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1、1,Abstract 科技論文英文摘要的寫作,Skill Training,2,Reading by many peopleAdvertise! Summarizing paper Self-contained Brief No figures or references,Properties of abstract,3,Content,Definition Classification Factors Tense in writing an abstract Person and voice in writing an abstract Some samples,4,一、摘要的定義(Defi

2、nition of abstract),概念:摘要是以提供文獻內(nèi)容梗概為目的,不加評論和補充解釋,簡明、準確地記述文獻重要內(nèi)容的短文。,5,它位于正文之前,中文摘要以200300字為宜,英文摘要通常 100500 個單詞(100150 words )。通常情況下,英文摘要內(nèi)容應對照中文摘要進行翻譯 。由于篇幅有限,必須十分簡練,開門見山,直截了當,不使用多余的詞或生僻的詞,也避免使用冗長的句子。,6,摘要的主要功能(Main function),1) 讓讀者盡快了解論文的主要內(nèi)容,以補充題名的不足。 2) 為科技情報文獻檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設和維護提供方便。,7,英文摘要是用英文來表述文章的要點,所

3、以寫作要求很高。它同樣也有寫作的ABC原則要求,即 A:準確(accuracy) B:簡練(brevity) C:清晰(clarity),英文摘要撰寫原則,8,二、摘要的分類(Classification of abstract),根據(jù)內(nèi)容的不同,摘要可分為以下三大類: 一是報道性摘要( informative abstract) :也稱信息型摘要或資料性摘要。是指明一次文獻的主題范圍及內(nèi)容梗概的簡明摘要,相當于簡介。 特點是全面、簡要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結論。通常這種摘要可部分地取代閱讀全文。,9,二是指示性摘要( indicative abstract) : 也稱為說明性摘要

4、、描述性摘要或論點摘要。是指明一次文獻的論題及取得的成果的性質和水平的摘要。 一般只用二、三句話概括論文的主題,而不涉及研究的材料、方法、論據(jù)和結論,多用于綜述、會議報告等。,10,三是報道指示性摘要( informative-indicative abstract) : 是以報道性摘要的形式表述論文中價值最高的那部分內(nèi)容,其余部分則以指示性摘要形式表達。,11,三、摘要的要素(Factors of abstract),目的(Objective) 設計(Design ) 地點( Setting) 對象(Subjects),處理( Interventions) 主要測定項目(Main outco

5、me measures) 結果(Results) 結論(Conclusion),目前大多數(shù)刊物倡導結構式摘要( structured abstract) ,即報道性摘要的結構化表達, 在內(nèi)容上大致包括,12,三、摘要的要素(Factors of abstract),據(jù)統(tǒng)計,目前世界上約有60的核心生物醫(yī)學期刊采用結構式摘要,但此種摘要不適合綜述之類的文章。 摘要的要素包括 目的(objective) 方法(methods) 結果(results) 結論(conclusion),13,結構式摘要的寫作,1. 目的(What I want to do?) :應簡要說明研究的目的和意義,一般用12句

6、話簡要說明即可,不必太過冗長。 EI提出了兩點具體要求: 1) Eliminate or minimize background information 2) Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract.,14,常用英文表達方式英文常以動詞不定式“To +動詞原形”開頭,To investigate . and ; To assess; To determine whether; To study; To examine ;,To evaluate and compar

7、e ; To improve; To describe ; To explore ; To clarify; To identify 。,15,常用句型,16,2. 方法(How I did it?) :,論文對研究對象進行研究的過程中所運用的原理、理論、條件、材料、工藝、結構、設備、手段、程序等,是完成研究對象的必要手段。,17,常用英文表達方式,be carried out (performed, made, conducted) developed employed derived synthesized monitored determined measured observed,re

8、corded examined identified tested calculated proposed applied by means of by the use of in the presence of in the absence of ,18,常用的句型有: (1)The author /writer of the article reviews (presents, gives, points out, discusses, analyses,tries to describe, explores, holds, deals with, summarizes, examines

9、, investigates, researches into),19,(2)This article /paper /essay approaches (holds, reports, reviews,touches upon, tells of, is about, concerns),20,3. 結果(What results did I get?):,作者運用研究方法對研究對象進行實驗、研究所得到的結果、效果、性能、數(shù)據(jù),被確定的關系等,是進行科研所得的成果。描述結果要盡量用具體數(shù)據(jù),而不要過于籠統(tǒng)。,21,常用英文表達方式,was (were) We found that There

10、 was ,22,(不)相符的表示方法, (to be) in good agreement with (to be) consistent with (to be) essentially identical with (to be) contrary to (to be) in contrast with ,23,常用的句型有: (1)Examples of demonstrate that (2)Statistics confirm that ,24,4. 結論( What conclusions can I draw?) :,作者對結果的分析、研究、比較、評價、應用、提出的問題等,是結

11、果的總結,顯示研究結果的可靠性、實用性、創(chuàng)新性,體現(xiàn)論文研究的價值與學術水平,突出論文的主要貢獻和創(chuàng)新、獨到之處。,25,常用英文表達方式,The results suggest / show that The authors/Our suggestion (conclusion) is that This study/article shows (suggests, confirms, reveals, indicates, demonstrates )that It was shown( found, discovered, concluded, revealed )that It can

12、 be seen that These observations support ,26,四、英文摘要的時態(tài) (Tense of abstract),1.目的說明:常用一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時,現(xiàn)在完成時少用。 一般現(xiàn)在時:用于摘要開頭說明研究目的、得出結論、提出建議或討論等。舉例如下: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to ; 涉及到公認事實、自然規(guī)律、永恒真理等,當然也要用一般現(xiàn)在時。,27,2. 材料、方法和結果部分:除指示性說明外, 一律用一般過去時。 說明某課題現(xiàn)已取得的成果,宜采用現(xiàn)在完成時。現(xiàn)在完成時把過去

13、發(fā)生的或過去已完成的事情與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來。如: has been studied for years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy. 過去完成時:只用于說明研究前的情況或研究中某一點時間之前發(fā)生的情況。,28,3. 結論部分:分析結果或發(fā)現(xiàn)的原因時,或者提出結論性意見時,如果作者認為具有普遍意義,可用現(xiàn)在時;如果作者認為自己的分析或結論只限于本研究范圍或者僅是一種可能性,則用一般過去時為好。如:The result shows (reveals),The conclusions are,The author suggests

14、,29,五、英文摘要的人稱和語態(tài) (Person and voice of abstract),有相當數(shù)量的作者和審稿人認為, 科技論文的撰寫應使用第三人稱、過去時和被動語態(tài)。但調(diào)查表明, 科技論文中被動語態(tài)的使用在1920-1970年曾比較流行, 但由于主動語態(tài)的表達更為準確, 且更易閱讀, 因而目前大多數(shù)期刊都提倡使用主動語態(tài)。國際知名科技期刊“Nature”,“Cell”等尤其如此, 其中第一人稱和主動語態(tài)的使用十分普遍。,30,為了解專業(yè)期刊對寫作風格的規(guī)定, 有人隨機抽查了500份醫(yī)學和生物學英文期刊的“讀者須知”。統(tǒng)計表明,82%的期刊沒有文風方面的規(guī)定。,31,英文摘要的語態(tài),采

15、用何種語態(tài),既要考慮摘要的特點,又要滿足表達的需要。一篇摘要很短,盡量不要隨便混用,更不要在一個句子里混用。在多數(shù)情況下可采用被動語態(tài)。但在某些情況下,特別是表達作者或有關專家的觀點時,又常用主動語態(tài),其優(yōu)點是鮮明有力。 “A exceeds B”讀起來要好于“B is exceeded by A”。使用主動語態(tài)還有助于避免過多地使用類似于“is”, “was”, “are”和“were”這樣的弱動詞。,32,主動語態(tài)?,F(xiàn)在主張摘要中謂語動詞盡量采用主動語態(tài)的越來越多,因其有助于文字清晰、簡潔及表達有力。 如:The author systematically introduces the h

16、istory and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically語感要強。必要時,The author systematically都可去掉,而直接以Introduces開頭。,33,被動語態(tài)。以前強調(diào)多用被動語態(tài),理由是科技論文主要是說明事實經(jīng)過,至于那件事是誰做的,無須一一證明。事實上,在指示性摘要中,為強調(diào)動作承受者,還是采用被動語態(tài)為好。即使在報道性摘要中,有些

17、情況下被動者無關緊要,也必須用強調(diào)的事物做主語。 例如:In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.,34,英文摘要的人稱,近些年來,摘要的首句多用第三人稱This paper等開頭,現(xiàn)在傾向于采用更簡潔的被動語態(tài)、不定式或分詞短語開頭。 例如:To describe,To study,To investigate, To assess,To determine ,are developed, Based on,行文時最好不用第一人稱,以方便文摘刊物的編輯刊用。,35,六、摘要寫作的注意事項(

18、Points for attention),1.中文摘要前加“摘要:”或“摘要”作為標志,英文摘要前加“Abstract:”作為標志。 2.盡量用短句。少用復合句。避免使用一長串形容詞或名詞來修飾名詞,要組織好句序,使動詞盡量靠近主語。 3.以重要事實開頭,不以輔助從句開頭,敘述要完整,清楚簡明,并避免句型單一。提倡使用非謂語短語和介詞短語進行邏輯關聯(lián),提倡使用公知的縮略語,不常用或新的術語首次出現(xiàn)時用全稱,以后用簡寫。,36,4.摘要中不要出現(xiàn)公式、圖表及特殊的字符。 5.不使用俚詞外語表達概念,慎用行話和俗語,應用標準英語 。 6.要著重反映新內(nèi)容和作者特別強調(diào)的觀點。 7. 要用第三人稱

19、的寫法。,37,刪繁從簡,例如: at a temperature of 250 to 300 at 250 to 300 has been found to increase increased from the experimental results, it can be concluded that the results show,38,能用名詞做定語時就不要用動名詞,例如:measuring accuracy measurement accuracy 能用動詞、形容詞的情況盡量避免用動詞的名詞形式 例如: measurement of thickness of plastic sh

20、eet was made thickness of plastic sheets was measured experiment results experimental results,39,可直接用名詞或名詞短語作定語的情況下,要少用of句型 例如: accuracy of measurement measurement accuracy structure of crystal crystal structure,40,七、關鍵詞,關鍵詞的作用 體現(xiàn)論文核心內(nèi)容; 通過關鍵詞可查到該論文。 第一個為本文主要工作或內(nèi)容 第二個為本文主要成果名稱或若干成果類別名稱 第三個為本文采用的科學研究

21、方法名稱,綜述或評論性文章應為“綜述”或“評論” 第四個為本文采用的研究對象的事或物質名稱,41,2.選擇關鍵詞應注意問題 關鍵詞應體現(xiàn)論文核心內(nèi)容; 一般文章應標注中文關鍵詞和英文關鍵詞。每篇文章可選38個關鍵詞。 盡可能不用英文縮寫; 除專用名詞外,關鍵詞應是詞典中能查到的詞,不要自造; 多個關鍵詞之間應用分號分隔,以便于計算機自動切分。 (6)中、英文關鍵詞應一一對應。中文關鍵詞前應冠以“關鍵詞:”或“關鍵詞”,英文關鍵詞前冠以“Key words:”作為標志。,42,下面看幾篇論文摘要。注意在英文摘要中,句子的主語通常使用第三人稱,動詞的時態(tài)以一般現(xiàn)在時為主。,1. Microbial

22、 metabolic characteristics and ecological controlling in Petroleum ReservoirA review,Abstract : Petroleum reservoir has a variety of microbes with diverse metabolic characteristics and great variation. These microbes play an important role in geochemical cycle.Research on their metabolism and ecolog

23、ical relationships enables the understanding mechanism in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery(MEOR).Based on the present researches,we review the microbial metabolic characteristics and ecological relationships in oil reservoir.,1. 油藏微生物的代謝特征和生態(tài)結構調(diào)控,摘要:油藏環(huán)境中孕育著多種多樣的微生物,這些微生物代謝類型多、變異性大,在微生物生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中占有重要位置。 研

24、究油藏中微生物的代謝特征和相互之間的生態(tài)關系,有助于提升對微生物提高采收率機理的認識。本文對油藏環(huán)境中常見微生物類群的代謝特征與功能、生態(tài)結構與調(diào)控等進行了簡要綜述。,2.,Abstract :Objective The aim of study was to investigate bacterial diversity of Populus Euphratica forest in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert.All the isolateds were be used as inoculants for silage and biofertil

25、izer. MethodsStrains were isolated by culture-dependent method.Gram staining,NaCl tolerance,enzyme activity (including amylase,esterase,cellulase) were determined by strand methods.Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences were constructed by using the neighbour-joining.,ResultsA total of

26、27 strains were obtained.Phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene showed that all isolates fell into one of the following four bacterial lineages:Actinobacteria(16 strains),Proteobacteria (4 strains),Firmicutes(6 strains) and Bacteroidetes(1 strains).Gram staining indicated that 5 strain

27、s were gram-negative and the others were gram-positive.Among these,15 strains showed amylase activity,9 strains showed esterase activity and 9 strains showed cellulase activity.All strains growth occurred at in presence of 2% NaCl,22 strains growth occurred at in presence of 5% NaCl and only 1 strai

28、n tolerated up to 15% NaCl.ConclusionThe bacterial population diversity is abundant in soil of Populus Euphratica Forest in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert.,2. 塔克拉瑪干沙漠腹地胡楊林土壤細菌多樣性分析,【摘要】:【目的】對塔克拉瑪干沙漠腹地胡楊林土壤細菌多樣性進行初步探索,為下一步從中篩選可用于生物飼料或生物肥料的微生物奠定基礎?!痉椒ā坎捎每膳囵B(yǎng)方法,進行細菌的分離純化。對各菌株進行革蘭氏染色及淀粉酶、酯酶、纖維素酶和NaC

29、l耐受濃度的測定,并提取各菌株基因組DNA,進行16SrRNA基因擴增、測序及系統(tǒng)進化樹的繪制,分析其多樣性?!窘Y果】共分離得到27株菌,其中放線菌門(Actinobacteria)16株,變形菌門(Proteobacteria)4株,厚壁菌門(Firmicutes)6株,擬桿菌門(Bacteroidetes)1株。革蘭氏染色結果表明,5株菌為革蘭氏陰性,其余為革蘭氏陽性;酶活測定結果表明,15株菌具有淀粉酶活性,9株菌具有酯酶活性,9株菌具有纖維素酶活性;NaCl耐受濃度測定結果顯示,NaCl濃度為2%時所有菌株均能生長,5%時能生長的有22株,15%時能生長的有1株?!窘Y論】塔克拉瑪干沙漠

30、腹地胡楊林土壤中存在較豐富的細菌類群。,3. Physiological Performance of Transgenic Rice Expressing C4 Genes,Abstract : In this study , the activities of C4 photosynthetic enzymes (including PEPC , PPDK and ME ) , the gas exchange parameters and water use efficiency (WUE) under different light intensities and temperatur

31、es , and the metabolic index of active oxygen were determined in transgenic rice carrying PEPC , PPD K and ME genes ( PKM) , taking the C3 type untransformed rice(WT) and maize (a C4 plant ) as controls.,The result showed that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of PKM was intermediate between W

32、T and maize, with a slight bias towards maize, while the WUE of PKM was similar to WT. The C4 photosynthetic enzymes were highly expressed in the PKM. Under the conditions of high photon flux density and high temperature , the photosynthetic rate of PKM increased by 55 %, as compare to WT. Though Pn

33、 of PKM increase, its transpiration rate was also increased.,Thus the WUE of PKM was only slightly increased , and was similar to WT. In addition , the resistance of PKM to photo-oxidation was enhanced under the photo-oxidative conditions. Based on the above results , PKM possesses enhanced photosyn

34、thetic productivity , providing a new technical approach and physiological basis for constructing C4 like rice with enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and high yields. Key words : Transgenic rice ; Photosynthetic parameter ; Water use efficiency,3.,摘要以C3 水稻原種(WT) 和C4 玉米為材料,研究了轉PEPC + PPDK + ME 基因水稻(

35、 PKM) 的C4 光合酶活性、不同光溫條件下光合參數(shù)和水分利用效率、活性氧代謝等指標。結果表明, PKM水稻飽和光合速率介于WT 和C4 玉米之間, 稍偏向玉米,而水分利用效率與WT 接近。由于玉米C4 基因的導入,PKM 水稻高表達了相關的C4 光合酶。在高光和高溫條件下,PKM 水稻光合速率比原種提高55 %以上。另外,雖然PKM 水稻光合速率增加,但蒸騰速率亦升高,因此PKM 水稻的水分利用效率略有增加,偏向原種。在光氧化條件下,PKM 水稻耐光氧化能力進一步增強。 關鍵詞轉基因水稻; 光合特性; 水分利用效率,4.,Abstract :Objective We isolated an

36、d identified dominant microorganisms from the rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut,to study the relationship between dominant microorganisms and peanut continuous cropping.Methods By using dilution-plate method we isolated dominant bacteria,dominant fungi and actinomycetes from the rhizosp

37、here of continuous cropping with peanut.Morphological specificity,culture shape,physiological-biochemical characteristic and partial 16S rDNA sequences were used to identify bacteria and actinomycetes. Morphology, growth on various media,and Internal Transcribed Spacer(ITS) rDNA sequences homology a

38、nalysis were performed to identify dominant fungi.,Results We isolated seven dominant bacteria strains,seven dominant fungi and seven dominant actinomycetes. Dominant bacteria were identified as Leifsonia xyli,Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus,Microbacterium flavescens,Sphingomonas sp.,Pasteurella sp.,B

39、acillus simplex and Bacillus megaterium. Dominant fungi were identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides,Penicillium purpurogenum,Hypocrea lixii,Exophiala pisciphila,Penicillium janthinellum,Aspergillus sp.and Verticillium dahliae.,Dominant actinomycetes were identified as Streptomyces violaceoruber,

40、Streptomyces flaveus,Streptomyces panaciterrae,Streptomyces achromogenes,Streptomyces pseudogriseolus,Streptomyces cellulosae and Streptomyces aureus.Conclusion This study was to isolate and identify dominant microorganisms from the rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut.The type of dominant

41、 microorganisms in soil changed obviously after planting peanut,although the change was without regularity. Key Words: peanut continuous cropping bacteria fungi actinomycetes,4.連作花生田根際土壤優(yōu)勢微生物的分離和鑒定,摘要 【目的】從不同連作年限的花生田根際土壤中分離優(yōu)勢微生物并進行鑒定,為研究花生連作后優(yōu)勢微生物的變化奠定基礎?!痉椒ā坎捎猛寥老♂尫蛛x法從不同連作年限花生根際土壤中分離優(yōu)勢細菌、真菌和放線菌,結合菌株

42、形態(tài)特征、培養(yǎng)性狀、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析對細菌、放線菌進行鑒定。通過形態(tài)特征、培養(yǎng)特征和分子鑒定方法對優(yōu)勢真菌進行鑒定?!窘Y果】從連作花生田根際土壤中分離鑒定出7種優(yōu)勢細菌、7種優(yōu)勢真菌和7種優(yōu)勢放線菌。7種優(yōu)勢細菌分別為Leifsonia xyli、氯酚節(jié)桿菌(Arthrobacterchlorophenolicus)、,黃色微桿菌(Microbacterium flavescens)、鞘氨醇單胞菌屬(Sphingomonas sp.)、巴斯德菌屬(Pasteurella sp.)、簡單芽孢桿菌(Bacillus simplex)和巨大芽孢桿菌(Bacillus megat

43、erium)。7種優(yōu)勢真菌分別為枝狀枝孢菌(Cladosporium cladosporioides)、產(chǎn)紫青霉(Penicillium purpurogenum)、哈茨木霉有性型(Hypocrea lixii)、Exophiala pisciphila、微紫青霉(Penicillium janthinellum)、曲霉(Aspergillus sp.)和大麗輪枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)。,7種優(yōu)勢放線菌分別為紫紅鏈霉菌(Streptomyces violaceoruber)、華麗黃鏈霉菌(Streptomyces flaveus)、Streptomyces panaci

44、terrae、不產(chǎn)色鏈霉菌(Streptomyces achromogenes)、假淺灰鏈霉菌(Streptomyces pseudogriseolus)、纖維素鏈霉菌(Streptomyces cellulosae)和金色鏈霉菌(Streptomyces aureus)?!窘Y論】本研究系統(tǒng)的從連作花生根際土中分離鑒定優(yōu)勢微生物,種植花生后根際土壤中優(yōu)勢微生物的種類發(fā)生了明顯變化,但變化沒有規(guī)律。 關鍵詞: 花生 連作障礙 細菌 真菌 放線菌,5. Breeding and Salt Resistance Evaluation of BADH Transgenic Alfalfa Cultiv

45、ar Shanmu 2,Abstract : Generating new germplasm of alfalfa by transgenic technology has become important in forage breeding.Using a T0 generation of transgenic plants with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase(BADH) gene as testing material,we tested the resistance to salt.The transgenic grass biomass was

46、higher than that of the non-transgenic control in different salt soils.Dry grass production was higher by 13.11% to 24.98% in the transgenic cultivar than in the control.The betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene was stably expressed and inherited,suggesting that this transgenic line can be used for fu

47、rther breeding. 【Key words】 alfalfa; betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene; salt-tolerance; selection breeding; shanmu 2 cultivar; transformation;,5. 轉BADH基因紫花苜蓿山苜2號品種的抗鹽性鑒定及系統(tǒng)選育,摘要利用轉基因技術創(chuàng)造苜蓿新種質已成為牧草新技術育種的重要組成部分。以通過農(nóng)桿菌介導技術獲得的T0代轉BADH基因苜蓿為試材,利用分子生物學方法對其自交株系的世代群體連續(xù)進行抗鹽性鑒定篩選和系統(tǒng)選育,首次獲得了具有抗鹽堿能力的轉基因苜蓿穩(wěn)定株系。

48、同時,通過品種比,較實驗、區(qū)域實驗和生產(chǎn)實驗,表明在不同鹽堿地條件下,轉BADH基因的苜蓿植株產(chǎn)草量明顯高于對照(未轉基因的中苜1號),生產(chǎn)實驗的干草增產(chǎn)率介于13.11%24.98%之間。上述結果表明,外源目的基因主要特性的遺傳穩(wěn)定,進而從實踐上驗證了轉BADH基因工程操作的實用性。 關鍵詞紫花苜蓿; BADH基因; 耐鹽; 選育; 山苜2號; 轉化;,61,摘要寫作的常用詞和詞組,control group 對照組 this article / the present study/ this study 本文/本研究 previous/ earlier studies 先期研究 a ret

49、rospective study 回顧性研究 a prospective study 前瞻性研究 as described in the literature 如文獻所述,Exercise: 1.轉PEPC+PPDK 雙基因水稻的光合特性 摘要:【目的】系統(tǒng)研究ATP 處理后轉PEPC+PPDK 雙基因水稻的光合特性,證明ATP 是增強轉C4 基因水稻光合能力的關鍵因子。【方法】以原種和轉PEPC+PPDK 雙基因水稻為材料,進行了PCR 檢測,C4 光合酶活性的測定。通過ATP 處理后,分析了光、溫光合曲線和活性氧代謝有關指標,統(tǒng)計分析了相關的產(chǎn)量構成因素?!窘Y果】原種中雖有全套的C4 光合酶,但活性很低。PCR 檢測出玉米的PEPC 和PPDK 基因轉入普通水稻后,轉PEPC+PPDK 雙基因水稻高表達了C4 光合酶活性。在高光和高溫條件下,同未施ATP 的相比,ATP 處理后轉PEPC+PPDK 雙基因水稻光合速率分別提高17%和12%。在光氧化條件下,耐光氧化能力進一步增強,產(chǎn)量提高15%?!窘Y論】ATP 處理后,轉PEPC+PPDK 雙基因水稻增強了光合生產(chǎn)力,表明ATP 是設計類似C4 水稻的關鍵因子。 關鍵詞:轉基因水稻;光合特性; C4 光合途徑;ATP Key words: Transgen

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