1、美國(guó)文學(xué)選讀復(fù)習(xí)資料 American Puritanism: the settlement of North American continent by English started in the early 17th century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and fourth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New Worlda migration that

2、 laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. Puritanism, however was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New Zealand; it was also a way of being in the worlda style of response to lived experiencethat has reverberated

3、through American life ever since. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.American Romanticism The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbr

4、eak of the Civil War. Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. (subjectivity) For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.

5、The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow; Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper The Spy (1821) The Leatherstocking Tales (18231841) The Pilot (1824) The Red Rover (1827)

6、 Washington Irving（“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” “Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ”） American TranscendentalismIn the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit

7、of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Transcendentalism The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The

8、 Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming pre

9、sence.WritersEmersons：Nature；Self-Reliance；The American Scholar；The Over-soul；H. D. Thoreau：Walden Henry Wadsworth LongfellowWalt Whitman：Leaves of Grass Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I could not stop for DeathWilliam Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel priceAs I Lay Dying (1930)Light in the A

10、ugust ( 1932)Absalom, Absalom (1936)Go Down Moses (1942) Ernest Hemingway Iceberg Principle (Theory) “grace under pressure”Major Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Catherine Barkley)For Whom the Bell Tolls 1940 (

11、Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago) Herman Melville代表作：白鯨Moby Dick Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet LetterMosses from an Old Manse; Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the Seven Gables Realism As a liter

12、ary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism. This literary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the American literary wri

13、ting known as The Age of Realism. Lost generation: The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2full of youthful idealism, these

14、 individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.American DreamThe is the idea held by many in the Uni

15、ted States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. PuritanismAmerican Pur

16、itanism was practice and belief of Puritans. Puritans were the people who wanted to purify the Church of England and then were persecuted in England. They came to America for various reasons. But because they were a group of serious and religious people, they carried a code of value and a philosophy

17、 of life. To them, religion was the most important thing. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity and limited atonement for Gods grace. They also believed in hard working, piety and sobriety. In a word, American Puritanism exerted great influences upon American th

18、ought and literature.Whatis“stream-of-consciousness”?StreamofconsciousnessisatermcoinedbyWilliamJamesinhisThePrinciplesofPsychologytodescribetheflowofthoughtsofthewakingmind.Nowitiswidelyusedinaliterarycontexttodescribetheunspokenthoughtsandfeelingsofthecharacters,withoutresorting(jiezhu)toobjectivedescriptionorconventionaldialogue.ItwasadaptedanddevelopedbyJoyce,V.Woolf,andothers.The abilitytorepres