1、農(nóng)業(yè)昆蟲(chóng)學(xué) -蔬菜害蟲(chóng),第二節(jié) 農(nóng)業(yè)害蟲(chóng)種類(lèi),概述 中國(guó)主要蔬菜種類(lèi)簡(jiǎn)介 中國(guó)主要蔬菜害蟲(chóng)種類(lèi)簡(jiǎn)介 蔬菜地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的特點(diǎn) 蔬菜害蟲(chóng)的發(fā)生特點(diǎn)及對(duì)防治的要求,Part 1 中國(guó)主要蔬菜種類(lèi),Group 1 Chinese Cabbage Group,Flowering Chinese Cabbage菜心 Pak-choi白菜、油菜 Chinese Cabbage etc. Family: Cruciferae Genus: Brassica蕓薹屬,Group 2 Cole Crop-甘藍(lán)類(lèi),Chinese kale-芥藍(lán) Cauliflower-花椰菜 Broccoli-綠菜花 Cabbage-

2、甘藍(lán) Family: Cruciferae Genus: Brassica,Group 3 Green Vegetables,Water spinach-空心菜 Lettuce-生菜 Celery-芹菜 Family: Convolvulaceae 旋花科 Compositae菊科 Chenopdiaceae藜科,Group 4 Gourds葫蘆類(lèi),Chieh-qua-節(jié)瓜 Wax gourd（winter melon)-冬瓜 Cucumber Sponge gourd-絲瓜 Pumpkin, etc. Family: Cucumbitaceae-葫蘆科,Group 5 Vegetable l

3、egumes-豆類(lèi),Asparagus bean Kidney bean-蕓豆 Vegetable pea-豌豆 Vegetable soybean毛豆 Family: Laguminosae-豆科,Group 6 Solanaceous Fruits-茄果類(lèi),Tomato Egg plant Pepper, etc. Family: Solanaceous,Group 7 Root Vegetable,Radish-蘿卜 Carrot-胡蘿卜 Table beet.櫻桃蘿卜 Family: Cruciferae Umbelliferae,Group 8 Tuber Crops,Taro-芋頭

4、 Yam-山藥 Yam bean Ginger-姜 Potato, etc. Family: Araceae-天南星科 Dioscoreaceae-薯蕷科 Zingiberceae姜科,Group 9 Bulb Crops,Onion Chinese chive-韭菜 Garlic-大蒜 Scallion-蔥, etc. Family: Liliaceae,Group 10 Aquatic Vegetables,Watercress西洋芹 lotus root-蓮藕 Chinese arrowhead-慈姑 Water bamboo-茭白, etc. Family: Cruciferae Ny

5、mphaeaceae睡蓮科 Alismatacea-澤瀉科（慈姑） Gramineae-禾本科,一、中國(guó)蔬菜主要害蟲(chóng)簡(jiǎn)介,十字花科蔬菜害蟲(chóng) 鱗翅目 小菜蛾、 菜青蟲(chóng) 斜紋夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、 粉紋夜蛾、 菜螟 同翅目 甘藍(lán)蚜、蘿卜蚜 桃蚜 鞘翅目 黃條曲跳甲 大、小猿葉甲,茄、瓜、豆類(lèi)蔬菜害蟲(chóng) 鱗翅目 棉鈴蟲(chóng)、煙青蟲(chóng)、玉米穗蛾 小地老虎、豇豆莢螟、 豆野螟 粉虱類(lèi) 煙粉虱（A型、B型） 溫室白粉虱、 紋翅粉虱 螨類(lèi) 朱砂葉螨、截形葉螨、 二斑葉螨、側(cè)多食跗線螨 其它 節(jié)瓜薊馬、瓜蚜、美洲斑潛蠅、 黃守瓜、黑守瓜,害蟲(chóng)種類(lèi),小菜蛾 Plutella xylostella (L.),Diamondba

6、ck moth,菜青蟲(chóng)Pieris rapae (L.)Cabbage Butterfly,1. Its host include Brassica species. Cultivated and wild Cruciferae. It is widespread throughout Europe and much of Asia, North Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Canada, USA and Mexico. 2. Damage:The larvae feed singly, usually deep in the cabbage

7、 heart, making holes in the leaves, even eat up all leaf blade, only the main veins are left, with frass accumulation. The caterpillars prefer to feed in the heart of the cabbage and occasionally cause heavy infestations and partial defoliation. In Guangdong Province there may be 7-8 generations per

8、 year. 3. Identification Adult:Adult is a white butterfly with a wingspan about 45-55 mm in the female. The wings bear several black markings. Eggs:The bulletin-like eggs are laid singly on low surface of the leaves. There are many vertical ridges on the surface of egg. Larva: Fully-grown larva is a

9、bout 30 mm long, velvety green with a faint yellow dorsal strip, and a row of yellow spots along each side in line with the spiracles. Pupa:The pupa is shuttle-like form, sharply angled, attached usually to the underside of the leaf by a loop of silk.,Eggs,Larva,Adult,Pupa,1.It is a totally polyphag

10、ous pest and feed on a very wide range of crops including vegetables, cotton, rice, tomato and tobacco. Other host plants include Citrus, cacao, sweet potato, rubber legumes, sorghum, maize etc. 2.Distribution:It mainly distributes in South and Eastern Old World tropics, including Pakistan, India, B

11、angladesh, Sri Lanka, China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Austral-Asia, Pacific islands, Hawaii and Fiji. 3.Damage:This caterpillar is basically a leaf-eater. Heavy infestations can seriously defoliate the crops, especially the young plants. Newly hatched larvae are grega

12、rious and remain together and skeletonize the leaf on which they feed. Later they disperse and become more solitary and nocturnal in habits. One generation can be completed in as little as 24-30 days, and in the humid tropics there may be 8 generations annually. 4. Identification: Adult : The adults

13、 are pale brownish moth, with the yellow-brown forewing having a distinctive pale band medially: wingspan is 30-40 mm. Eggs:Eggs are spherical (0.3 mm) in diameter, and laid on the undersides of leaves in batches of 100-300 and covered with yellow colored hair-scales.Each female lays about 100-2000

14、eggs, hatching requires 2-6 days. Larvae:The newly hatched larvae are pale green at first, and with a distinct black band on the first abdominal segment. Later they become brown with dark marking, with yellow lateral and dorsal stripes.The lateral yellow strip is bordered dorsally with a series of s

15、emi-lunar marks. Pupa :Pupation takes place in the soil in an earthen cell, just beneath the surface, The pupa is dark red, 15 -20 mm long.,斜紋夜蛾Spodoptera litura (F.)Common Leafworm,Adult,Eggs,Larvae,1.It attacks more than 170 different species of host plants including cabbage, radish, lettuce, eggp

16、lant, pepper, tomatoes, potatoes, beans gourds, rice, cotton, sugar beet, tobacco, etc. 2.Distribution:Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South Europe, Middle East, Australia, Southern USA, India, Southern China, Philippines, Indonesia, and Canada. 3.Damage:Young larvae eat foliage within webs unde

17、rside of the leaves. The caterpillars are gregarious, moving in swarms, and destroying the young leaves and stems of the host plants. Young seedlings can be completely destroyed, but older plants often recover after an attack and may be still vigorously. Young larvae skeletonize the underside of the

18、 leaves, but later as they grow they eat the entire lamina. In South China there are usually eight generations. 4. Identification: Adult:The adult is a small brown moth of wingspan up to 25 mm, and the fore wing is grayish-brown with two yellow spots near the center. The hind wing is a translucent w

19、hite with narrow brown borders, There are rather nondescript in appearance and not easy to recognize. Eggs:Eggs are laid on the leaves of the host plants, in clusters, several layers thick, and covered with hairs from the female abdomen. Each cluster contains 50-300 eggs, one female can lay 300-900

20、eggs (up to 1700). Eggs usually hatch after 2-4 days. Larvae: The larvae are very gregarious, at first green, later becoming variable green or brown usually with a lateral strip. Young larvae skeletonize the underside of the leaves, but as they grow they eat the entire lamina.Pupa:Pupation takes pla

21、ce in the soil and lasts about 6 days.,甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua Beet Armyworm,Adult,Eggs,Larvae,粉紋夜蛾Trichoplusia niCabbage looper,Eggs,Larvae,蔬菜蚜蟲(chóng)Vegetable aphids,1 蘿卜蚜 Lipaphis erysimi Turnip Aphid 2 桃蚜 Myzus pericaeGreen Peach Aphid 3 甘藍(lán)蚜 Brevicoryne brassicae Cabbage Aphid,1. Cabbage aphid and turni

22、p aphid mainly feed on cruciferae. Cabbage aphid prefers cabbage and other Brassica spp but turnip aphid likes Chinese cabbage and radish better. Green peach aphid is truly a polyphagous species; about 875 plants in 35 different families are recorded as its hosts. The main host is peach, the alterna

23、tive hosts include potato, tomato, tobacco, beet, cereals and vegetables. All three species of aphids occur commonly and mixed on cruciferous vegetables in China. 2.Distribution Cabbage aphid: The aphid distributes throughout the world in temperate and subtropical climates. In China it occurs nearly

24、 all parts of the country besides Tibet . Turnip aphid: Mostly in temperate and subtropics regions. In China it is dominate species in Xinjiang autonomic distract. Green aphid: A completely cosmopolitan species with a worldwide distribution. All species of the aphids occur year around in South China

25、. No eggs are found in the host plants during the winter. All stages of the pests can be found on the vegetable crops in winter season. They reproduce by parthenogenesis. The population increases very rapidly under favorite conditions. 3.Damage: Cabbage aphid: The aphid attacks many crucifers, espec

26、ially cabbage, cauliflower. It is known to transmit a number of virus diseases in the host plants. Nymphs and adults suck plant sap, causing distortion, stunting. curling, wilting and often lead to death of these host plants when severely attack happened. 4. Identification Turnip Aphid: Turnip aphid

27、 is similar to the cabbage aphid in appearance, but has a more distinct green to yellow-green color with less noticeable powdery wax on the body, and it lacks the dark transverse marks on abdomen. Green Peach Aphid: Green peach aphid is rather slender in form, light green or yellow, with indefinitel

28、y darker stripes on the abdomen. Cabbage Aphid: Cabbage aphid is grayish-green in color and the body is covered with a fine powdery wax, which gives heavily infested plants a whitish appearance.,Turnip Aphid,Green Peach Aphid,Cabbage Aphid,黃曲條跳甲Phyllotreta striolata,Stripped Flea Beetles,1.Host:The

29、two species are common pests on vegetable crops, especially on Brassicous. In South China, these pests mainly attack radish and cabbages. 2.Damage:Both the larvae and the adults feed on the foliage of the host plants. When heavily damage almost the whole foliage is eaten and just the veins are left.

30、 3.Life history:In South China, Colaphellus bowringi can complete 5-6 generations per year, while Phaedon brassicae occurs 5 generations. Usually the two species are mixed occurrence in a same vegetable plantation. Adult female of Colaphellus bowringi lay eggs in cluster with several to 20 individua

31、ls, but eggs of Phaedon brassicae are laid separately on the surface of the host plants. Both the larvae of the two species undergo 4 instars. 4.Identification Colaphellus bowringi (Cabbage leaf beetle) (1)Adult Shape: Elliptical Size: 4.7 mm long Color: Blue to black Punctures on the elytra: Irregu

32、lars arrangement Scutum: Triangular (2)Larva Size: 7.5 mm long Color: head is black, thorax and abdomen are grayish yellow Spots: A pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment of thorax and abdomen Size: 6.0 mm long Phaedon brassicae(Daikon leaf beetle) (1)Adult Shape: Oval Size: 3.5 mm long Color: B

33、lue to green Punctures on the elytra: Arrange in vertical lines. Scutum: Oval (2)Larva Size: 6.0 mm long Color: head is black, thorax and abdomen are grayish yellow Spots: Four pair of dark lateral-spots on each segment beside the prothorax and the last segment of abdomen,小猿葉甲Phaedon brassicae Daiko

34、n Leaf Beetle,Adult,Damage,Adult,Larvae,大猿葉甲Colaphellus bowringiCabbage Leaf Beetle,煙粉虱A型 Bemisia tabaci,Sweetpotato Whitefly,Adult,Nymph,Pupa,Eggs,Tobacco Whitefly,Adult,Nymph,Pupa,煙粉虱B型（銀葉粉虱）Bemisia tobacciSilverleaf whitefly,Greenhouse Whitefly,Adult,Nymph,Pupa,溫室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Wes

35、twood),Bandedwinged Whitefly,紋翅粉虱Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman),朱砂葉螨Tetranychus cinnarinusCarmine Spider Mite,1.Host:It damages a very wide range of wild and cultivated plants including eggplant and gourds. Cotton is its main host plant 2.Distribution:Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, Sri La

36、nka, Southeast Asia, Australia, USA, Japan, China, Central and South America. 3.Damage:It causes clusters of yellow spots on the upper side of the leaf especially between the main veins near the leaf stalk. Later the affected areas spread, the leaf reddens and finally withers and is shed. Red or gre

37、enish mites just visible to the unaided eye can be seen on the underside of the leaf. About 15-18 generations occur per year in South China. 4.Identification Adult: The adult females are oval, red or greenish, and 0.4-0.5 mm long. The males are slightly smaller. Fine strands of silk are spun by the

38、adults and form an open web above the leaf surface. Egg: The eggs are spherical, whitish, about 0.1 mm on diameter. They are laid singly on the underside of leaves Larva: The larva is six-legged, pinkish, and slightly larger than the egg. They are four pairs of legs and are greenish or reddish.,Dama

39、ge,Eggs,Male Adult Female Adult,二斑葉螨 Tetranychus urticae Koch Twospotted spider mites,1.Hosts:Tomato, potato, beans, peppers, tea, cotton and many other plants. 2.Distribution:It is virtually cosmopolitan species, but records are sparse in some areas. Recorded from Europe, Africa , Asia, Australia,

40、USA, and South America . 3.Damage:The blades of flush leaves are cupped or otherwise distorted, with corky brown areas between the main veins on the underside of the leaf. These corky areas are often bounded by two distinct brown lines parallel to the main vein, the edges of the leaf being undamaged

41、. 4.Identification Adult: Females are elliptical-shaped, white to yellow, and about 0.2 mm in length, four pairs of legs. Males are slightly diamond-shaped, yellow, four pairs of legs, the fourth pair of legs are bigger than others. Egg: Eggs are laid singly on the undersides of flush leaves. They a

42、re oval in outline but flattened on the lower side. Larva: The larva are minute, white, and pear-shaped.,側(cè)多食跗線螨Polyphagotarsonemus latus Yellow Tea Mite,Damage egg plant,Damage tomato,Damage green pepper,1.It is a common species of pests on vegetables, and sometimes a dominant one on cotton, tobacco

43、, tomato, bean, maize and sorghum as well. This species is a sporadically very serious pest in many parts of the world. It is completely polyphagous , and very widespread. 2.Distribution:It distributes tropics, subtropics, and warmer temperate regions of the Old World, extending as far north as Germ

44、any and Japan. 3.Damage:Clean circular holes are bored in flower buds and balls of all sizes. The bracteoles of buds open out causing the condition known as flared squares; these square then die and are shed. The caterpillar also feeds directly on foliage of vegetable crops. 4.Life history:Egg-layin

45、g starts about 4 days after emergence and may continue for a further 10 days. Each female may lay 1,000 or more eggs. Eggs are laid singly, stuck on to the host plant; hatching takes place after 2-4 days. Young caterpillars feed on small pods. Older caterpillars feed on small squares and terminal bu

46、ds, and bean flowers and small bolls. They also burrow into large pods and eat the developing seeds. The caterpillars often feed with their head inside the boll or bean, but with the posterior part of the body outside. The full-grown larva burrows into the soil and pupates there. The shiny brown pup

47、a is about 16 mm long; the pupal period usually lasts 10-14 days. In the tropics there are usually 5-6 generations annually. 5. Identification Adult: The adult is a stout-bodied, brown moth, of wingspan 40-44 mm; the hindwing is pale but with a broad dark border. Egg: The eggs are spherical, about 0

48、.5 mm in diameter, yellow when laid but turning brown as the embryo develops. Eggs are laid singly, stuck on to the host plant. Larva: The larva is a stout caterpillar of variable color but often greenish or brownish. The body is marked with longitudinal bands alternatively dark and pale; the pale b

49、ands down the sides of the body are particularly noticeable. The full-grown larva is about 40 mm long. Pupa: The full-grown larva burrows into the soil and pupates there. The shiny brown pupa is about 16 mm long.,棉鈴蟲(chóng)Heliothis armigera Cotton bollworm,Adult,Larva,Damage,Damage,煙青蟲(chóng)Heliothis virescens

50、(Fabricius) Tbacco budworm,玉米穗蛾（美國(guó)棉鈴蟲(chóng)）Helicoverpa zea Corn earworm,Larva,Damage,1.This is a cosmopolitan pest of sporadic importance on many crops in different parts of the world. It can cause severe damage in many crops. 2.Hosts:A polyphagous cutworm attacking the seedlings of most crops, in partic

51、ular on cotton, rice, potato, tomato, tobacco, cereals, and crucifers. 3.Distribution:Almost completely cosmopolitan, from northern Europe, Canada, Japan, down to New Zealand, South Africa, and South America. It has not been recorded to date from a few areas in the tropics. 4.Damage:The young larvae

52、 feed on the leaves of the host plants; the older caterpillars feed at the base of crop plants or on the roots or stems underground. Seedlings are typically cut through at the ground level; one caterpillar may destroy a number of seedlings in this manner in a single night, often working along the pl

53、ant rows. 5. Life cycle:The life cycle from egg to adult takes 32 days at 30, 41 days at 26, and 67 days at 20 , respectively. 6.Identification Adult: The adults are large, dark noctuids with wingspan of 40-50 mm, with a gray body; and gray forewings are almost white basely but with a dark terminal

54、fringe, paler in the males. Egg: The eggs are white, globular, and ribbed, 0.5 mm in diameter. Larva: The larvae are brownish above with a broad pale gray band alone the mid-line, and with gray-green sides with lateral blackish stripes. The head capsule is brownish-black with two white spots. The ge

55、neral appearance of the caterpillar is blackish, hence the common name of black cutworm. The mature caterpillar is 25-35 mm long. Pupa: The pupa is dark brown, 20 mm long, with a posterior spine.,Larva,Adult,Seeding is cut through at the ground level.,Damage,小地老虎Agrotis ipsilonBlack Cutworm,1.Distri

56、bution:It is almost cosmopolitan in distribution.It is an new imported pest. And has been found in several provinces in South China: Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Fujian. It has caused very serious damage in vegetable production in recent years in China. 2.Host:The host plants are included over 100

57、 species of plants, with a preference for beans, cucumbers and tomatoes. 3:Damage:This pest is a polyphagous. It damages the host plants by adult feeding punctures, oviposition punctures and larval mines. The larvae feed within the leaf, making a long serpentine tunnel which is usually white with da

58、mpened black and dried brown, and irregular shapes, increasing in width as larval development. If many leaves are mined the yield may be reduced; In Brassica the damage affects saleability. Heavily infested leaves shrivel and wither. 4.Life history In South China the life history of this pest occurs

59、 throughout the year. It completes the life cycle in 13-17 days in summer and in 50-60 days in winter. There may be 14-16 generations takes place per year. 5.Identification Egg: Egg is 0.2-0.3 mm in length, with slightly translucent Larva: Larva is headless maggot, about 3 mm in length when full grown. 1stinstar larva colorless, but pale yellow-orange on hatching. Later instars yellow-orange. Larvae with a pair of posterior spiracles shaped like a triple cone. Each posterior spiracle opens by three pores, one pore located towa