1、Interpersonal Funtion(a case study),人際功能定義 人際功能指的是語言除具有講話者的親身經(jīng)歷的功能外，還具有表達講話者的身份、地位、態(tài)度、動機和說話者對事物的推斷、判斷和評價的功能。即人們用言語來和別人交往、建立人際關(guān)系，并且同時表達自己對現(xiàn)實和內(nèi)心世界的看法，甚至影響他人的看法和行為。在系統(tǒng)語法中，人際功能包括三個方面的內(nèi)容：語氣系統(tǒng)、情態(tài)意義和評價系統(tǒng)。,例(1), 以下語篇選自美國總統(tǒng)喬治.W.布什的就職演說： (A ) Together, we will reclaim America s schools, before ignorance and a

2、pathy claim more young lives. ( B)We will reform Social Security and Medicare, sparing our children from struggles we have the power to prevent. And we will reduce taxes, to recover the momentum of our economy and reward the effort and enterprise of working Americans. ( C)We will build our defenses

3、beyond challenge, lest weakness invite challenge. ( D)We will confront weapons of mass destruction, so that a new century is spared new horrors.,語氣： 在演講中, “給予”和 “求取”這兩種言語角色表現(xiàn)得非常明顯。一方面演講者向聽眾提供某種信息, 表明自己的態(tài)度和主張; 另一方面要求或呼吁聽眾采取行動, 按照演講者的意圖去做事。布什通過就職演說呼吁民眾加強團結(jié), 積極參與國家和社區(qū)事務。布什的這篇演說中絕大部分使用的是陳述語氣, 共有 204句, 占

4、整篇演講的 98%, 這主要是因為演講語篇涉及信息 和 服務兩種形式的交換。,情態(tài)： 情態(tài)是人際意義中的重要組成部分之一, 是講話者對自己所講的命題的成功性和有效性的判斷, 或在命題中要求對方承擔的義務, 或在提議中要表達的個人意愿。廣義的情態(tài)還包括意態(tài)，情態(tài)涉及的是信息, 意態(tài)涉及的是貨物和服務。情態(tài)從程度上大體可歸為三種: 高-中-低在表述可能性時, 涉及到消息的可靠程度可分為: 可能的-很可能的-確定的。 在整篇 “演說 ”中, will出現(xiàn) 20次, can出現(xiàn) 3次, should和 would分別出現(xiàn) 1次。 “can”、“must”大量 選取了“will”向聽眾表達他對未來充滿自

5、信心和對全民大眾的許諾,希望人們能夠信任他, 以贏得民心。他也多次使用“can” “ must”, 主要是因為喬治. W. 布什是僥幸擊敗對手, 美國的政治背景不穩(wěn)定, 為了撫平競選 中造成的隔閡, 所以他用“can”和 “ must”來說服民眾相信自已”能夠”, “必須”做任何事情, 以此贏得他人信任。 Question: 語篇中的稱呼語由哪些因素決定的？,例(2),以下語篇選自一則商業(yè)廣告語 Skin that shines,that radiates with that healthy glow. It can happen with Nouvisage. Start applying

6、the mask at the eyes and nose first, youll find the Nouvisage Deep-Hydration Mask Clings to your face like a second skin. Using Nouvisage on a regular basis can bring back the appearance of younger healthier looking skin. When you order now, youll also receive as our special gift to you, a bonus of

7、16 shapes at no extra cost. call our 24-hour hot line 1833311 today, the New Visage month of beauty can be yours and too easy installments of only 275 HK$.,語氣： 本語篇大部分使用陳述語氣，提供產(chǎn)品、服務的相關(guān)信息。 情態(tài)： 英語情態(tài)動詞在英語商業(yè)廣告的情態(tài)系統(tǒng)中使用廣泛， 它們不僅幫助表達了商家對產(chǎn)品或服務的觀點和態(tài)度，而且 在實現(xiàn)引導消費者購買這一廣告目標方面也起著十分重要 的作用。廣告的第一部分是對產(chǎn)品本身的介紹，用 can和wil說

8、明了產(chǎn)品可能在消費者身上產(chǎn)生的不俗功效，促使消費者對產(chǎn)品以及商家產(chǎn)生認可與信心，為消費欲望的產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造了充分條件。其第二部分則是說明顧客如馬上訂貨即可以得到產(chǎn)品以及額外的禮物，這時 can 和 will 的使用則是刺激和鼓勵消費者產(chǎn)生購買意圖的直接信號，極具誘惑力與號召力。因此，can 和 will 的反復使用，既對消費者“曉之以理”，表達了商家對產(chǎn)品功效的觀點和態(tài)度，又對其“動之以情”，刺激和引導消費者對產(chǎn)品進行購買，在情感上很有感染力。,例(3) 對話語篇的分析 The Sound of music （sister Margaretta tells Maria that she is exp

9、ected by the Reverend Mother in her office . Maria follows her in .） Reverend Mother: Youve been unhappy, Im sorry. Maria: Reverend Mother R.M: Why did they send you back to us? Maria: They didnt send me back, Mother, I left R.M: Sit down, Maria. Tell me what happened. Maria: Well, I.I was frightene

10、d. R.M: Frightened? Were they unkind to you? Maria: Oh no . I was confused. I felt.I never felt that way before. I couldnt stay and I knew if I would be away from it ,Ill be safe. R.M: Maria, our Abbey is not used to ba as an escape. What is it that you cant face?,Maria: I cant face him again. R.M:

11、Him?(to sister Margaretta) Thank you, Sister Margaretta.(Sister Margaretta leaves the room.) Captain von Trapp? Are you in love with him? Maria: I dont know , I dont know. The Baroness said I was. She said that he was in love with me, but I didnt want to believe it. Oh, there were times when we look

12、ed at each other. Oh, Mother, I could hardly breathe. R.M: Did you let him see how you felt? Maria: If I did, I didn;t know it. Thats whats been torturing me. I was there on Gods errand. To have asked for his love would have been wrong. I couldnt stay, I just couldnt. I am ready at this moment to ta

13、ke my vows Please help me. R.M: Maria, the love of a man and a woman is holy too. You have a great capacity to love. What you must find our is how God wants you to spend your love.,Maria: But Ive pledged my life to God . Ive pledged my life to his service. R.M: My daughter, if you love this man, it

14、doesnt mean you love God less. Now you must find out。 You must go back. Maria: Oh mother, you cant ask me to do that. Please let me stay. I beg you. R.M: Maria, these walls were not built to shut problems . You have to fave them You have to live the life you were born to live,語篇分析的目的：從語氣和意態(tài)成分的使用，觀察院

15、長嬤嬤如何勸說瑪利亞回到馮.特拉普艦長身邊及院長嬤嬤的性格特點。 語氣： 語氣系統(tǒng)的第一個層次有陳述語氣和祈使語氣的區(qū)別，如果選擇了陳述語氣，還可進一步選擇敘述語氣或疑問語氣；如果選擇祈使語氣，還可進一步選擇是否包括說話者或不包括說話者，而且在每種情況下，說話者和聽話者都擔任不同的角色，擔負不同的社會功能。 這段對話中，院長嬤嬤使用了2個祈使句（sit down, Please tell me what happened）和8個疑問句（帶有問號的句子）以及5次表示高量質(zhì)義務的情態(tài)動詞（三個must,2個have to）,評論 祈使句和大量疑問句以及表示高量質(zhì)義務情態(tài)動詞的使用，是這個語篇的文體特點。院長嬤嬤是2個祈使句和8個疑問句的發(fā)話人，瑪利亞是動作的執(zhí)行者和問題的回答者，說明這兩個參加對話的人的社會地位是不一樣的：一個是修道院的院長，有較大的權(quán)利，瑪利亞是一名見習修女，處于較低的位置。正是通過這種語氣，院長嬤嬤控制了他們對話的內(nèi)容和走向，也正是通過這8個問題，她才了解瑪利亞的內(nèi)心活動，了解她苦惱的原因，這就是這兩種語氣在語篇中的語言功能。同時他們又是生活在修道院這樣一