1、Hubei University of Automotive Technology,Specialty English,1、語法較為簡單，多用被動語態(tài)，從句等。 2、專有名詞多，有規(guī)律可循（構詞法）（讀音較為復雜，無規(guī)律） 3、寫作要求清晰明了 如何學習？ （1）記憶常見科技詞匯（構詞法） （2）多閱讀科技文章，學習如何用英語表達。避免自創(chuàng)的新奇語句。 （3）課后練習翻譯，寫作（Practice makes perfect.）, Characteristics of Specialty English,Chapter 1 Materials and Heat Treatment, Readin

2、g and answer questions,The new words you maybe meet:,metallic 金屬的 corrosion 腐蝕 ductile 延展 ball bearing 滾珠軸承 multiphase 多相 wrought 加工的，精細的 malleable 可鍛的 有延展性的,Ferrous Alloys,Arbitrary 專橫的，獨斷的，任意的 Smelt 熔煉 ，精煉 Intricate 復雜的 ，精巧的 Combination 結合 ，合并， 化合物,Ferrous Alloys,More than 90% by weight of the met

3、allic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloys. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructure and related properties.,Ferrous Alloys,The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrou

4、s alloys. as a practical matter, these alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition.,Ferrous Alloys,Steel generally contains between 0.05w and 2.0 w carbon. The cast irons generally contain between 2.0w and 4.5 w carbon.,Within the steel category, we shall disti

5、nguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used. 對于鋼的區(qū)分，我們要弄清楚的是是否含有有效量的合金元素而不是碳的含量。,Ferrous Alloys,Ferrous Alloys,A composition of 5 w total noncarbon additions will serve as an arbitrary boundary between low alloy and high alloy steels.,Ferrous Alloys,Thes

6、e alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in properties such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance,questions,How do you distinguish steel from cast iron? How do you

7、distinguish low alloy steel from high alloy steel?,1.1.1 Iron and Steel,The earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man. One of the most important of these is iron. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the form of steel.,1.

8、1.1 Iron and Steel,A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties, which have made the development of electrical power possible.,1.1.1

9、Iron and Steel,The iron ore which we find on earth is not pure. It contains some impurities that must be removed by smelting. The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, and reducing it to metal. Blasts of hot air enter the furnace from the bottom

10、and provide the oxygen that is necessary for the reduction of the ore.,1.1.1 Iron and Steel,The ore becomes molten, and its oxides combine with carbon from the coke. The non-metallic constituents of the ore combine with the limestone to form a liquid slag. This floats on top of the molten iron, and

11、passed out of the furnace through a tap. The metal which remains is pig iron.,1.1.1 Iron and Steel,We can melt this down again in another furnace-a cupola-with more coke and limestone, and tap it out into a ladle or directly into molds. This is cast iron. Cast iron does not have the strength of stee

12、l. It is brittle and may fracture under tension.,1.1.1 Iron and Steel,But it possesses certain properties that make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery . In the molten state it is very fluid, therefore, it is easy to cast it into intricate shapes. Also it is easy to machine it. Cast iron

13、contains small proportion of other substances.,1.1.1 Iron and Steel,These non-metallic constituents of cast iron include carbon, silicon and sulphur, and the presence of these substances affects the behavior of the metal. Iron which contains a negligible quantity of carbon, for example, wrought iron

14、 behaves differently from iron which contains a lot of carbon.,1.1.1 Iron and Steel,The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite and partly as a chemical combination of iron and carbon which is called cementite. This is a very hard substance, and it makes the iron hard too.,1.1.1 Iron

15、and Steel,However, iron can only hold about 1.5% of cementite. Any carbon content above that percentage is present of the form of a flaky graphite.,1.1.1 Iron and Steel,Steel contains no free graphite, and its carbon content ranges from almost nothing to 1.5%.We make wire and tubing from mild steel

16、with a very low carbon content, and drills and cutting tools from high carbon steel.,questions,How is the steel made? If you want to have a high strength iron based material,what should you do? What is the function of the coke when producing pig iron? What is the difference between the pig iron and

17、the cast iron?,1.1.2 Carbon and low alloy steel,The majority of ferrous alloys belongs to this category . The reasons for this are straightforward. They are moderately priced due to the absence of large amounts of alloying elements, and they are sufficiently ductile to be readily formed. The final p

18、roduct is strong and durable.,These eminently practical materials find application from ball bearings to metal sheet formed into automobile bodies .For example, the 10XX,11XX,12XX,15XX etc.(AISI standards, in which the first two numbers give a code designating the type of alloy additions and the las

19、t two or three numbers give the carbon content in hundredths of a weight percent).,1.1.2 Carbon and Low Steel,As an example,the plain carbon steel with 0.40w carbon is a 1040 steel,whereas a steel with 1.45w Cr and 1.5w carbon is a 52150 steel.,1.1.2 Carbon and Low Steel,One should keep in mind that

20、 chemical compositions quoted in alloy designations are approximate and will vary slightly from product to product within acceptable limits of industrial quality control.,1.1.2 Carbon and Low Steel,An interesting class of alloys known as high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels has emerged in response

21、to requirements for weight reduction of vehicles.,1.1.2 Carbon and Low Steel,The compositions of many commercial HSLA steels are proprietary and specified by mechanical properties rather than composition.But a typical example might contain 0.2w carbon and about 1.0w or less of such elements as Mn,P,

22、Si,Cr,Ni,or Mo.,1.1.2 Carbon and Low Steel,1.1.2 Carbon and Low Steel,The high strength of HSLA steels is the result of optimal alloy selection and carefully controlled processing such as hot rolling (deformation at temperatures sufficiently elevated to allow some stress relief),question,What is the

23、 difference between the carbon steel and HSLA steel? Why the HSLA steel is so popular? How are the good properties of the HSLA steels obtained?,vocabulary,Ductile 延展 Durable 耐久的 Quote 引用 援引 Eminently 杰出地 Rust 生銹 Precipitation 沉淀 沉積 Dislocation 位錯,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,As mentioned above, alloy addit

24、ions must be with care and justification because they are expensive. We shall now look at three cases in which engineering design requirements justify high alloy composition (i.e., total non-carbon additions greater than 5 w).,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,Stainless steels require alloy additions to prevent

25、 damage from a corrosive atmosphere. Tool steels require alloy additions to obtain sufficient hardness for machining application.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,So it is called “ superalloys ” which require alloy additions to provide stability in high temperature applications such as turbine blades.,1.1.3Hig

26、h Alloy Steel,Stainless steels are more resistant to rusting and staining than carbon and low alloy steels, due primarily to the presence of chromium addition.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,The amount of chromium is at least 4 w and usually above 10 w. Levels as high as 30 w Cr are sometimes used. The auste

27、nitic stainless steels have the austenite structure retained at room temperature.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,The austenite has the fcc structure and is stable above 910. This structure can occur at room temperature when it is stabilized by an appropriate alloy addition such as nickel.,1.1.3High Alloy Ste

28、el,Without the high nickel content, the bcc structure is stable, as seen in the ferritic stainless steels. For many applications not requiring the high corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels , these lower alloy (and less expensive) ferritic stainless steels are quite serviceable.,1.1.3H

29、igh Alloy Steel,A rapid quench heat treatment discussed later allows the formation of a more complex body centered tetragonal crystal structure called martensite. This crystal structure yields high strength and low ductility .,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,As a result, these martensitic stainless steels are

30、 excellent for applications such as cutlery and springs. Precipitation hardening is another heat treatment.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,Essentially, it involves producing a multiphase microstructure from a single phase one. The result is increased resistance to dislocation motion and, thereby, greater str

31、ength or hardness. Precipitation hardening stainless steels can be found in applications such as corrosion resistant structural members.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,Tool steels are used for cutting, forming or otherwise shaping another material. Plain carbon steel can also be tool steel. For shaping opera

32、tions that are not too demanding , such a material is adequate.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,In fact, tool steels were historically of the plain carbon variety until the mid-nineteenth century. Now high alloy additions are common. Their advantage is that they can provide the necessary hardness with simple

33、heat treatments and retain that hardness at higher operating temperature.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,The primary alloying elements used in these materials are tungsten, molybdenum, and chromium.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,The term superalloys refers to a broad class of metal with especially high strength at e

34、levated temperatures (even above 1000). Many stainless steels serve a dual role as heat resistant alloys .Except iron based superalloys, there are also cobalt and nickel based alloys.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,Most superalloys contain chromium additions for oxidation and corrosion resistance. These mate

35、rials are expensive and , in some cases, extremely so. But the increasingly severe requirements of modern technology are justifying such costs.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,Between 1950 and 1980, the use of superalloys in aircraft turbojet engines rose from 10 % to 50 % by weight. At this point, our discus

36、sion of steels has taken us into closely related to non-ferrous alloys.,1.1.3High Alloy Steel,Before going on to the general area of all other non-ferrous alloys, we must discuss the traditional and important ferrous system, the cast irons.,questions,Generally speaking, what is the role of the eleme

37、nts such as chromium, nickel and tungsten in the high alloy steel? What is the main property of the superalloy steel? By adding what elements into steel can we obtain austenite at room temperature?,1.1.4 Cast irons,As stated earlier, we define cast irons as the ferrous alloys with greater than 2 w c

38、arbon. They also generally contain up to 3 w silicon for control of carbide formation kinetics.,1.1.4 Cast irons,Cast irons have relatively low melting temperatures and liquid phase viscosities, do not form undesirable surface films when poured, and undergo moderate shrinkage during solidification a

39、nd cooling.,1.1.4 Cast irons,The cast irons must balance good formability of complex shapes against inferior mechanical properties compared to wrought alloys.,A cast iron is formed into a final shape by pouring molten metal into a mold. The shape of the mold is retained by the solidified metal. Infe

40、rior mechanical properties result from a less uniform microstructure, including some porosity.,1.1.4 Cast irons,Wrought alloys are initially cast but are rolled or forged into final, relatively simple shapes ( in fact, “wrought” simply means “worked”),1.1.4 Cast irons,There are four general types of

41、 cast irons. White iron has a characteristic white, crystalline fracture surface. Large amounts of Fe3C are formed during casting, giving a hard, brittle material.,1.1.4 Cast irons,Gray iron has a gray fracture surface with a finely faceted structure. A significant silicon content(2 w to 3 w) promot

42、es graphite (C) precipitation rather than cementite (Fe3C).,1.1.4 Cast irons,The sharp, pointed graphite flakes contribute to characteristic brittleness in gray iron. By adding a small amount(0.05w) of magnesium to the molten metal of the gray iron composition, spheroidal graphite precipitates rathe

43、r than flakes are produced.,1.1.4 Cast irons,This resulting ductile iron derives its name from the improved mechanical properties. Ductility is increased by a factor of 20, and strength is doubled.,1.1.4 Cast irons,A more traditional form of cast iron with reasonable ductility is malleable iron, whi

44、ch is first cast as white iron and then heat treated to produce nodular graphite precipitates.,1.1.4 Cast irons,The name “cast iron” derives from the fact that there is only iron in cast irons (T/F) How is malleable cast iron obtained? What is the function of the element of magnesium when it is adde

45、d into the cast iron?,questions,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,We can alter the characteristics of steel in various ways. In the first place, steel which contains very little carbon will be milder than steel which contains a higher percentage of carbon, up to the limit of about 1.5%.,1.2Heat Treatment o

46、f Steel,Secondly, we can heat the steel above a certain critical temperature, and then allow it to cool at different rates, At this critical temperature, changes begin to take place in the molecular structure of the metal.,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,In the process known as annealing, we heat the ste

47、el above the critical temperature and permit it to cool very slowly. This causes the metal softer than before, and much easier to be machined.,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,Annealing has a second advantage, it helps to relieve any internal stresses which exist in the metal. These stresses are liable to

48、 occur through harmmering or working the metal, or through rapid cooling.,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,Metal which we cause to cool rapidly contracts more rapidly on the outside than on the inside. This produces unequal contractions, which may give rise to distortion or cracking. Metal which cools slo

49、wly is less liable to have these internal stresses than metal which cools quickly.,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,On the other hand, we can make steel harder by rapid cooling. We heat it up beyond the critical temperature, and then quench it in water or some other liquid.,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,The

50、rapid temperature drop fixes the structural change in the steel and this hardened steel is more liable to fracture than normal steel. We therefore heat it again to a temperature below the critical temperature, and cool it slowly. This treatment is called tempering,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,. It hel

51、ps to relieve the internal stresses, and makes the steel less brittle than before. The properties of tempered steel enable us to use it in the manufacture of tools which need a fairly hard steel. High carbon steel is harder than tempered steel, but it is much more difficult to work.,1.2Heat Treatmen

52、t of Steel,These heat treatments take place during the various shaping operations. We can obtain bars and sheets of steel by rolling the metal through huge rolls in a rolling mill. The roll pressures must be greater for cold rolling than for hot rolling, but cold rolling enables the operators to pro

53、duce rolls of great accuracy and uniformity, and with a better surface finish.,1.2Heat Treatment of Steel,Other shaping operations include drawing into wire, casting in molds, and forging.,questions,If a workpiece made of steel is too hard to work, what would you do? Generally speaking, what kind of

54、 steel is softer, and what kind is harder? If you want a piece of steel to be harder or softer, what would you do?,1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel,Theoretical study of heat treatment steel was initiated by the discovery of the critical points in steel made by D.K.Chernov in 1868. Chernovs a

55、ssumption that the properties of steels are determined by the structure and that the latter depends on the heating temperature and rate of cooling has been generally recognized.,1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel,During the decades which followed the researchers were engaged in establishing th

56、e relationships between the structure and conditions of its formation (mainly the heating temperature and cooling rate),1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel,The principal achievements in the theory of heat treatment were ,however, made in 1920s and 1930s.,1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel

57、,Metallurgists have gradually come to the conclusion that the type of structure (its texture, properties, etc.) is determined by the temperature of its formation.,1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel,It has become clear that the processes occuring in heat treatment can be explained by studying t

58、he kinetics of transformations at various temperatures and the factors affecting the kinetics.,1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel,These concepts formed the basis of extensive experimental work undertaken by S.S.Steinberg and coworkers in 19301940. They collected a vast experimental material wh

59、ich has constituted the basis of the modern concepts on transformations in steel and the theory of heat treatment of steel.,1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel,Studies in the same direction were started by many researchers in other countries at the same time or somewhat later. Among the pioneers in this field, the names of R.F.Mehl and E.C.Bain(USA), and F.Wever,H.Esser,and H.Hannemann(Germany)should be mentioned first;,1.3 Principle of Heat Treatment of Steel,they carried out numerous and detailed studies into the kinetics of transformations in various steels. The nature of har