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1、Chapter 3 traffic stream characteristics,Traffic stream are made up of individual drivers and vehicles interacting with each other and with the physical elements of the roadway and its general environment. because both driver behavior and vehicle characteristics vary, individual vehicles within the
2、traffic stream do not behave in exactly the same way, even in similar circumstances, because driver behavior varies with local characteristics and driving habits.,5.1 Types of facilities uninterrupted flow interrupted flow Uninterrupted flow facilities have no external in- terruptions to the traffic
3、 stream. Pure uniterrupt- ed flow exists primarily on freeway, where there are no intersections at grade, traffic signals, ST- OP or YIELD signs, or other interruptions exter- nal to the traffic stream itself.,Interrupted flow facilities are those that incorporate fixed external interruptions into t
4、heir design and operation. The most frequent and operationally significant external interruption is the traffic signal. The traffic signal alternatively starts and stops a given traffic stream, creating a platoons of vehicles progressing down the facility.,5.2 Traffic stream parameters (1) macroscop
5、ic parameters volume or rate of flow speed density,(2) Microscopic parameters the speed of individual vehicles headway spacing,volume,Traffic volume is defined as the number of vehicles passing a point on a highway, or a given lane or direction of a highway, during a specified time interval. the uni
6、t of measurement for volume is simply “vehicles,” although it is often expressed as “vehicles per unit time.” 交通量是指在特定的時(shí)間段內(nèi),通過(guò)道路某一地點(diǎn)、某一斷面或某一條車(chē)道的交通實(shí)體數(shù)。測(cè)量交通量的單位通常被稱(chēng)為“輛”,雖然通常被表示為“輛/單位時(shí)間”。時(shí)間的單位通常用“每天”或“每小時(shí)”表示。,hourly volume,Daily volumes are used to establish trends over time, and for general planning p
7、urposes. Detailed design or control decisions require knowledge of hourly volume for the peak hour of the day.,Rate of flow,Rates of flow are generally stated in units of “vehicles per hour,” but represent flows that exist for periods of time less than one hour. A volume of 200 vehicles observed ove
8、r a 15 minute period may be expressed as a rate of 200*4=800 vehicles/hour, even though 800 vehicles would not be observed if the full hour were counted. The 800 vehicles/hour becomes a rate of flow that exists for a 15 minute interval.,Daily Volume,AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic 年平均日交通量) the av
9、erage 24 hour volume at a given location over a full 365 day year; the number of vehicles passing a site in a year divided by 365 days. AAWT (Average Annual Weekday Traffic 年平均工作日交通量) the average 24 day year; the number of vehicles passing a site on weekdays in a year divided by the number of weekda
10、ys.,AWT (Average Weekday Traffic 平均工作日交通量) The average 24hour weekday volume at a given location over a defined time period less than one year; a common application is to measure an ADT for each month of the year. ADT (Average Daily Traffic 平均日交通量) The average 24hour volume at a given location over
11、a defined time period less than one year; a common application is to measure an ADT for each month of the year.,一、交通量的表達(dá)方式在交通量觀測(cè)和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析及實(shí)際應(yīng)用中,常見(jiàn)的交通量有以下幾種: 1平均交通量 由于交通量是隨時(shí)間變化的,對(duì)于不同的計(jì)量時(shí)間,有不同的表達(dá)方式,通常有如下的表達(dá)式: 式中: Qi計(jì)算期內(nèi)各單位時(shí)間的交通量; n計(jì)算期內(nèi)的單位時(shí)間總數(shù)。,二、交通量在空間上的變化 在同一時(shí)間或相似交通條件下,交通量在不同區(qū)段、不同方向和不同車(chē)道上其分布情況不一樣。 1地域分布
12、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)省份與經(jīng)濟(jì)欠發(fā)達(dá)省份之間交通量有明顯差別。 2城鄉(xiāng)分布 一般是城市道路交通量高于郊區(qū)道路,近郊又高于遠(yuǎn)郊,鄉(xiāng)村道路交通量最低。 3方向分布 一條道路往返兩個(gè)方向的交通量,在較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間內(nèi)大體上是相近的。但是在某段時(shí)間內(nèi),兩個(gè)方向的交通量會(huì)有很大差別。(方向分布系數(shù)KD=主要行車(chē)方向交通量/雙向交通量*100%) 4車(chē)道分布 當(dāng)同向車(chē)行道有兩條以上車(chē)道時(shí),處于不同位置的車(chē)道,其交通量分布也不一樣。,三、交通量的時(shí)間分布 交通量隨著時(shí)間變化而出現(xiàn)的變化,反映了社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)等對(duì)交通的需求。 1一年內(nèi)月交通量的變化 一年中每個(gè)月交通量是不相同的。年平均日交通量與月平均日交通量之比,稱(chēng)為交通量月變
13、系數(shù)M(或稱(chēng)月不均系數(shù),月?lián)Q算系數(shù)),即 式中:k當(dāng)月的天數(shù),可以取30、31、28、29天; Qi觀測(cè)日的交通量。 月變系數(shù)表示交通量的月變規(guī)律。,2、一周內(nèi)日交通量的變化 在一周七天中,交通量也是逐日變化的。顯示這種變化的曲線(xiàn)圖,叫交通量日變圖。用各個(gè)周日的交通量日變系數(shù)K日表示交通量的日變規(guī)律。 交通量日變系數(shù)K日,是以年平均日交通量(AADT);除以某周日的平均日交通量(ADT);某周日的平均日交通量等于全年所有某周日交通量的總和除以全年某周日的總天數(shù)。即 式中: Qi周 i的平均交通量,在實(shí)際計(jì)算時(shí),Volume,Hourly volumes and peak hour volume
14、 (小時(shí)流量,高峰小時(shí)流量) Daily volumes, while useful for planning purposes, cannot be used alone for design or operational analysis purposes. Volume varies considerable over the 24 hours of the day, with periods maximum flow occurring during the morning and evening commuter “rush hours”. The single hour of th
15、e day that has the highest hourly volume is referred to as the peak hour. the peak-hour volume is generally stated as a directional volume.,Traffic going one way during the morning peak is going the opposite way during the evening peak, both sides of a facility must generally be designed to accommod
16、ate the peak directional flow during the peak hour.,DDHV=AADT*K*D K: proportion of daily traffic occurring during the peak hour D: proportion of peak hour traffic traveling in the peak direction of flow For design , the proportion of AADT occurring during the 30th peak hour of the year, If the 365 p
17、eak hour volumes of the year at a given location are listed in descending order, the 30th peak hour is 30th on the list and represents a volume that is exceeded in only 29 hours of the year.,課堂練習(xí): 某公路需要進(jìn)行拓寬改建,經(jīng)調(diào)查預(yù)測(cè)得該公路在規(guī)劃年的年平均日交通量為50000輛小汽車(chē)/日。設(shè)計(jì)小時(shí)交通量系數(shù)K=0.15.取一條車(chē)道的設(shè)計(jì)通行能力為1500輛小汽車(chē)/h。試問(wèn)該公路該修幾條車(chē)道?,Subh
18、ourly volumes and rate of flow,Volumes observed for periods of less than one hour are generally expressed as equivalent hourly rates of flow. For example, 1000vehicles counted over a 15-minute interval could be expressed as 1000 vehs/0.25h=4000veh/h. the rate of flow of 4000veh/h is valid for the 15
19、-minute period in which the volume of 1000 vehs was observed.Table5.3 illustrates the difference between volumes and rates of flow.,PHF=hourly volume/ max rate of flow,Rate of flow (流率)- defined as an equivalent hourly volume for a given interval (interval can be 5, 10, 15 minutes) Peak hour factor
20、(高峰小時(shí)系數(shù)) DDHV (Directional Design Hourly Volume 設(shè)計(jì)小時(shí)流量) PCE and PCU (小汽車(chē)當(dāng)量),2高峰小時(shí)交通量 指一天內(nèi)的交通高峰期間連續(xù)1h的最大小時(shí)交通量。 3第30位小時(shí)交通量 將一年當(dāng)中8760個(gè)小時(shí)交通量,按大小次序排列,從大到小排列序號(hào)為第30位的那個(gè)小時(shí)的交通量,稱(chēng)為第 30位小時(shí)交通量。 圖31一年中小時(shí)交通量變化曲線(xiàn)圖,根據(jù)某地區(qū)交通量的日變系數(shù)和月變系數(shù),以在觀測(cè)到某月某日的實(shí)際交通量后,大致預(yù)測(cè)當(dāng)年的年平均日交通量。預(yù)算公式如下: AADT=Qij.K月i.K日j 式中:Qij 第i月某天(星期j)的實(shí)測(cè)交通量;
21、K月i第i月的交通量月變系數(shù); K日j星期j的交通量日變系數(shù)。,例33 某地四月K月4=0.945,K日4= 1.223,實(shí)際觀測(cè)到該地某道路上2000年4月13日(星期四)的交通量為3558輛,試推算該地此道路2000年的年平均日交通量。 解:AADT35580.945l.2234112輛日) 則,該條道路上2000年的年平均日交通量大約為4100輛左右。,3交通量在一日中的小時(shí)變化 一天24h內(nèi)交通量分布也不均勻,若繪成分布曲線(xiàn),一般呈現(xiàn)出兩個(gè)高峰值,一個(gè)出現(xiàn)在上午,一個(gè)出現(xiàn)在下午。 (1)高峰小時(shí)交通量占該日交通量的百分比,稱(chēng)為高峰小時(shí)流量比,反映高峰小時(shí)流量的集中程度,并可供高峰小時(shí)交
22、通量與日交通量之間作相互換算之用。 (2)高峰小時(shí)系數(shù)PHF 高峰小時(shí)系數(shù)就是高峰小時(shí)交通量與高峰小時(shí)內(nèi)某一段的交通量擴(kuò)大為高峰小時(shí)的交通量之比。,當(dāng)t5min時(shí): 當(dāng)t15min時(shí):,例3-4 某公路交通量調(diào)查結(jié)果,已知高峰小時(shí)為8:40-9:40表(3-3),高峰小時(shí)交通量為每小時(shí)1312輛,求5min和15min高峰小時(shí)系數(shù) 某公路高峰小時(shí)交通量 表3-3,4交通量在一日的晝夜比例 晝夜16h(或12h)的交通量占日交通量之比,稱(chēng)為晝間流量比。(夜間8h或12h)的交通量占日交通量之比稱(chēng)為夜間流量比。由于夜間調(diào)查交通量工作量大,但年平均日交通量是一天24h的交通量。若已知晝間或夜間流量比
23、,則只需觀測(cè)晝間流量而推算出日交通量。,Volume characteristics,Volume Rate of flow Damand capacity,Volume is the number of vehicles passing a point during a specified time period, which is usually one hour, but need not be. rate of flow is the rate at which vehicles pass a point during a specified time period less than
24、 one hour, expressed as an equivalent hourly rate. demand is the number of vehicles that desire to travel past a point during a specified period(also usually one hour).demand is frequently higher than actual volumes where congestion exists. Some trips divert to alternative routes, while other trips
25、are simply not made.,Capacity is the maximum rate at which vehicles can traverse a point or short segment during a specified time period. It is a characteristic of the roadway. Actual volume can never be observed at levels higher than the true capacity of the section. However, such results may appea
26、r, because capacity is most often estimated using standard analysis procedures of the highway capacity manual.,Volume would be the number of vehicles counted passing the study location in the hour. Demand would be the volume plus the vehicles of motorists wishing to pass the site during the study ho
27、ur who were prevented from doing so by congestion. The latter would include motorists in queue waiting to reach the study location,motorists using alternative routes to avoid the congestion around the study location, and motorists deciding not to travel at all due to the existing congestion.,Capacit
28、y would be the maximum volume that could be accommodated by the highway at the study location.,第二節(jié) 統(tǒng)計(jì)交通量的方法,一、手工計(jì)數(shù)法 1人工紙上計(jì)數(shù)法 記錄可用一定格式的表格登記,累計(jì)記錄時(shí),應(yīng)按所取時(shí)段(5min、15min或1h)分別累計(jì)。表34為人工觀測(cè)記錄表格式之一。 交通量統(tǒng)計(jì)表 表3-4,人工統(tǒng)計(jì)方法是我國(guó)最常用的方法,適合在任何地點(diǎn)、任何情況進(jìn)行交通量進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),機(jī)動(dòng)靈活易于掌握,但長(zhǎng)時(shí)間連續(xù)觀測(cè)時(shí),精度不易保證。,2流動(dòng)車(chē)法 是英國(guó)運(yùn)輸與道路研究室的沃爾卓普(Wardrop)和查爾斯
29、沃斯(Charlesorth)在1954年提出來(lái)的。該方法靈活、方便,根據(jù)調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)資料,可以同時(shí)計(jì)算出交通量、平均行駛車(chē)速、平均運(yùn)行時(shí)間等。 使用該方法進(jìn)行調(diào)查時(shí),一般需要觀測(cè)車(chē)一輛,駕駛員1人,觀測(cè)記錄人員3名。其中1人記錄與觀測(cè)車(chē)反向行駛的會(huì)車(chē)數(shù),1人記錄與觀測(cè)車(chē)同向行駛的超車(chē)數(shù)和被超車(chē)數(shù),另1人記錄觀測(cè)車(chē)順向行駛時(shí)間和反向行駛時(shí)間。行程為固定路段的已知距離。一般往返1216次,即可得到滿(mǎn)意的結(jié)果。,測(cè)觀路段上往返方向上的交通量分別為: 平均行駛時(shí)間: 并由此而推導(dǎo)出平均車(chē)速:,式中:qE與測(cè)試車(chē)行進(jìn)方向相同的單向交通量(輛h); Xw測(cè)試車(chē)行進(jìn)方向行駛時(shí)的會(huì)車(chē)數(shù)(輛); YE超越測(cè)試車(chē)
30、的車(chē)輛數(shù)(輛); ZE被測(cè)試車(chē)超越的車(chē)數(shù)(輛); tE觀測(cè)車(chē)沿測(cè)定方向行駛的時(shí)間(min); tW觀測(cè)車(chē)與測(cè)定方向相反時(shí)的行駛時(shí)間 (min); L測(cè)試路段長(zhǎng)度(km); VE在測(cè)試路段上測(cè)定方向的平均車(chē)速(kmh)。,例3-5 在長(zhǎng)1.35km長(zhǎng)的一段東西向街道上,用測(cè)試車(chē)往返12次觀測(cè)同向和逆向車(chē)數(shù)的記錄結(jié)果如下,求該路段的車(chē)流量和車(chē)速。,用流動(dòng)車(chē)法調(diào)查交通量要使觀測(cè)車(chē)的車(chē)速盡可能接近車(chē)流的平均速度,當(dāng)交通量很小時(shí),則應(yīng)接近調(diào)查路段的限制車(chē)速。對(duì)于多車(chē)道的情況,最好變換車(chē)道行駛。另外,要盡可能使超車(chē)數(shù)與被超車(chē)數(shù)接近平衡,特別當(dāng)交通量不高時(shí)更應(yīng)如此。,Speed,Time mean spee
31、d (TMS,時(shí)間平均車(chē)速) the average speed of all vehicles passing a point on a highway or lane over some specified time period. Space mean speed (SMS,空間平均車(chē)速) the average speed of all vehicles occupying a given section of highway or lane over some specified time period.,To measure time mean speed(TMS), an obs
32、erver would stand by the side of the road and record the speed of each vehilce as it passes. Given the speeds and the spacing shown in Figure5.1, a vehicle will pass the observer in lane A every 176/88=2s. thus , as long as the traffic stream maintains the conditions shown, for every n vehicles trav
33、eling at 88ft/s, the observer will also observe n vehicles traveling at 44ft/s. the TMS may then be computed as:,To measure space mean speed (SMS), an observer would need an elevated location from which the full extent of the section may be viewed. Again, however, as long as the traffic stream remai
34、ns stable and uniform, as shown, there will be twice as many vehicles in lane B as there are in lane A. therefore, the SMS is computed as:,TMS is computed by finding each individual vehicle speed and taking a simple average of the results. SMS is computed by finding the average travel time for a veh
35、icle to traverse the section and using the average travel time to compute a speed.,例對(duì)長(zhǎng)為100m的路段進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀測(cè),獲得數(shù)據(jù)如表41所列:車(chē)速觀測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)表 4-1 試求其時(shí)間平均車(chē)速與空間平均車(chē)速?,解:,Percentile (百分位)- a value in a distribution for which the stated percentage of the population has a characteristics that is less than or equal to the speci
36、fied value, 15, 50 and 85 percentiles are very common,交通流速度的概念,一、速度的概念 設(shè)車(chē)輛在t時(shí)間內(nèi)、在道路上行駛L距離,則車(chē)速可用Lt形式表示。,二、速度的表示方式 1、地點(diǎn)車(chē)速(又叫點(diǎn)車(chē)速或瞬時(shí)車(chē)速) 它是車(chē)輛駛過(guò)道路上某一斷面時(shí)的瞬時(shí)速度,觀測(cè)距離很短,以行駛該距離的時(shí)間小于2s為限。 汽車(chē)上車(chē)速里程表指示的車(chē)速、交通標(biāo)志中限制的車(chē)速和雷達(dá)測(cè)速儀測(cè)得的車(chē)速均為地點(diǎn)車(chē)速,它是用作道路設(shè)計(jì)、交通管理和規(guī)劃的依據(jù)。,2、行駛車(chē)速 它是指車(chē)輛在某一路段所行距離,用有效行駛時(shí)間(不包括停車(chē)時(shí)間)除之所求的車(chē)速。 行駛車(chē)速用來(lái)分析道路區(qū)段行駛
37、難易程度和設(shè)計(jì)道路通行能力以及車(chē)輛運(yùn)行的成本效益分析。,3、行程車(chē)速 行程車(chē)速又稱(chēng)區(qū)間車(chē)速或運(yùn)送速度,是車(chē)輛行駛路程與通過(guò)該路程所需的總時(shí)間(包括停車(chē)時(shí)間)之比。行程車(chē)速是一項(xiàng)綜合性指標(biāo),用以評(píng)價(jià)道路的通暢程度,估計(jì)行車(chē)延誤情況。要提高運(yùn)輸效率歸根結(jié)底是要提高車(chē)輛的行程車(chē)速。,4、計(jì)算車(chē)速 計(jì)算車(chē)速又稱(chēng)設(shè)計(jì)車(chē)速是指在道路交通與氣候條件良好的情況下僅受道路條件限制所能保持的最大安全車(chē)速,用作道路線(xiàn)形幾何設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。,二、時(shí)間平均車(chē)速和區(qū)間平均車(chē)速 1、時(shí)間平均車(chē)速 車(chē)輛通過(guò)道路某斷面時(shí),某段時(shí)間內(nèi)車(chē)速分布的平均值,稱(chēng)為時(shí)間平均車(chē)速,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)平均車(chē)速。它的大小就是地點(diǎn)車(chē)速觀測(cè)值的算術(shù)平均值。其數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)
38、式為: 式中:vt時(shí)間平均車(chē)速; i第i輛車(chē)的地點(diǎn)車(chē)速; n觀測(cè)的車(chē)輛數(shù)。,2、區(qū)間平均車(chē)速(即路段平均車(chē)速) 某瞬間道路上某區(qū)間內(nèi)全部車(chē)輛車(chē)速分布的調(diào)和平均值,或者定義為一批車(chē)輛通過(guò)某一路段時(shí),其行駛距離與各輛車(chē)行程時(shí)間的平均值之比。其數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式分別為: 式中:vs區(qū)間平均車(chē)速; ti第i輛車(chē)行駛l距離所用時(shí)間; n觀測(cè)到的車(chē)輛數(shù); l行駛路段的長(zhǎng)度。,3、兩者之間的關(guān)系 時(shí)間平均車(chē)速和區(qū)間平均車(chē)速都是描述交通流運(yùn)行速度的指標(biāo)。前者用于描述某地點(diǎn)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)交通流的平均運(yùn)行速度;后者用于描述某一路段某一瞬間交通流的平均運(yùn)行速度。 利用下式可用時(shí)間平均車(chē)速推求區(qū)間平均車(chē)速: 式中:2t時(shí)間平均車(chē)
39、速觀測(cè)值的方差。,當(dāng)由區(qū)間平均車(chē)速推求時(shí)間平均車(chē)速時(shí),可用下式: 式中:2s區(qū)間平均車(chē)速觀測(cè)值的方差。,Density,It is defined as the number of vehicles occupying a given length of highway or lane and is generally expressed as vehicles per kilometer per lane. Difficult to obtain from the field - using occupancy (占用率)which is defined as the proportion
40、of time that a detector is covered by a vehicle in the specified period of time,Eg: consider a case in which a detector records an occupancy of 0.2 for a 15min analysis period. If the average length of a vehicle is 28 ft, and the detector is 3 ft long, what is the density?,車(chē)道占有率 1、空間占有率 公路的單位面積中各車(chē)輛所
41、占面積的總和。一般將公路一定路段上的車(chē)輛總長(zhǎng)度與路段長(zhǎng)度之比的百分?jǐn)?shù)作為空間占有率。 式中:Rs空間占有率(); L觀測(cè)路段總長(zhǎng)度(m); ti第i輛車(chē)的長(zhǎng)度(m); n該路段的車(chē)輛數(shù)。,例: 某路段長(zhǎng)200m,有8輛大汽車(chē)(平均長(zhǎng)度為10)、4輛小汽車(chē)(平均長(zhǎng)度為5m), 則:,2、時(shí)間占有率 在公路的任一短路段上,車(chē)輛通過(guò)時(shí)間的累計(jì)值與觀測(cè)時(shí)間的比值,以百分?jǐn)?shù)表示,即為時(shí)間占有率。其表達(dá)式如下: 式中:Rt時(shí)間占有率(); T觀測(cè)時(shí)間(s); ti第i輛車(chē)通過(guò)觀測(cè)路段所用的時(shí)間(s) ; n在觀測(cè)時(shí)間內(nèi)通過(guò)觀測(cè)路段的車(chē)輛數(shù)。,例:在30s測(cè)定的時(shí)間內(nèi),4輛車(chē)通過(guò)觀測(cè)斷面所占的時(shí)間分別為0.
42、5s,0.7s,1.0s,1.1s, 則:,Spacing (車(chē)頭間距)and headway (車(chē)頭時(shí)距) spacing is defined as the distance between successive vehicles in a traffic lane; 同向行駛的一列車(chē)隊(duì)中相鄰兩車(chē)車(chē)頭之間的距離。The average spacing in a traffic lane can be directly related to the density of the lane. headway is defined as the time interval between suc
43、cessive vehicles as they pass a point along the lane;車(chē)輛通過(guò)道路某一點(diǎn)時(shí)相鄰兩車(chē)之間的時(shí)間間隔。,Average speed can also be computed from headway and spacing measurements as: A sample problem Traffic in a congested multilane highway lane is observed to have an average spacing of 200ft, and an average headway of 3.8s . Es
44、timate the rate of flow, density and speed of traffic in this lane.,交通流密度,一、交通流密度的定義 1、交通流密度 (又稱(chēng)車(chē)流密度)是指在某一時(shí)刻,某單位長(zhǎng)的路段上一條車(chē)道或幾條車(chē)道內(nèi)的車(chē)輛數(shù)。 它是反映道路上車(chē)輛的密集程度、衡量道路上車(chē)流暢通情況的重要指標(biāo)。交通流密度一般可用下式表示: 式中:K交通流密度(輛km); L道路長(zhǎng)度(km ); N在L長(zhǎng)的道路上擁有的車(chē)輛數(shù)(輛)。,例:一條雙車(chē)道(雙向)道路,在某一時(shí)刻,在250m長(zhǎng)的路段內(nèi),每條車(chē)道上有兩輛車(chē),則:,2、臨界密度 在交通流密度中,能夠使道路上的交通量達(dá)到最大
45、值時(shí)的密度,又稱(chēng)為最佳車(chē)流密度; 3、阻塞密度 道路上的車(chē)流使車(chē)輛幾乎無(wú)法行進(jìn),即發(fā)生交通阻塞時(shí)的交通流密度,稱(chēng)為阻塞密度。,二、車(chē)頭間距與車(chē)頭時(shí)距 1、車(chē)頭間距 是指同向行駛的一列車(chē)隊(duì)中,兩連續(xù)行駛的車(chē)輛車(chē)頭之間的距離。路段中所有車(chē)頭間距的平均值,稱(chēng)為平均車(chē)頭間距,單位為m輛。 交通密度和車(chē)頭間距呈互為倒數(shù)關(guān)系,即: 式中:K交通密度; hs平均車(chē)頭間距(m輛)。,2、極限車(chē)頭間距 在交通流的不同車(chē)頭間距中,可以保證行車(chē)安全的最短車(chē)頭間距,稱(chēng)為極限車(chē)頭間距。 3、車(chē)頭時(shí)距 在同向行駛的一列車(chē)隊(duì)中,兩連續(xù)行駛的車(chē)輛之車(chē)頭駛過(guò)某一點(diǎn)時(shí)的時(shí)間間隔,稱(chēng)為車(chē)頭時(shí)距。 4、極限車(chē)頭時(shí)距 能夠保證行車(chē)安全
46、的最短車(chē)頭時(shí)距,稱(chēng)為極限車(chē)頭時(shí)距。,Relationship among volume, speed and density,The Greenshields linear model,Greenbergs logarithmic model,Underwoods exponential (負(fù)指數(shù))model,Derivation of flow-speed and flow-density relationships under Greenshields,Eg:consider greenshields linear speed-density model, selected for its
47、 simplicity. Assume that a speed-density study has resulted in the following calibrated relationship: S=55-0.45D Mathematical models for speed-density may also be manipulated to determine(1)free-flow speed;(2)jam density;(3)capacity?,Based on Greenbergs speed-density model and Underwoods speed-densi
48、ty model, substantiate that the capacity for Greenberg and Underwood is as follows: Greenberg Underwood,As the model was that put forward by Greenberg, showing a logarithmic relationship:,V= DS=D,帶入格林柏格公式得:,最后:,Underwood公式:,V= DS=D,三參數(shù)之間的關(guān)系,一、交通流的三個(gè)參數(shù)關(guān)系 描述交通流的三個(gè)參數(shù)是交通量、速度和交通密度,它們之間的關(guān)系可以用下式表示: 式中:Q交通量
49、(輛/h); V速度(kmh); K交通密度(輛km)。,二、交通量、速度和交通密度的關(guān)系曲線(xiàn) 由交通量、速度和交通密度三者關(guān)系圖可見(jiàn): 交通量、速度和交通密度的關(guān)系圖,(1)Qm是速度-流量圖上的峰值,表示最大流量。 (2)Vm是流量取最大值(QQm)時(shí)的速度,稱(chēng)為臨界速度。 (3)在速度、密度圖上,車(chē)輛減少,密度隨著變小,速度增大。當(dāng)密度趨于零時(shí),速度可達(dá)最大值,這時(shí)車(chē)輛可暢行無(wú)阻,所以Vf是暢行速度。若車(chē)輛增多時(shí);則密度增大,車(chē)速隨之減小。當(dāng)密度達(dá)到最大值Kj時(shí),車(chē)流受阻即Q = 0。此時(shí)的密度Kj稱(chēng)阻塞密度。,(4)在流量一密度圖上,密度過(guò)小,速度雖大,但流量仍達(dá)不到最大值。密度過(guò)大,
50、速度會(huì)降低,流量也不能有最大值。只有當(dāng)密度合適時(shí),通過(guò)的流量才最大,對(duì)應(yīng)流量為最大值的密度稱(chēng)為最佳密度,用Km表示。,速度和密度之間的關(guān)系,1933年,格林希爾茲(Greenshields)提出了速度一密度線(xiàn)性模型。 式中:Vf一暢行速度; Kj阻塞密度。,這一模型較為直觀、實(shí)用,且與實(shí)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)擬合良好。,當(dāng)K0時(shí),V值可達(dá)理論最高速度,即暢行速度Vf。實(shí)際上,AE線(xiàn)不與縱坐標(biāo)軸相交,而是趨于該軸因?yàn)樵诘缆飞现辽儆幸惠v車(chē)V以速度Vf行駛。這時(shí),Vf只受道路條件限制。該圖也可以表示流量,根據(jù)直線(xiàn)關(guān)系,直線(xiàn)上任意點(diǎn)的縱橫坐標(biāo)與原點(diǎn)O所圍成的面積表示交通量,如運(yùn)行點(diǎn)C,速度為Vm,密度為Km,其交通量為 QmVmKm,即圖上的矩形面積。,當(dāng)車(chē)流密度很大時(shí),用直線(xiàn)關(guān)系描述就不準(zhǔn)確了,可以采用格林伯(Greenberg)提出的對(duì)數(shù)模型: 當(dāng)密度很小時(shí),可采用安德伍德(Underwood)提出的指數(shù)模型:,交通量和密度的關(guān)系,可由格林希爾茲模型導(dǎo)出。 上式是二次函數(shù)關(guān)系,可用一條拋物線(xiàn)表示,如圖所示。 交通量和密度的關(guān)系圖,當(dāng)交通密度為零時(shí),流量為零,故曲線(xiàn)通過(guò)坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn)。當(dāng)交通密度增加,流量增
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