1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法與詞匯第一章時(shí)態(tài)英語(yǔ)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)是一種動(dòng)詞的形式，不同的時(shí)態(tài)用以表示在不同的時(shí)間完成的動(dòng)作或保持的狀態(tài)。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，這里將重點(diǎn)講解其中較常用的十種時(shí)態(tài)?，F(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞do為例，將英語(yǔ)十六種時(shí)態(tài)列表如下： 一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在dodoesamisaredoinghavehasdonehavehasbeen doing過去didwasweredoinghad donehad been doing將來shallwilldoshallwillbe doingshallwillhave doneshallwillhave been doing過去將

2、來woulddowouldbe doingwouldhave donewouldhave been doing一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)( The Present Indefinite Tense)1. 用于表示客觀事實(shí), 現(xiàn)在反復(fù)發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作以及存在的特征、狀態(tài)等,常與often, always, sometimes, usually, once a week, every day, seldom等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。【例句】The earth revolves around the sun.The students get up at six thirty every morning.2. 表示按計(jì)劃

3、或安排好的將來的動(dòng)作,常使用arrive, be, go, start, stay等動(dòng)詞?！纠洹縏here is a dancing party tonight.The plane arrives in Beijing at three this afternoon.3. 用在以as soon as, when, after, while, as, until, till, whenever, the monment, the minute, immediately, directly等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中或以if, unless, as/so long as, in case, provi

4、ded that等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，代替一般將來時(shí)?！纠洹縄ll ring you as soon as he comes back. If it is fine tomorrow we will go swimming.The machine starts running the moment the button is pressed.l 注：if條件句中，有will出現(xiàn)時(shí)，will是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，意義為“愿意”，“肯”。二、一般過去時(shí)( The Past Indefinite Tense)一般過去時(shí)用于表示過去某時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期內(nèi)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài), 也可表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。常與表明過去時(shí)間

5、的狀語(yǔ)連用,如yesterday, then, just now, last month, two days ago, in 1990, 或由when或while等引導(dǎo)的表明過去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句?！纠洹縒e met him last week.Where did you live when you were young?He used to do fourteen hours a day.l 提示：一般過去時(shí)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，只說明過去。三、一般將來時(shí)(The Future Indefinite Tense)一般將來時(shí)用來表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，也可表示將來反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)

6、慣性的動(dòng)作。【例句】We shall (will) go to Nanjing tomorrow morning.He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic.The students will have five English classes per week this term.l 提示：表示將來時(shí)態(tài)的其他形式與用法：1“be going to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示（能看出跡象）很快就要發(fā)生的事情或打算要做的事。It is going to rain.2“be to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示安排好的動(dòng)作或安排別人去做的事。The

7、y are to meet in front of the hall.You are not to bring any materials to the exam room.3“be about to +動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的或正要做的事。The conference is about to begin.4“be +現(xiàn)在分詞”有時(shí)可表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的一個(gè)動(dòng)作，但僅適用于少數(shù)的一些動(dòng)詞（如arrive, come, go, leave, start等）而且常跟表示較近將來的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。My friend is arriving here the day after tomorrow.l 提

8、示：在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中第一、二、三人稱都用“will+動(dòng)詞原形”四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（The Present Continuous Tense）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。但表示后一種情況時(shí)，動(dòng)作此刻不一定正在進(jìn)行?！纠洹縒e are making an experiment now.Steve is studying Chinese in Beijing.另外，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)也可用來給習(xí)慣動(dòng)作加上贊賞或討厭等感情色彩。【例句】He is always cooking some delicious food for her family.He is always finding fault w

9、ith his employees.l 提示：并非所有動(dòng)詞都有進(jìn)行時(shí)，有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動(dòng)詞通常無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)，除非這類動(dòng)詞的詞義發(fā)生變化。這類動(dòng)詞有: be, love, like, hate, believe, think（認(rèn)為）, feel, seem等?！纠洹緿o you see anyone over there?Are you seeing someone off? （see off 意為“為送行”）五、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(The Past Continuous Tense)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或過去某階段內(nèi)正在發(fā)生或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。通常帶有一個(gè)表示過去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)

10、從句或能通過上下文判斷的過去時(shí)間。【例句】We were having a preparatory meeting at two-thirty yesterday afternoon.She was writing a composition when you came in.Bill was coughing all night long.六、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(The Future Continuous Tense)將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)可能正在發(fā)生或持續(xù)的動(dòng)作?！纠洹縄ll be reading this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in th

11、e town will be meeting them at the station.七、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(The Present Perfect Tense)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示目前已完成或剛剛完成的動(dòng)作，也可以表示從過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生，現(xiàn)在仍延續(xù)著的動(dòng)作或情況。經(jīng)常與for+一段時(shí)間或與since（+時(shí)間一點(diǎn)）引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用，也可與一些表示不確定過去時(shí)間的副詞連用，如already, before, ever, never, just, once, recently, yet, up to now, so far, thus far, up till/to now, in the last/pas

12、t few years等。【例句】We have been to Shanghai once.They have already finished the task.He has studied English for more than 10 years.He has studied English since 1991/ since he was twelve.So far everything has been successful.八、過去完成時(shí)(The Past Perfect Tense)過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。在時(shí)間上,它屬于“過去的過去”。在句中常有

13、明顯的參照動(dòng)作或有表示“到過去某時(shí)為止”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如by, before等介詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句?！纠洹緽y the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.The plane had taken off before we got to the airport.They found that a stream had formed in the field.l 提示：在由after, as soon as, before等連詞引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中，由于連詞本身已明確動(dòng)作發(fā)生的次序，所以，這個(gè)從句

14、也可以用一般過去時(shí)表示，不一定用過去完成時(shí)?！纠洹縎tudents went out after the bell rang.I informed him of the progress of the work as soon as I arrived here.l 提示：在It is/ was the first/second/last time that 句型中，that后的從句謂語(yǔ)用現(xiàn)在/過去完成時(shí)?！纠洹縄s it the first time youve visited the city?That was the second time that Id visited Engla

15、nd that year.九、將來完成時(shí)(The Future Perfect Tense)將來完成時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)前將已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，也可以用來表示推測(cè)。【例句】By this time next year they will have built a hotel here.Hurry up! Or the train will have left before we get to the station.十、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(The Present Perfect Continuous Tense) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從過去某時(shí)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。此動(dòng)作或情況可能已停止，也可能繼續(xù)下去

16、。但強(qiáng)調(diào)到說話時(shí)為止一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作?！纠洹縏hey have been working for IBM for 15 years.I have been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come.有些動(dòng)詞如play, stay, study, teach, wait等，在表示一直繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作時(shí)，可以用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，或用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Bill has played (has been playing) basketball since he was sixteen years old.l 提示：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別是：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)過

17、去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。后者強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性?！纠洹縄 have thought it over. 我已經(jīng)考慮過這件事了。I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考慮這件事。十一、考點(diǎn)考試中出現(xiàn)最多的時(shí)態(tài)是將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，時(shí)間或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。針對(duì)這類題目，考生首先要抓住的就是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，判斷是現(xiàn)在時(shí)間、將來時(shí)間還是過去時(shí)間？是短暫時(shí)間還是延續(xù)時(shí)間？其次要考慮主從句動(dòng)作的先后問題?？崭裰袘?yīng)填入的動(dòng)詞是發(fā)生在題干動(dòng)詞之前還是之后，抑或同時(shí)發(fā)生，據(jù)此判斷正確的時(shí)態(tài)。l 時(shí)態(tài)一致問題時(shí)態(tài)一致主要指主從復(fù)合句中

18、，從句動(dòng)詞必須與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞保持時(shí)態(tài)一致；當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)不受影響；當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，從句動(dòng)詞則要變成相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài)。時(shí)態(tài)一致主要存在于賓語(yǔ)從句和間接引語(yǔ)中，如：【例句】Will you tell me who set the record?I hadnt expected that you would come so early.She said that she hadnt recognized me.但是，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句和間接引語(yǔ)中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作表示一個(gè)不變的事實(shí)或至今仍然如此的狀況時(shí)，則可以不作任何時(shí)態(tài)調(diào)整，如：Copernicus put forwar

19、d that the sun, instead of the earth, is the center of the universe.1. 第二章語(yǔ)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)(Voice)是說明句子中的主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(Active Voice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(Passive Voice)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者。一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式：由“be（助動(dòng)詞）+過去分詞（及物動(dòng)詞）”構(gòu)成。Be 隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的不同而變化。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式見下表（以provide為例）：一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在amisareprovid

20、edamisarebeing providedhashavebeen provided過去waswereprovidedwaswerebeing providedhad been provided將來shallwillbe providedshallwillhave been provided過去將來wouldbe providedwouldhave been providedl 提示: 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒有完成進(jìn)行和將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：1當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不明確或無(wú)需指出時(shí)【例句】Printing was introduced into Europe from China.A lectur

21、e on English literature will be given tonight.2為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者【例句】Four people were killed and thirty injured in the bomb attack.Susan was singled out for praise yesterday.3為了修辭的需要 【例句】 He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.Yesterday he visited our unive

22、rsity and was welcomed by the President.l 提示:1除及物動(dòng)詞外，一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如call on, carry out, look after, deal with, take care of等也可使用被動(dòng)態(tài)形式，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)被視為不可分割的一部分，一般不拆開使用。This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.My younger brother is well looked after (by my grandma).2不及物動(dòng)詞（或相當(dāng)于一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）和表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞（或

23、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）無(wú)被動(dòng)態(tài)形式，如：happen, rise, occur, take place, break out等;以及l(fā)ack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like等。The story happened in 1949.The committee consists of ten members.3將主動(dòng)態(tài)形式改為被動(dòng)態(tài)形式時(shí)，如遇到帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞如buy，give，send，show，teach，tell，write等，只能將其中之一變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，另一個(gè)保持不變。當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，保持在原位的

24、間接賓語(yǔ)前需加介詞to。主動(dòng)句：We teach the students English in a new way. 被動(dòng)句：The students are taught English in a new way.English is taught to the students in a new way.三、考點(diǎn)在歷年考試中，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般不作為單獨(dú)的測(cè)試項(xiàng)目出現(xiàn)，都是與時(shí)態(tài)，虛擬語(yǔ)氣，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞等語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目一起出現(xiàn)。另外還要注意下列幾種特殊的被動(dòng)情況：1形式主動(dòng)但意義被動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞一些動(dòng)詞的某些用法采用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。常見的這類動(dòng)詞有sell, read, wash, wear, cut

25、, spread, iron, open, peel等。【例句】His new book is selling badly.The shop doesnt open on Sundays.These oranges peel well.2主動(dòng)不定式代替被動(dòng)不定式1) 當(dāng)不定式作表語(yǔ)形容詞的補(bǔ)足成分時(shí)，主語(yǔ)又是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)，不定式要用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。不定式的這種用法經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在形容詞easy, hard, difficult, comfortable, interesting, nice, heavy, dangerous等之后。【例句】Mary is easy to teach. His

26、 theory is difficult to understand.The river is dangerous to bathe in.2) to blame（為發(fā)生的某種壞事承擔(dān)責(zé)任）常以主動(dòng)形式出現(xiàn)卻表示被動(dòng)含義?！緦?shí)例】Nobody was to blame for the accident. 對(duì)于這起事故，誰(shuí)也不能責(zé)怪。The mother didnt know who _ for the broken glass. A. blamed B. be blamed C. to blame D. would blame ( C )（2002.1）3以主動(dòng)的動(dòng)名詞形式表示被動(dòng)含義。1)

27、這一用法主要出現(xiàn)在表示“需要” 的動(dòng)詞need, want, require之后，多數(shù)情況下由事物充當(dāng)其主語(yǔ)，偶爾可以由人作主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，也可以用被動(dòng)的不定式替代，而句子含義沒有差別?！緦?shí)例】The floor requires washing/ to be washed.The house wanted repairing, unless he decided to move to the country. The patient will need looking after. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done

28、tomorrow.A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut ( C ) (1997.6)2) 在形容詞worth（值得做某事，有做某事的價(jià)值）之后，并且worth 后的動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系?！緦?shí)例】The book is worth reading. What a lovely party! Its worth _ all my life. A. remembering B. to remember C. to be remembered D. being remembered ( A ) (2002.6)名詞性從句名詞性從句(the noun

29、clause)是在句中主要起名詞作用的各類從句的統(tǒng)稱，主要包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)這些名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞包括：從屬連詞that，if，whether；連接代詞who，whoever，whom，whomever，which，whichever，what，whatever，whose；連接副詞where，when，why，how。其中，從屬連詞只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何句法成分，而連接代詞和連接副詞既起連接作用，又在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。【例句】That Owen should have married his cousin is not at all surpri

30、sing. (that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句)The fact is that he didnt go to the dinner party. (that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句)I dont know if he will attend the meeting. (that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句)Have you heard the news that Mary is going to marry Tom? 你聽說瑪麗要和湯姆結(jié)婚的消息了嗎?(that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句)一、主語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)從句主要有三類：what等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句；由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句；由連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。1第一類主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞wh

31、at，實(shí)際上已成為關(guān)系代詞(= the thing that)，它所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句在結(jié)構(gòu)上相當(dāng)于名詞加定語(yǔ)從句。除what外，whatever也可引出主語(yǔ)從句，含有強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣，可作主語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。【例句】They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall. 他們?cè)谏掷锩粤寺?，更糟糕的是，夜幕開始降臨。(what在從句中作主語(yǔ))Whatever we have achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teac

32、hers. 無(wú)論我們?nèi)〉檬裁闯煽?jī)都?xì)w功于老師的教導(dǎo)。(whatever在主語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)=Anything that)【例題】Although _ happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it could occur else where in the world. A. whichB. whatC. howD. it盡管那個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家發(fā)生的情況聽起來像科學(xué)幻想似的，但在世界其他地區(qū)也有可能發(fā)生。答案B，what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語(yǔ)，表示”所的東西(的情況)”。必須注意：what引導(dǎo)的從句是各類的重點(diǎn)，由于wha

33、t引導(dǎo)的從句本身相當(dāng)于個(gè)名詞后加上一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，所以，在what引導(dǎo)的從句前，一般不可再加上名詞或代詞。【實(shí)例】In some countries, _ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. A. whichB. thatC. whatD. one (1995.6)所謂”平等”在有些國(guó)家實(shí)際上并不意味著全體人民都享有平等的權(quán)利。答案C。2由that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句在多數(shù)情況下都放在句子后部，而用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)?？谡Z(yǔ)中that常省略。如果放在句首主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或?yàn)榱耸咕渥忧昂笃胶狻Ｗ⒁獯藭r(shí)t

34、hat不能省掉，前面也不能再加what。【例句】That he became a doctor may have been due to his fathers influence. 他成為醫(yī)生可能是由于他父親的影響。It is well known that water is indispensable to life.Its a pity that you missed such a fine speech. 這樣好的演講你沒聽到真是可惜?！纠}】How did it come about _ you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?A. w

35、hich B. whatC. thatD. it你的作業(yè)里出現(xiàn)了這么多錯(cuò)誤，到底是怎么回事？本句中it是形式主語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的從句是真正的主語(yǔ)，所以答案為C?！緦?shí)例】 _ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new. A. WhatB. ThoseC. ThatD. Whether (1993)人類從動(dòng)物的行為中學(xué)到了很多東西，這并不是什么新論。答案為C。3由連接代詞(疑問代詞who，whom，whose，which都可用作連接代詞)和連接副詞(如when，where，whether，how，why等)引出

36、的主語(yǔ)從句放在句子后部時(shí)，前面用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。從句放前或放后，意思基本上沒有多大差別。不過whether(or not)引導(dǎo)的從句放在句首或句子后部都可以，而if僅可引出賓語(yǔ)從句，不能放在句首，也不能加or not?！纠洹縒hether (or not) he will go wont make too much difference. It wont make too much difference whether (or not) he will go. 他去不去都一樣。Who will preside at the meeting remains unknown. 誰(shuí)宋主持會(huì)議還

37、不知道。How she got wounded at work should be investigated. 她怎樣在工作時(shí)受傷有待調(diào)查。Why he did such a stupid thing is not known. 為什么他做出如此蠢事還不知道。Where we should stay is a problem. 我們應(yīng)該呆在哪里是一個(gè)問題。It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet. 我們什么時(shí)候舉行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)仍是個(gè)問題。Whether he will attend the meeting is uncerta

38、in.=It is uncertain whether/if he will attend the meeting. 他是否參加會(huì)議還不確定。4whoever也可引出主語(yǔ)從句，含有強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣，可作主語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)?！纠洹縒hoever told you that was lying. 這件事不管是誰(shuí)告訴你的都是騙人的。二、賓語(yǔ)從句在句子中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的從句叫作賓語(yǔ)從句。由what，when，where，how，which，why，who，whom，whether (if)及whatever，whoevef，whichever等引導(dǎo)。賓語(yǔ)從句可用作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，介詞的賓語(yǔ)，也可用在某些形容詞短語(yǔ)如

39、be sure，be certain，be afraid，be confident，be anxiuos，be convinced，be glad，be worried，be sorry，be annoyed，be pleased，be satisfied，be hurt，be content，be proud等的后面?！纠洹縃e asked me what I wanted. 他問我想要什么。I dont know where the sound came from. 我不知道聲音從哪兒傳來。I doubt whether/if they will be able to arrive he

40、re on time. 我不知道他們是否能按時(shí)到達(dá)這里。I dont care whether she will apologize to me or not. 我不介意她是否向我道歉。In primitive societies, people ate whatever they could find. 在原始社會(huì)，人們吃他們所能找到的所有食物。Im not quite confident whether I can pass the graduate admission test this year. 我沒有把握今年是否能通過研究生入學(xué)考試。She is confident that sh

41、e will win她相信自己能獲勝。They are glad that youve succeeded in your plan他們很高興你的計(jì)劃獲得成功。We are not sure whether he will come我們不確信他能否來。【例題】We cant understand _ he avoided speaking to us.A. whichB. thatC. whyD. after我們不明白他為什么不愿意和我們說話。這里，疑問詞why引導(dǎo)的從句作understand的賓語(yǔ)，答案C?！纠}】I am interested in _ you have told me.A

42、. whichB. all thatC. all whatD. that我對(duì)你告訴我的一切都感興趣。all在此句中是代詞，意為“一切”、“全部”，作為主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)am interested in的賓語(yǔ)，that引導(dǎo)的是限定性定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞all。all that意思等于what。C亦不正確，如前所述，由于what引導(dǎo)的從句本身相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞加上一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，所以，在what引導(dǎo)的從句前，一般不可再加上名詞或代詞。本題答案B。l 說明：1在非正式文體中，that用于引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞that常常可以省略。【例句】He said (that) he would never do su

43、ch a thing. 他說他永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)做那種事。2在think，believe，suppose，expect等動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，如果賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是否定形式，通常要把否定詞not轉(zhuǎn)移到主句，而使從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變成肯定形式?！纠洹縄 dont think your proposal is very feasible. 我認(rèn)為你的提議不太可行。3如果賓語(yǔ)從句后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，為保持句子平衡，that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般要使用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替，而把真正的賓語(yǔ)從句放到賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)后面?！纠洹縃e made it quite clear that he preferred to live here.

44、4That引導(dǎo)的從句一般不可直接用作介詞賓語(yǔ)，但可跟在帶有先行詞it作賓語(yǔ)的含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)之后?！纠洹縔ou can depend on it that we will keep this matter strictly confidential. 你盡可以放心，我們會(huì)對(duì)這件事情嚴(yán)格保密。5介詞后面一般不跟that引起的賓語(yǔ)從句，僅在in，except，but，besides等少數(shù)幾個(gè)介詞后可跟that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，已形成固定的搭配，inthat在于，but that要不是，except that除了besides that除了之外，還?！纠洹縒e will provide assi

45、stance to whoever needs it. 我們將給任何需要的人提供幫助。The old woman told her sufferings to whomever she met那位老年婦女向任何她遇到的人訴說她的遭遇。Dont besatisfied with what you have achieved. 不要滿足于你已取得的成就。The new literature course differs from the old course in that the students arent required to attend lectures. 新文學(xué)課與舊的不同之處在于學(xué)

46、生不要求參力口聽課。This suit fits me well except that the trousers are too long. 除了褲子太長(zhǎng)外，這套西裝很合我身。I would have come to see you but that I had something urgent to do then若不是當(dāng)時(shí)有些急事要辦的話，我本來會(huì)來看你的。三、表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句常常放在主句系動(dòng)詞后面，對(duì)主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容起解釋、進(jìn)一步闡明的作用?？梢越颖碚Z(yǔ)從句的系動(dòng)詞有be，look，remain，seem等。常由that（通常不能省），whether，because，where，when，wh

47、y，how，who及as ifasthough等引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。【例句】One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out.太陽(yáng)能優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一是它取之不盡。The question remains whether we can win the majority of the people. 問題是我們是否能贏得大多數(shù)人的支持。 This is where you are mistaken. 這就是你的錯(cuò)誤所在。This is why I got scolded. 這就是我受到訓(xùn)斥的原因It may be because he is

48、too young to do it. 這可能是因?yàn)樗贻p而不會(huì)做的緣故。It seem that (as if) the night would never end. 夜晚似乎永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)結(jié)束。The reason why (that) he has been such a success is that he never gives up. 他獲得如此成功的原因是由于他從不放棄。The reason he did not come to the meeting is that he was ill他沒有參加會(huì)議的原因是由于他病了。(常用Ther reason isthat，不用becaus

49、e)四、同位語(yǔ)從句同位語(yǔ)從句大多由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)，表示與之同位的名詞的具體內(nèi)容，一般多緊接在名詞之后，與之是等同關(guān)系的從句，偶爾，當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)太短時(shí)，為了保持句子平衡，也可將同位語(yǔ)從句置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。能夠跟同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞多為表示事實(shí)、看法、思想、消息等的名詞。主要有fact，idea，news，belief，hope，conclusion，opinion，suggestion，proposal，proof，order，thought，doubt，rumor，problem，truth，answer，theory，theory，desirion，discovery，understanding

50、，wish，possibility，promise，report，probability (可能性)，evidence (證據(jù))，certainty (必然)，likelihood (可能性)等。【例句】We are familiar with the idea that all matter consists of atoms. The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. Have you any proof that he is a thief?The problem that they cant

51、get here early is hard to solve他們不能及早到達(dá)這里，這個(gè)問題很難解決。No one can deny the fact that he has made such progress沒有人能否認(rèn)他取得如此進(jìn)步的事實(shí)。The order has come that the work be done at once工作應(yīng)立刻開始的命令已經(jīng)到了。（此例為保持句子平衡同位語(yǔ)從句后置的情況。）【實(shí)例】The mere fact _ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it w

52、ill not occur. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. why (1997. 6)多數(shù)人認(rèn)為挑起核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是瘋狂之舉，單憑這個(gè)并不意味著核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不可能發(fā)生。答案C【實(shí)例】Evidence came up _ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. whose (1991.6)有證據(jù)表明，出生僅6個(gè)月的嬰兒就能辨別一定的語(yǔ)音。答案Cl 說明：1同位語(yǔ)從句常也有連接副詞why，where，when，how等引導(dǎo)?！纠洹縏h

53、e question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 家庭醫(yī)生回答了我們是否應(yīng)請(qǐng)個(gè)?？拼蠓虻膯栴}。2有時(shí)同位語(yǔ)從句可以不緊跟在先行詞后，而被別的詞隔開?！纠洹縒ord had come from Tom that he could arrive on the Monday following. 湯姆說過他可能下星期一來。3在on condition (條件是)，with the exception (除以外)，in spite of the fact (不管)等成語(yǔ)后，也可

54、用從句作同位語(yǔ)?！纠洹縄ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy。如果你們能保持房間整潔的話，我可以讓你們用。五、同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別從三個(gè)方面來看：1定語(yǔ)從句中that代替先行詞，它在從句中作某個(gè)成份，而在同位語(yǔ)從句中，that為連詞，在從句中不擔(dān)任成份。2定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞加以修飾、限制，而同位語(yǔ)從句是說明名詞中心詞的具體內(nèi)容。3同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是一些有限的表示抽象意義的名詞，而定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是無(wú)數(shù)的表示抽象或具體概念的名詞?！纠洹縏he news

55、that he has succeeded inspired them all他成功的消息使他們深受鼓舞。(同位語(yǔ)從句)Whats the news that upset her so much? 是什么消息令她如此沮喪?(定語(yǔ)從句)The proposal that we should import more eqmknent from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting我們應(yīng)從國(guó)外進(jìn)口更多的設(shè)備，這個(gè)建議將在會(huì)上討論。(同位語(yǔ)從句)The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting他所提出的建議將在會(huì)上討論。(定語(yǔ)從句)l 提示：1從屬連詞whether和if都作“是否”解，但if不可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。whether可與or(not)連用，而if不可以。【例句】I dont know whether (if) she is at home. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 2that和what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別：that在從句中不充當(dāng)成分，而what在從句中充當(dāng)一定