1、Chapter 16Australia,Geography Australias largest and oldst city. Melbourne: the capital city of Victoria; Australias second largest city Brisbane: the capital of Queenland; Australias third largest city,Major Cities,11,History,Early History Discovery and Exploration European Settlement Colonization

2、The Road Toward Federation Australia in the 20th Century,Early History,1.The Aborigines were the first inhabitants of Australian from southeast Asia at least 50,000 years ago and they mainly lived in the northern coast,the southeast and Tasmania. 2.The reason why they migrated is that it was a perio

3、d when low sea levels permitted the simplest forms of land and water travel. 3.The way of their living:a nomadic or semi-nomanic life 4.The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool and they had a unique relationship with the environment,their religious beliefs were firmly linked to the land and those

4、living things.,13,Major Cities,Perth: the capital of Western Australia; Australiasfourth largest city; the largest city in the Western Australia; Adelaide: the capital of South Australia; Australias fifth largest city ; Darwin: the capital of the Northern Territory; the only large city in northern A

5、ustralia,Fires Tick Farming,The Aborigines used fire as a hunting tool,they cleared areas using fire in order to stimulate the growth of grazing pastures and drive out small animals that they could easily capture,which is called firesticking farming.,Discovery and exploration,Discovery: The first Eu

6、ropean sighting of Australian was in 1606 by the Dutch navigator Willem Janszoo and he sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula(約克角半島）.,16,Exploration: 1.Development:During the 17th century,the Dutch chartered the whole of the western and northern coastline.But with the increasing knowledge of the c

7、ontinent,no further detailed exploration. 2.Capture:the English captain,James Cook,named the eastern coast of Australian New South Wales and formally claimed it for Britain.,Discovery and exploration,17,European Settlement,Causes: the industrial revolution transformed the country from a largely rura

8、l society almost entirely dependent on agriculture to a town-centered one engaged increasingly in commercial manufacturing. However, the rapid population growth in London and other areas also brought about various social problems. The rising crime rate compelled Britain to find somewhere to house th

9、e population of its overcrowded prisons.,18,Penal Settlements 1783: the American Revolution ended and Australia was established as a new penal settlement at Botany Bay in Australia. Difficulty initial failures in farming. Solution captain john Macarthur began breeding fine merino sheep for their woo

10、l.,European Settlement,19,First permanent colony The group found the Botany Bay is an unsuitable choice, so they moved north to Sydney on January 26, 1788, a date now celebrated as Australia day. Here, Phillip established Britains first permanent colony. New colonies: Hobart in Tasmania (1804) Brisb

11、ane at Moreton Bay (1824) Albany in Western Australia (1826),European Settlement,20,Colonization,New colonies: new south Wales(1788), Tasmania(1852), western Australia(1830), south Australia(1836), Victoria(1851), Queensland(1859) Growth of sheep grazing: both farming and mining industries underwent

12、 rapid development. Large-scale grazing also developed in the 1830s and 1840s when new settlers established huge sheep runs. Gold rush: due to the gold rush, which made a dramatic contribution to the growth of the economy, the population expanded rapidly.,21,The Road Toward Federation,1889:NSW began

13、 the movement to replace the Federal Council. Henry Parkes announced that the colony would support a new form of federalism 1900:the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal constitution and the Commonwealth of Australia was established,22,Australia in the 20th Century,“White Australia Policy” In

14、 1901,the six colonies of Australia adopted a federal constitution and become a self-governing dominion of British Empire In 1901,pass immigration Restriction Act 0to restrict non-European immigrants,23,WWI: disaster to Australia a: 1. Follow Britain into the war in August at 1914 2. Total Australia

15、n men3 million;330,000 volunteered to the war b: Nationalist Party was resigned and subsequently founded by William Hughes c: 1. ANZAC-the Australian troops, joined by New Zealand forces, was called Australian-New Zealand Army Corps 2. April,25 became the Anzac Day in 1915 d: Benefits: 1. Agricultur

16、e and mining industries were booming 2. Rapid industrial growth in the years following the war,Australia in the 20th Century,24,Interwar years: The Great Depression a: In 1923, economic development plan:”men, money and markets” b: The Great Depression of the 1930s 1. main external cause-the collapse

17、 of wool and wheat prices and cessation of overseas loans 2. a secessionist movement developed in Western Australia,Australia in the 20th Century,25,The Development In Sep.1951-ANZUS Treaty In 1972,The Whitlam government 19831996, the Australian Labor government Under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating In 1

18、996, the Howard government In Nov.1999-a public referendum The Sydney Olympic Games & the Sydney 1Paralympic Games,Australia in the 20th Century,26,WWII: Followed Britain to the war in Sep.1939 In May & June1942, Japan attacked Sydney Harbor and Newcastle 1. Developed a foreign polity independent of Britain 2. The beginning of a profound shift in Australias allegiance away from BritainUnited States hel