,Plantar flexors (pushes foot downwards) Gastrocnemius Soleus,Su

13、perficial Posterior,Posterior Deep,Assists with Plantarflexion Tibialis Posterior Flexor Hallicus Longus Flexor Digitorum Longus Posterior tibial artery,Post. Deep-,Assessing the Lower Leg and Ankle,History Past history Mechanism of injury When does it hurt? Type of, quality of, duration of pain? So

14、unds or feelings? How long were you disabled? Swelling? Previous treatments?,Observations Postural deviations? Is there difficulty with walking? Deformities, asymmetries or swelling? Color and texture of skin, heat, redness? Patient in obvious pain? Is range of motion normal?,Percussion and compress

15、ion tests Used when fracture is suspected Percussion test is a blow to the tibia, fibula or heel to create vibratory force that resonates w/in fracture causing pain Compression test involves compression of tibia and fibula either above or below site of concern Thompson test Squeeze calf muscle, whil

16、e foot is extended off table to test the integrity of the Achilles tendon Positive tests results in no movement in the foot Homans test Test for deep vein thrombophlebitis With knee extended and foot off table, ankle is moved into dorsiflexion Pain in calf is a positive sign and should be referred,C

17、ompression Test,Percussion Test,Homans Test,Thompson Test,Ankle Stability Tests Anterior drawer test Used to determine damage to anterior talofibular ligament primarily and other lateral ligament secondarily A positive test occurs when foot slides forward and/or makes a clunking sound as it reaches

18、the end point Talar tilt test Performed to determine extent of inversion or eversion injuries With foot at 90 degrees calcaneus is inverted and excessive motion indicates injury to calcaneofibular ligament and possibly the anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments If the calcaneus is everted, the

19、 deltoid ligament is tested,Anterior Drawer Test,Talar Tilt Test,Kleigers test Used primarily to determine extent of damage to the deltoid ligament and may be used to evaluate distal ankle syndesmosis, anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligaments and the interosseus membrane With lower leg stabilized,

20、foot is rotated laterally to stress the deltoid Medial Subtalar Glide Test Performed to determine presence of excessive medial translation of the calcaneus on the talus Talus is stabilized in subtalar neutral, while other hand glides the calcaneus, medially A positive test presents with excessive mo

21、vement, indicating injury to the lateral ligaments,Kleigers Test,Medial Subtalar Glide Test,Functional Tests While weight bearing the following should be performed Walk on toes (plantar flexion) Walk on heels (dorsiflexion) Walk on lateral borders of feet (inversion) Walk on medial borders of feet (

22、eversion) Hops on injured ankle Passive, active and resistive movements should be manually applied to determine joint integrity and muscle function If any of these are painful they should be avoided,Prevention of Injury to the Ankle,Stretching of the Achilles tendon Strengthening of the surrounding

23、muscles Proprioceptive training: balance exercises and agility Wearing proper footwear and or tape when appropriate,Specific Injuries,Ankle Injuries: Sprains Single most common injury in athletics caused by sudden inversion or eversion moments Inversion Sprains Most common and result in injury to th

24、e lateral ligaments Anterior talofibular ligament is injured with inversion, plantar flexion and internal rotation Occasionally the force is great enough for an avulsion fracture to occur w/ the lateral malleolus,Severity of sprains is graded (1-3) With inversion sprains the foot is forcefully inver

25、ted or occurs when the foot comes into contact w/ uneven surfaces,Grade 1 Inversion Ankle Sprain Etiology Occurs with inversion plantar flexion and adduction Causes stretching of the anterior talofibular ligament Signs and Symptoms Mild pain and disability; weight bearing is minimally impaired; poin

26、t tenderness over ligaments and no laxity Management RICE for 1-2 days; limited weight bearing initially and then aggressive rehab Tape may provide some additional support Return to activity in 7-10 days,Grade 2 Inversion Ankle Sprain Etiology Moderate inversion force causing great deal of disabilit

27、y with many days of lost time Signs and Symptoms Feel or hear pop or snap; moderate pain w/ difficulty bearing weight; tenderness and edema Positive talar tilt and anterior drawer tests Possible tearing of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments Management RICE for at least first 72 h

28、ours; X-ray exam to rule out fx; crutches 5-10 days, progressing to weight bearing,Management (continued) Will require protective immobilization but begin ROM exercises early to aid in maintenance of motion and proprioception Taping will provide support during early stages of walking and running Lon

29、g term disability will include chronic instability with injury recurrence potentially leading to joint degeneration Must continue to engage in rehab to prevent against re-injury,Grade 3 Inversion Ankle Sprain Etiology Relatively uncommon but is extremely disabling Caused by significant force (invers

30、ion) resulting in spontaneous subluxation and reduction Causes damage to the anterior/posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments as well as the capsule Signs and Symptoms Severe pain, swelling, hemarthrosis, discoloration Unable to bear weight Positive talar tilt and anterior drawer,Managem

31、ent RICE, X-ray (physician may apply dorsiflexion splint for 3-6 weeks) Crutches are provided after cast removal Isometrics in cast; ROM, PRE and balance exercise once out Surgery may be warranted to stabilize ankle due to increased laxity and instability,Eversion Ankle Sprains-(Represent 5-10% of a

32、ll ankle sprains),Etiology Bony protection and ligament strength decreases likelihood of injury Eversion force results in damage to deltoid ligament and possibly fx of the fibula Deltoid can also be impinged and contused with inversion sprains,Injury Prevention,Strength training allows the supportin

33、g musculature to stabilize where ligaments may no longer be capable of holding the original tension between bones of the joint. This will also help prevent reinjury.,Chronic Ankle Injury “the vicious cycle”,Why are some people prone to ankle re-injury over and over? Most commonly due to lack of reha

34、bilitation, but more importantly lack of neuromuscular training. This means the person has not retrained the body to recognize where the ankle and foot are during motion. This sets up the body part to be re-injured due to improper feedback to the brain about body position.,Injury Prevention,Neuromus

35、cular Control is the ability to compensate for uneven surfaces or sudden change in surfaces. It is retrained by using balance and agility exercises such as a BAPS board or standing on one leg with eyes closed as well as using a single leg on a mini trampoline.,Neuromuscular Control Training Can be enhanced by training in controlled activities Uneven surfaces, BAPS boards, rocker boar