1、2011年秋季學(xué)期大學(xué)英語4視頻答疑,王朋 Oct. 9th, 2011,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念 二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的形式 三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 1、不定式 2、現(xiàn)在分詞 3、過去分詞 四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項 五、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)練習(xí)題,一、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的基本概念,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點： 1. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。 2. 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 3. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號與主句分開，但與

2、主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。,二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式,獨立主格類型1：名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞 The question being settled, we went home. 問題解決之后，我們就回家了。 We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假設(shè)天氣好，我們就進行比賽。 The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班長病了，我們最好還是延期開會吧。,二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式,獨立主格類型2：名詞（代詞）+過去分詞 The job finished

3、, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公車已經(jīng)走了，我們必須走路回家。,二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式,獨立主格類型3：名詞（代詞）+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。,

4、二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式,獨立主格類型4：名詞（代詞）+介詞短語 A girl came in, book in hand. 一個少女進來了，手里拿著書。 He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。,二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式,獨立主格類型5：名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半開著。 She sat at the table, collar off, head down. 她坐在桌前，衣領(lǐng)解掉，頭低下來。,二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形

5、式,獨立主格類型6：There being +名詞（代詞） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。,二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式,獨立主格類型7：It being +名詞（代詞） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關(guān)都休息。 It being a holi

6、day, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關(guān)門了。,二、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的常見形式,WITH 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： Dont sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。 She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進來。 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 He sat there with his eyes

7、 closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。,三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句或并列句。 1. 用作時間狀語 The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。 2. 用作條件狀語 Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing

8、 to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。,三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,3. 用作原因狀語 An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。 4. 用作伴隨狀語 He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed unde

9、r his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。,三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,5. 表示補充說明 A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一個獵人走了進來，他的臉凍得通紅。 注：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時間、條件或原因時，相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當(dāng)于一個并列句，通常放于句末。,三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,1. 名詞或代詞+不定式 其中的不定式通

10、常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動作。如： Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。,三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,2. 名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 其中的現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動作正在進行（或當(dāng)時正在進行）。She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑來，秀發(fā)在風(fēng)

11、中飄揚著。 注：有時現(xiàn)在分詞不表示進行，而表示一般情況。如： Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶俯視著操場。,三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,3. 名詞或代詞+過去分詞 其中的過去分詞通常表示被動意義。如： This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完這件事之后，他們接下來就開始清理房間。 She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前。,三、獨立

12、主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,在通常情況下，分詞作狀語時它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語一致，若不一致，則應(yīng)改用其他句型。如： 誤：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 過馬路時他被車撞倒了。 正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他過馬路時車子把他撞倒了。,三、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法,解決狀語分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分詞前加一個名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于加在分詞

13、前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱分詞的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如： The job finished, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。 The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天氣很好，我們就去游泳了。,四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項,1. 獨立主格與狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換 當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如： After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classr

14、oom. 下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了教室。,四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項,2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形 在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略： (1) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是代詞時。如： It being Sunday, we went to church. 因為是星期天，我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。 (2) 在There being名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如： There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。,四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項,3. 通常不

15、用物主代詞或冠詞 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。 比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.,四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項,4. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。 比較動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)： T

16、he chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.,四、使用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項,5. 獨立主格的時態(tài)問題 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如： The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 練習(xí)題,五,1 All things_, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. consideringB. be considered C. con

17、sideredD. having considered,2 The speech_, a lively discussion started. A. to be delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered,3 All examination paper_, the teacher let the students leave. A. handing in B. having handed in C. to be handed in D. having been handed in,4 _, he sli

18、pped through the window. A. With anyone noticing B. With anyone noticed C. Without anyone noticing D. Without nobody noticed,5 The question_finally, we went home. A. to be settledB. settling C. having settled D. settled,6 _, they made their way through the street. A. He guided B. With his guiding C.

19、 He is guiding D. He had guided,7 _, the rivers were open and navigable. A. Being summer B. Been summer C. To be summer D. It was summer,8 The meeting_over, the representatives went to visit the farm. A. bee B. being C. is D. to be,9 Her children_far away from her, the old lady feels lonely sometimes. A. to liveB. living C. livedD. having lived,10 I cant do my homework with all