1、New words Key words Comparison and contrast Ideas and suggestions,Chapter six,New words,Denote 表示 Elicit 引起 Blush 臉紅 Clenched 緊握 Distortion 扭曲 Flirting 調(diào)情的 Reinforce 加強 Complement 補充 Sulking 不高興的 Simultaneous 同時的 Cue 暗示 Elusive 難以捉摸的 Spontaneous 自發(fā)的 Innate 天生的 Salutation 招呼 Ethnocentrism 種族優(yōu)越感 Obses

2、sion 著迷 Anguish 苦惱 Diminutive 小的,Emulate 仿真 Proclivity 傾向 Conformist 遵奉者 Impede 阻礙 Preach 說道 Slouch 懶散的人 Stance 站立姿勢 Affiliation 加盟 Catalyst 催化劑 Vulgar 粗俗的 Summon 召喚 Toss 投擲 Animated 逼真的 Intrigue 陰謀 Implication 卷入 Neutral 中立的 Recipient 接受者 Pertinent 相關(guān)的 Assault 攻擊,Infancy 嬰兒期 Intensity強度 Restraint 1

3、抑制，克制 Initiate 開始，創(chuàng)始； Declaration 申報；宣布 conduit 導(dǎo)管；溝渠；導(dǎo)水管 exude 散發(fā)；流出；使?jié)B出 evoke 引起，喚起；博得 Utter 發(fā)出，表達；發(fā)射 Vocal聲樂作品 Volume量；體積；卷；音量 Connote. 意味著 Exasperation惱怒；惡化；惹人惱怒的事 Trivial不重要的，瑣碎的；瑣細的 Component 成分；組件；元件 Flow流動，涌流 Retreat 撤退；休息寓所；撤退 Moist潮濕的；多雨的；含淚的 manifestation表現(xiàn)；顯示；示威運動 alienation異化；疏遠；轉(zhuǎn)讓；精神錯亂

4、 Trial試驗；審訊；努力；磨煉,Trial試驗；審訊；努力；磨煉 hierarchy層級；等級制度 rectangular矩形的；成直角的 Stifle窒息；被扼殺 centralized集中的；中央集權(quán)的 crucial重要的；決定性的 dominance優(yōu)勢；統(tǒng)治；支配 violation違反；妨礙，侵害；違背； inaudible聽不見的；不可聞的 clue線索； tardiness緩慢，遲延 explicitly明確地；明白地 punctuality嚴(yán)守時間；正確；規(guī)矩 ascertain確定；查明；探知 spontaneous自發(fā)的；自然的；無意識的 holistically全面

5、地，整體地 cue . 提示，暗示；線索 contempt輕視，蔑視；恥辱 contaminate污染，弄臟 inner內(nèi)部的；內(nèi)心的；精神的,Denote dinut vt p147 para1 line2,1表示，是的標(biāo)志 to represent or be a sign of something =indicate 2.意思是，意味著 to mean something denotative（adj） denotation（cn） 原文：In south Italy, it denotes jeering at effeminacy. 在南意大利，它表示嘲笑柔弱 例句:Wisdom d

6、enotes pursuing of the best ends by the best means 智慧意味著以最佳手段尋求最佳結(jié)果 The flashing lights denote dangerous roads ahead.閃光表示前方道路危險。,Elicit ilisit vt p147 para3 line7,1 引起（情感）call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) 2.得出，引出（結(jié)論）deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) elicitation（n） elicitable

7、（adj） 原文：The critical meanings generated in human encounters are elicited by touch, glance, vocal nuance, gestures, or facial expression with or without the aid of words 人類在交流過程中產(chǎn)生的重要的情感是由觸覺、視覺、細微的聲音變化或表情引發(fā)的，甚至不需要語言的介入。 例句：Authentic joy seeks not outside approval of another, nor outside entertainmen

8、t to elicit the state of joy. 真正歡樂不尋求別人的認(rèn)可，也不存在外在娛樂能引起歡樂的狀態(tài)。,Blush bl p148 para1 line7,n 臉紅（尤其指由于尷尬）a rosy color (especially in the cheeks as from embarrassment or guilt or shame or modesty) v 臉紅，感到慚愧 turn red, as if in embarrassment or shame blush like a black（blue） dog 口語厚臉皮，不害臊；不害臊，不知羞恥，厚臉皮 blush

9、 with 因(羞愧等)而臉紅 原文：Decisions are made to argue or agree, to laugh or blush, to relax or resist, to continue or cut off conversation. 我們決定是繼續(xù)爭辯還是同意，是大笑還是慚愧，是放松還是拘束，是繼續(xù)還是結(jié)束對話。 例句：I would rather see a young man blush than turn pale. ( M. P. Cato ) 我寧可看到青年人臉紅，也不愿看到它臉色變得蒼白。（加圖） Why do people drink blush?

10、 人喝酒為什么會臉紅？,Clenched klentd p148 para3 line2,adj 緊握的 closed or squeezed together tightly clench （v） 原文：If we see someone with a clenched fist and a grim expression, we don not need words to tell us that this person is not happy 如果看到一個人握緊雙拳，緊皺眉頭，不言而喻，他肯定不 高興。 例句：I remembered you with my soul clenched

11、(Neruda) 我想念你, 壓抑自己 （聶魯達） My stomach seized up like a clenched fist 我的胃像捏緊的拳頭一樣脹了起來,Distortion dist:n n p147 para2 line3,1 扭曲，扭歪，弄歪，歪扭(的動作)，變形 the act of distorting something so it seems to mean something it was not intended to mean 2 歪曲；曲解；誤述 the mistake of misrepresenting the facts distort （v） dis

12、torting mirror 哈哈鏡 原文：This means that they are relatively free of distortions and deception. 這意味著非語言的交流相對來說不會被扭曲，也沒有欺騙性。 例句：Even important moral questions suffered distortion when they were reduced to TV images. 甚至重要的道德問題在淪為電視形象時也被歪曲了。,Flirting fl:tin p147 para4 line15,adj 調(diào)情的 flirt（v） flirtation（n）

13、 原文：Accidentally brushing up against someone make that person think we are flirting 不小心碰到別人會使他認(rèn)為我們太風(fēng)流。 例句：The bullfighters are flirtingwith death. 斗牛士們在玩命。 If you stare at others, she accuses you of flirting. 如果你盯著別的女孩子看，她會指責(zé)你挑逗別人,Reinforce ,ri:inf:s p150 para3 line5,vt. 加強，加固；強化；補充 make stronger vi

14、. 求援；得到增援；給予更多的支持 strengthen and support with rewards reinforce the management 加強管理 reinforced concrete 鋼筋混凝土 原文：The gestures and words have a similar meaning and reinforce one another 舉止和語言有相似的意思，并且相輔相成。 例句：The supply of raw material has been greatly reinforce d. 原料的供應(yīng)量已大大增加。 You should reinforce g

15、estures and words have a similar meaning and your argument with fresh points 你要用新的觀點加強論證,Complement kmplimnt p150 para4,n. 數(shù)余角；補足物 a complete number or quantity vt. 補足，補助 supply what is wanting complementary（adj） complement number 補碼；補數(shù) 原文：Closely related to repeating is complementing. 與重復(fù)密切相關(guān)的是補充。

16、例句：Guilt always hurries towards its complement , punishment; only there does its satisfaction lie. （Lawence Durrell, British writer ) 犯罪總是以懲罰相補償；只有處罰才能使犯罪得到償還.(英國作家 達雷爾 L）,Sulking slkin p151 para3 line5,adj 不高興的 sulk（v） sulkiness （n） 原文：But at the same time you are sulking and breaking eye contact.

17、但與此同時，你卻不高興而且避免眼神交流。 例句：Stop sulking！ 息怒吧！ You must promise me that you wont sulk if I tell you all about it. 你得保證你不生氣，我才肯把一切都告訴你。,Simultaneously saimlteinisli p151 para6 line4,adv 同時地 simultaneous（adj） simultaneousness（n） simultaneous adaptation 同時適應(yīng) 原文：We usually send many nonverbal cues simultane

18、ously . 我們通常都會同時傳達很多非語言的信息。 例句：The opera will be broadcast simultaneously on television and radio. 歌劇將會在電視和廣播上同步播出。,Elusive ilu:siv adj p152 para2 line9,1難以捉住的；(因機敏等而)易逃脫的 difficult to catch 2難以捉摸的，莫名其妙的 be difficult to detect or grasp by the mind elusiveness （n） elusive criminal 逃犯 elusive memory 差

19、的記憶力 原文：Both of these scholars are saying that much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to be elusive, spontaneous, and frequently beyond our awareness. 兩位學(xué)者都認(rèn)為行為和文化一樣，是自發(fā)的而且難以捉摸，通常不被注意到。 例句：The way was long, and swathed in gloom, as I persevered, seeking the elusive truth. 路漫漫其修遠兮，吾將上下而求

20、索。,Spontaneous spnteinis adj p152 para2 line9,1自發(fā)的 arising without apparent external cause 2不由自主的 said or done without having been plannedspontaneous generation 自然發(fā)生 原文：Both of these scholars are saying that much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to be elusive, spontaneous, and frequent

21、ly beyond our awareness. 兩位學(xué)者都認(rèn)為行為和文化一樣，是自發(fā)的而且難以捉摸，通常不被注意到。 例句：You must learn to trust your own spontaneous nature. 你必須學(xué)著相信你自己自發(fā)的本性。 Success is not spontaneous combustion. You must first set yourself on fire! 成功不是自發(fā)燃燒而成的！你必須點燃自己的激情！,Innate ,ineit adj p152 para4 line2,1天生的，生來的 being talented through

22、inherited qualities 2固有的；內(nèi)在的not established by conditioning or learning innate ability 天生的才能 innate idea 先天的觀念 原文：Although much of outward behavior is innate, we are not born knowing the communication dimensions associated with nonverbal messages. 雖然很多行為是自發(fā)的，但我們并不是天生就知道非語言化信息的意義。 例句：Ability is not i

23、nnate 天才不是天生的 All progress is based upon a universal innate desire on the part of every organism to live beyond its income. ( by Butler)世人莫不懷著一種與生俱來的欲望，要把支出超過收入，此乃一切進步的動力。英國作家 勃特勒. S.,Salutation ,slju:tein n p153 para1 line1,1招呼，致意 an act of honor or courteous recognition 2 (書信等開頭的)致意詞，致敬語 word of g

24、reeting used to begin a letter 原文：This salutation reflects the belief that the deity exists in everyone 這樣的問候體現(xiàn)了一種信念：每個人心中都有神性。 例句：We usually begin a letter with a salutation . 我們通常用稱呼作為一封信的開頭。,Ethnocentrism ,enusentrizm p153 para2 line1,n 種族優(yōu)越感 原文：The study of nonverbal behaviors can assist us in i

25、solating our own ethnocentrism. 學(xué)習(xí)行為的意義會幫助我們摒棄民族優(yōu)越感。 例句：linking Chinese ethnocentrism with the brand name of lenovo. 打造中國消費群的歸屬感與品牌識別。,Obsession bsen n p153 para4 line16,1 著迷 an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone 2 強迫觀念 an irrational motive for performing trivial or rep

26、etitive actions against your will obsessional（adj） obsessional idea 強迫觀念 原文：Our cultures obsession with attractiveness is so deep-seated. 我們的文化對外表有一種固執(zhí)的迷戀。 例句：May be crazy, maybe stupid, but I remain an incurable obsession with the obsession that innocent era. 也許是癡，也許是傻，我卻依然無可救藥的迷戀的迷戀那純真的年代。,Anguish

27、 wi p153 para4 line4,n 身體或精神上的痛苦 extreme distress of body or mind v 使痛苦，使苦惱 cause emotional anguish or make miserable anguished（adj） 原文：And how do we calculate the price we pay in mental anguish over our personal appearance? 那么我們?nèi)绾魏饬孔约簽橥獗砜鄲蓝冻龅拇鷥r？ 例句：to anguish over the loss of a loved one 對親愛的人的喪失感

28、到悲痛 The existentialists say that man is anguish. 存在主義者說，人類是痛苦。,Diminutive diminjutiv p154 para1 line4,adj 小的，小型的 very small n 身材極小的人 to indicate smallness diminutively（adv） diminutiveness（n） 原文：In Japan, diminutive females are deemed the most attractive. 在日本，小巧的女性被認(rèn)為最迷人。 例句：A diminutive gentleman pi

29、cked it up and read it. 一個個頭極小的先生撿起來看了一遍。,Emulate emjuleit p154 para3 line3,v尤指竭力仿效(或模仿)以便趕上(或超過) strive to equal or match, especially by imitating n 仿真，效仿 imitating emulated data 仿真數(shù)據(jù) 原文：It is important to emulate this conservation approach to both manners and dress. 在舉止和著裝方面效仿這種保守的做法其實非常地必要。 例句：Em

30、ulate behavior, see Yin and within the self-examination does not have 見賢思齊焉，見不賢而內(nèi)自省焉 He hoped to emulate the success of his father. 他希望能夠復(fù)制他父親的成功。,Proclivity prukliviti p154 para5 line3,n 傾向 原文：The proclivity for conservative dress styles and colors emphasizes the nations collectivism. 傾向于保守款式和顏色，說明

31、了國家的集體主義。 例句：He has the proclivity of drinking a cup of milk before sleeping. 他有在睡覺前喝杯牛奶的習(xí)慣。,Conformist knf:mist p154 para5 line5,n.遵奉者 someone who conforms to established standards of conduct adj 墨守成規(guī)的 adhering to established customs or doctrines 原文：It lessens the potential for social disharmony ar

32、ising from nonconformist attire. 它減小了叛逆者引發(fā)社會不和諧的可能性。 例句：Just because you dress differently from others does not mean that you are non-conformist. 單是因為你穿著和別人不同，并不能說明你不是一個墨守陳規(guī)的人。,Impede impi:d p154 para6 line7,vt. 阻礙；妨礙 impedence（n） impeded drainage 排水不良 原文：We need to learn to be tolerant of external

33、differences so that we do not let these differences impede communication. 我們要學(xué)著去包容外部差異，這樣才能不讓這些差異阻礙交流。 例句：Heavy rain impeded our journey. 瓢潑大雨阻礙了我們的旅行。 Badhabitswillbereadytoimpedeyourfame,profitandpleasuretotheroad.-Shakespeare 壞習(xí)慣會使你在通往名利和快樂的路上困難重重。,Preach pri:t p155 para2 line2,vt. 說教；講道 deliver

34、a sermon vi. 說教；講道；鼓吹；宣揚 speak, plead, or argue for sth n 說教 原文：None preaches better than the ant, and she says nothing. 螞蟻不說話，但最善于說教。 例句：If the beard were all , a goat might preach. 如果胡子說明一切，那么山羊也能說教。 The teacher kept preaching about the importance of study. 老師不斷地宣講學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。,Slouch slaut p155 para5 l

35、ine2,n. 笨拙的人，懶散的人；懶散的樣子an incompetent person v. 沒精打采地站；耷拉assume a drooping posture slouchy （adj）沒精打采的 slouch hat 闊邊帽 原文：People often fall into chairs or slouch when they stand. 人們隨便的坐著或者耷拉的站著。 例句：Dont slouch! Stand up straight! 別沒精打采的！起來站直了！,Stance stns n p155 para5 line8,1. 站立姿勢；被放置的姿勢 standing pos

36、ture 2. 姿態(tài)，態(tài)度，立場 a rationalized mental attitude stance on 在方面的立場 原文：The Chinese, on the other hand, tend to feel uncomfortable with this style and normally will carry out their business in a less direct stance. 中國人不習(xí)慣這樣的方式。他們一般在生意場上很少明確的表達觀點。 例句：Note his stance in the picture. 注意他在畫面中的姿態(tài)。 They criti

37、cized him for his rigid stance on trade terms. 他們批評了他在貿(mào)易條件方面的僵硬態(tài)度,Affiliation ,filiein n p156 para2 line6,1 接納；入會 the act of becoming formally connected 2聯(lián)盟 a social or business relationship affiliation motive 親和動機 affiliation need 歸屬需求；歸屬需要 原文：Most research in the area of gender communication concl

38、udes that these differences are related to issues such as status , power, and affiliation. 性別溝通領(lǐng)域的很多研究表明差別在于地位，權(quán)利和歸屬。 例句：Party affiliation has never been more casual. 黨派聯(lián)合從來沒有如此容易過。,Catalyst ktlist p156 para3 line10,n. 催化劑；刺激因素 原文：The slightest variation in performing a certain gesture can be the ca

39、talyst for a violent confrontation. 某個動作的微小的差別可以引起暴力沖突。 例句：War is a catalyst to help them to choose. 戰(zhàn)爭是一副催化劑,能幫助他們做出選擇。,Vulgar vl p156 para5 line5,adj. 粗俗的；通俗的 not behaving politely =uncouth n. 古平民，百姓 civilian vulgar language 粗俗語 vulgar economy 庸俗經(jīng)濟學(xué) 原文：That same gesture has a vulgar connotation in

40、 Mexico and Germany. 同樣的動作在墨西哥和德國有著很庸俗的含義。 例句：He is a man above vulgar interests. (chairman Mao) 他是一個脫離了低級趣味的人。（毛澤東） Cut out all the vulgar expressions. 刪去所有粗俗的用語。,Catalyst ktlist p156 para3 line10,n. 催化劑；刺激因素 原文：The slightest variation in performing a certain gesture can be the catalyst for a viole

41、nt confrontation. 某個動作的微小的差別可以引起暴力沖突。 例句：War is a catalyst to help them to choose. 戰(zhàn)爭是一副催化劑,能幫助他們做出選擇。,Summon smn vt p156 para6 line6,1召喚;召來(常與 away, to 或 from連用) ask to come 2(法律)傳喚,傳訊 call in an official matter summoning （n） summon up 鼓起，喚起，振作 原文：In parts of Burma, the summoning gesture is made pa

42、lm down, with the fingers moving as though playing the piano. 在緬甸的一些地區(qū)，喊一個人過來的手勢是手心朝下，就像彈鋼琴一樣。 例句：He summoned his subordinates hastily to his office. 他急忙召喚他的下級去他的辦公室商議。 Are you willing to be summoned as a witness? 你愿意出庭作證嗎?,Toss ts, t:s p157 para1 line1,n. 投擲；搖蕩 an abrupt movement vt. 投擲；使不安；使上下?lián)u動 t

43、hrow or cast away toss a coin 拋硬幣決定問題 toss and turn 輾轉(zhuǎn)反側(cè)；翻來覆去難以入睡 原文：In Germany and much of Scandinavia, a beckoning motion is made by tossing the head back 在德國和斯坎迪納維亞半島，把頭前后搖晃的意思是喊人過來。 例句：Fail in chasing the skirt, so fail in going to sleep, just toss and turn. 求之不得，寤寐思服。 The referee tossed a coin

44、to decide which team should kick off.裁判擲硬幣以決定哪個隊開球。,Animated nimeitid adj p157 para3 line3,1 栩栩如生的；逼真的 appear as living 2 生氣勃勃的 having life or vigor or spirit animated cartoon 動畫；卡通片 animated nature 動物界 原文：South Americans are quite animated when they interact. 南美人在交談時通常顯得很活潑健談。 例句：The soul animates

45、the body.靈魂使肉體有生命。 to animate puppets操縱木偶,intrigue intri:, in- p157 para5 line1,n. 陰謀；詭計 a crafty and involved plot vt. 激起.的興趣cause to be interested or curious vi. 密謀 form intrigues intruguery （n） intrigued with 對十分感興趣 原文：At one time or another, most of us have been intrigued by how the looks on oth

46、er peoples faces have influenced our reactions to them. 時不時地，我們很想知道自己是如何被別人的表情所影響的。 例句：Dedication to intrigue the students to learn makes a good teacher. 有心引發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣的老師就是一個好老師。 He was intrigued out of power. 他被人施詭計搞下了臺。,Implication ,implikein n p157 para6 line2,1 卷入，牽連a relation implicated by virtue

47、of involvement or close connection 2 含義 something that is inferred implicate（v） by implication含蓄地；暗示地 原文：However, the intercultural implications of these expressions are difficult to assess. 然而，表情在不同文化間的含義是很難評定的。 例句：Often Sometimes, a word or a look are the selfless love implication. 往往有時候，一句話，一個眼神，

48、都是無私的愛的表達。,Neutral nju:trl p158 para1 line4,adj. 中立的，中性的 not supporting or favoring either side n. 中立國；中立者 one who does not side with any party neutralism （n）中立主義 neutralize （v）使中立 原文：However, when viewing the film in the presence of others, the Japanese manifested only neutral facial expressions. 然

49、而，當(dāng)和他人一起看電影時，日本人就顯得情緒波動很小。 例句： I always tried to remain neutral when they started arguing 他們爭吵時我試圖不偏不倚。 During World War II, Sweden was neutral 二戰(zhàn)期間，瑞典是中立國。,Recipient risipint p158 para6 line2,n 接受者 a person who gets something v 善于接受的 easy to understand something recipient of goods 受貨人 receive （v） 原

50、文：Most studies tell us that culture modifies the amount of eye contact in which we engage and who is the recipient of the eye contact. 很多研究表明，文化背景會影響談話中眼神交流的次數(shù)和對象。 例句：Lying is bad, especially when the recipient is your life partner. 說謊是不好的，尤其是說謊的對象還是你的終生伴侶。 The Phoumi regime became the recipient of

51、American military aid. 富米政權(quán)成了美國軍事援助的接受者。,Pertinent p:tinnt p159 para1 line2,adj. 相關(guān)的 having precise or logical relevance pertinent data 有關(guān)資料，相應(yīng)的資料 pertinent to 與有關(guān) pertinence （n） 原文：Problems can arise when Westerners attempt to do business with a group of people who believe it is a sign of impertine

52、nce to make prolonged eye contact with their communication partners. 歐洲人認(rèn)為長時間盯著人看是一種無理，所以當(dāng)他們和歐洲人打交道時，問題就出現(xiàn)了。 例句：Making the question pertinent is the toll the crisis will take on many people for some time to come. 讓這個問題變得有的放矢的是，未來一段時間這場危機將給許多人造成損害。,Assault s:lt p159 para2 line9,n. 攻擊；襲擊 a physical at

53、tack vt. 攻擊；襲擊 attack someone assault and battery 人身攻擊；暴力毆打 assaultive 喜歡攻擊的（=aggressive） 原文：A stare is literally an evil eye and implies a sexual and aggressive assault 凝視被人看做是邪眼且充滿了攻擊性。 The noises and smells of the market assaulted her senses 集市上的噪音和怪味是她很不舒服。,infancy nfnsi: n.P160 para2 line 1,1嬰兒

54、期 the period of a childs life before they can walk or talk 2早期, 初始階段 the time when something is just starting to be developed: 原文：As we move from infancy into childhood, we learn the rules of touching. 譯文：在我們從嬰兒期步入兒童期的這個過程中，我們不斷學(xué)習(xí)著觸碰的規(guī)則。,例句：Although in the infancy time, I not can always express me t

55、o this amazing contrast admiration, I have actually awed am gazing at this urban scenery. 譯文：盡管在孩提時代，我并不總是能夠表達我對這令人驚異的對比的傾慕，我卻一直敬畏地注視著這城市的風(fēng)景。,Intensity intensti n. P160 para2 line 7,1強度 the quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect 2強烈； the quality of being serious and having ver

56、y strong feelings or opinions 原文：In the United States, we learn we can shake hands with everyone, hug certain people (but not everyone with the same intensity). 在美國，我們知道我們可以和任何一個人握手，和一些人擁抱（但并不是對每個人都用同樣的強度）,例句：Workshop dust can reduce the volume, improve product quality, reduce labor intensity of wor

57、kers, improve the environment is ideal for the production of civilization. 譯文：能降低車間含塵量，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，減輕工人的勞動強度，是優(yōu)化環(huán)境文明生產(chǎn)的理想設(shè)備。,Restraint ristreint n. p161 para3 line 3,1抑制，克制； calm sensible controlled behavior, especially in a situation when it is difficult to stay calm: 2約束a rule or principle that limits

58、what people can do 原文：Cultures that believe in emotional restraint and rigid status distinction do very little touching as compared with cultures that encouraged outward signs of affection. 譯文：相比那些鼓勵情感外露的文化，一些相信情感約束和嚴(yán)格地位差別的文化顯的觸碰較少。,例句：There is no system of discipline and restraint, a school will be

59、 no schools, no classes will be a class, and the quality of education is out of the question. 譯文：沒有紀(jì)律和制度的約束，一個學(xué)校將不成其為學(xué)校，一個班級也不將成為班級，教育教學(xué)質(zhì)量的高低更是無從談起。,initiate iniieit, p161 Para 4 line 4,vt. 開始，創(chuàng)始；發(fā)起；使初步了解 bring into being n. 開始；新加入者，接受初步知識者 someone new to a field or activity adj. 新加入的；接受初步知識的 原文： From her review of numerous studies, she has also concluded that “women initiate hugs and embraces far more often than men do, to other women, to men, and to children. 譯文：從她對大量研究的回顧中，