1、浙江師范大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯譯文：節(jié)能 制冷 摘要：本為介紹一種家居冰箱，每天用電大約0.1度的電。提供卓越的冰箱食品保存的表現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樵谄鋬?nèi)部的溫度波動(dòng)日常使用過程中自然減少。這款冰箱比一般家居市場(chǎng)上的冰箱能量效率好10到20倍。而其中目前而言，最大的問題是如何提高能源效率和食品保護(hù)。家庭生活中的冰箱已經(jīng)是人們的生活習(xí)慣，而不是技術(shù)成本。臥式冰柜各種市場(chǎng)上的制冷設(shè)備表明，設(shè)計(jì)良好的冰柜每天消耗電力的多少和冰箱的體積相比較，即冷凍室和外部的溫差的大?。ㄆ鋬?nèi)部有多少冷卻器決定）。雖然冰柜通常有更好的保溫和更大的蒸發(fā)器比冰箱，還有另一個(gè)重要原因是他們的效率。而垂直門的制冷設(shè)備本身的效率就

2、不高。而當(dāng)我們打開一個(gè)立式冰箱的門這時(shí)冷空氣就會(huì)溢出，只是因?yàn)榉块g中空氣的溫度比他本身的溫度高。當(dāng)我們打開一個(gè)臥式冰柜這時(shí)冷空氣會(huì)停留在里面，是因?yàn)樗赜诜块g空氣的溫度。任何在垂直門泄露的寒氣（沒有任何門是完美的）對(duì)于冰箱的效率會(huì)造成重大的損失。與此相反，即使我們打開臥式冰柜的大門，冷空氣由于自身重量還會(huì)留在里面。制冷設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)和市場(chǎng)上營(yíng)銷的垂直門都是針對(duì)自然中的寒冷空氣。我們應(yīng)該適用他的工作性質(zhì)而不是極力的反對(duì)他。只要有一個(gè)高效的“臥式冰柜”即可。相應(yīng)的接觸后發(fā)現(xiàn)一些領(lǐng)先的冰箱制造商并沒有測(cè)試過冰箱的冰柜，所以我決定自己來進(jìn)行測(cè)試。我買了一個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)的臥式冰柜（Vestfrost SE255

3、與600A的臥式冰柜制冷劑），并把其裝在一個(gè)冰箱里。冷凍式轉(zhuǎn)換冰箱主要區(qū)別冰柜和一個(gè)普通冰箱保持溫度兩者之間的區(qū)別。其中冷凍式維持零點(diǎn)溫度（結(jié)冰溫度）低至-25，而冰箱的操作介于4和10之間。因此，用冷凍機(jī)的方法來改變冰箱的溫度控制。而不是用來干擾冰箱的溫度，我決定恒溫時(shí)切斷電源來安裝外置溫度控制器，使溫度達(dá)到我所選擇的溫度。如圖1為說明框圖。圖1 說明框圖 接線圖（如圖1）是一個(gè)很簡(jiǎn)單的圖。其中溫控器繼電器消減冰箱的功耗。熱敏電阻（溫度傳感器）是放置在冰箱里面的軟電纜里。我使用了冰箱的排水孔來通過內(nèi)部的熱敏電阻電纜的冷卻車廂。我同樣去除了冰箱內(nèi)部的燈泡，使用額定15瓦的燈泡，避免浪費(fèi)能源，如

4、圖1為我制作的冰柜冰箱的電子溫控器接線盒熱敏電阻的數(shù)控圖。接線圖是轉(zhuǎn)換臥式冰柜為冰柜冰箱。通過有源連接傳遞恒溫器內(nèi)的繼電器端子。作為一個(gè)原始的問題。如果我是在一個(gè)黑暗中打開冰箱，可能會(huì)考慮在冰箱內(nèi)部安裝一個(gè)LED的室內(nèi)照明。溫控器設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)真正好用的冰箱，其中的恒溫系統(tǒng)是很重要的。只有當(dāng)一個(gè)人在接受挑戰(zhàn)為目的設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)符合所需系統(tǒng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作品的時(shí)候會(huì)面臨一些意想不到的問題，這對(duì)于自身是一個(gè)很好的學(xué)習(xí)。溫控器要求1、可靠性。冰箱是一個(gè)非常需要很好可靠性的家庭電器設(shè)備，而我們的健康也取決于冰箱的可靠性。由于任何溫度波動(dòng)產(chǎn)生使恒溫器失靈的加速食物變質(zhì)和引進(jìn)相關(guān)的健康問題。溫控器可最多無人工作幾十

5、年。2、安全。在240V電源的冰箱應(yīng)該很好地隔絕所有低電壓恒溫器的電子元件。3、零電壓（240V）功率消耗的待機(jī)時(shí)間（當(dāng)冰箱壓縮機(jī)關(guān)閉時(shí)）。這項(xiàng)規(guī)定的規(guī)定情況是，一個(gè)冰箱（一個(gè)太陽能供電的冰柜冰箱）在轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡娫磿r(shí)按需檢測(cè)功能的能力。使用一個(gè)允許逆變器的功率電器每天可以節(jié)省0.4千瓦的電，在冰箱進(jìn)入待機(jī)（休眠）模式的時(shí)候。逆變器為基礎(chǔ)可節(jié)約能源高達(dá)0.4千瓦/天，當(dāng)然還需要考慮在日常日常能源消耗方面為0.1千瓦的冰柜冰箱。而該功率的最大挑戰(zhàn)竟然是恒溫設(shè)計(jì)。4、遲滯。冰箱壓縮機(jī)的數(shù)量每小時(shí)起動(dòng)應(yīng)保持在較低水平，不僅以節(jié)約能源，而且還減少壓縮機(jī)磨損。5、溫控器應(yīng)易于安裝和應(yīng)該不需要任何的修改冷凍機(jī)，

6、使新的冰箱保修期不能以任何方式損害。6、溫控器應(yīng)該是簡(jiǎn)單和容易并且是組建成本最低的組件。設(shè)計(jì)如圖2所描述，這是一個(gè)組成最小可能的妥協(xié)功耗，簡(jiǎn)單性和成本的系統(tǒng)。溫度傳感系統(tǒng)由熱敏電阻R1與一個(gè)運(yùn)算放大器組成。該LM324的四運(yùn)算放大器的選擇是由于他有相當(dāng)?shù)偷墓模?.7mV），并能單電壓供電運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，大大簡(jiǎn)化了設(shè)計(jì)。U1C和U1D作為緩沖區(qū)，以減少耗電量的體溫測(cè)量和比較系統(tǒng)到可以忽略不計(jì)值。U1B上是一個(gè)加法放大器。U1A的是一個(gè)易于調(diào)整施密特觸發(fā)遲滯（通過改變管13），設(shè)置在這里約-0.5。電容C4阻止無線電信號(hào)，可出現(xiàn)在長(zhǎng)熱敏電阻R1的電纜從而干預(yù)運(yùn)作系統(tǒng)。開關(guān)SW1解決了系統(tǒng)下的供電問題（中心

7、斷開位置），使恒溫器工作在兩種模式：由240伏電源供電（“SW1的上升”，其中如果電池可以去掉），并從電池（“SW1的下降”，零待機(jī)功耗模式）?！癝W1的注冊(cè)”模式還解決了電池初始充電的問題。 注意微功率作為L(zhǎng)M29365V穩(wěn)壓器。通常將LM7805用于通過消耗比本身5倍更多的電路，但會(huì)阻礙整個(gè)系統(tǒng)變?yōu)槲⒐β?。使用LM7805會(huì)使電池放電循環(huán)5次深入，因此需要5倍大容量電池持續(xù)行動(dòng)，更不用提一個(gè)較大的變壓器保持電池充電。在“SW1的下降”模式下，當(dāng)冰箱壓縮機(jī)的繼電器關(guān)閉時(shí)電池充電，對(duì)于我設(shè)計(jì)的冰箱，1間為1小時(shí)2分鐘。熱敏電阻的電路是由電池供電，它無需任何功耗的240V電源供電。 在系統(tǒng)操作中

8、，標(biāo)稱8.4V的鎳氫電池電壓在9.2V和9.4V之間變化，因此，在實(shí)踐中的電池仍然能完全充電，因此可以使用多年。 圖2 設(shè)計(jì)電路 選擇變壓器，如果可能的話，我們需要意識(shí)到其勵(lì)磁電流規(guī)格并選擇具有最小的磁化電流。在我的設(shè)計(jì)中我使用內(nèi)置變壓器一種廉價(jià)2VA熱熔斷體和20mA的勵(lì)磁電流。由于電池充電器（變壓器TR1和LM317穩(wěn)壓器）只工作1-2分鐘，而每小時(shí)的優(yōu)化并沒有嘗試。安裝上文所述的恒溫系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)是沿電源線安裝提供交流電源的冰箱。而冰箱的修改是必要的。其中密封熱敏電阻，在薄薄的焊接電纜結(jié)束足夠的長(zhǎng)度，需要將插入冰箱內(nèi)部。這是最好地實(shí)現(xiàn)使用冰箱排水。 而溫度傳感器的位置很重要。如果熱敏電阻是靠

9、近左邊冰箱內(nèi)部的冰柜底部，溫控器將控制在最低冰箱溫度。如果熱敏電阻靠近車廂頂部冷卻，恒溫器將控制那里的最高溫度。最實(shí)用的熱敏電阻的位置在某處的中間。在我設(shè)計(jì)的冰箱內(nèi)熱敏電阻是支持在所需位置室內(nèi)地板以上的冰箱使用的聚乙烯管件于一體。溫度傳感器支持這種方法來進(jìn)行測(cè)量冰箱內(nèi)部的空氣，而不是冰箱溫度的金屬墻。圖3 組裝圖 溫度測(cè)量 我可以忽略了溫度測(cè)量和現(xiàn)實(shí)自我溫控器為了保持實(shí)際的簡(jiǎn)單設(shè)計(jì)可能性。幫助我做出這個(gè)決定的是市場(chǎng)上的溫度測(cè)量裝置。我個(gè)人使用“雙溫度計(jì)”，其“遠(yuǎn)程”溫度傳感器與硅膠密封。它的措施為2種顯示溫度：冰箱里面的一個(gè)溫度和冰箱外空間的一個(gè)。薄弱環(huán)節(jié)溫控器在設(shè)計(jì)上面有一個(gè)薄弱環(huán)節(jié)。當(dāng)主電

10、源（220 - 240V）不可用，冰箱內(nèi)部溫度上升，60mAh電池電源繼電器線圈注冊(cè)要消耗3-4小時(shí)，然后將走平。使用更大容量的電池可以延長(zhǎng)本時(shí)間。 我注意著這個(gè)問題，因?yàn)槿绻ｋ娏撕脦讉€(gè)小時(shí)，冰箱的任何環(huán)節(jié)，無論多么先進(jìn)的，都需要一個(gè)非常仔細(xì)的檢查和人工干預(yù)。當(dāng)電源恢復(fù)后，我的系統(tǒng)將需要轉(zhuǎn)換“注冊(cè)SW1的”模式為一天左右，使電池變得完全無用。原文：ENERGY EFFICIENT REFRIGERATIONBy Dr Tom Chalko, MSc, PhDMt Best, Australia, Abstract: This article describes a hou

11、sehold refrigerator that requires about 0.1 kWh per dayto operate. The refrigerator offers excellent food-preserving performance, because temperature fluctuations in its interior are naturally minimized during everyday use. This fridge is 10 to 20 times more energy efficient than typical household f

12、ridges on the market today. It seems that the biggest obstacles in increasing the energy efficiency and foodpreserving performance of household refrigerators are strange human habits and lack of understanding of Nature, not technology or cost.Chest fridge Comparing the daily energy consumption of va

13、rious refrigeration devices available on themarket reveals that well-designed chest freezers consume less electricity per day than refrigerators of comparable volume, even though freezers maintain much larger interior-exterior temperature difference (their interiors are much cooler). While chest fre

14、ezers typically have better thermal insulation and larger evaporators than fridges, there is another important reason for their efficiency. Vertical doors in refrigeration devices are inherently inefficient. As soon as we open a vertical fridge door the cold air escapes, simply because it is heavier

15、 than the warmer air in the room. When we open a chest freezer the cool air stays inside, just because its heavy. Any leak or wear in a vertical door seal (no seal is perfect) causes significant loss of refrigerator efficiency. In contrast, even if we leave the chest freezer door wide open, the heav

16、y cool air will still remain inside. Designing and marketing refrigeration devices with vertical doors is clearly an act against theNature of Cold Air. Shouldnt we cooperate with Nature rather than work against it?In 2004 I became really curious just how efficient a “chest fridge” can be. After cont

17、acting some leading fridge manufacturers and discovering they never made and tested a concept of a chest fridge, I decided to make my own test. I bought a well-designed chest freezer (Vestfrost SE255 chest freezer with 600a refrigerant) and converted it into a fridge. Converting chest freezer into f

18、ridge The main difference between a freezer and a fridge is the temperature maintained inside. Freezers maintain sub-zero (freezing) temperatures down to 25o C, while fridges operate somewhere between +4o and +10o C. Hence, turning a freezer into a fridge means changing the temperature control. Rath

19、er thaninterfering with the thermostat of the freezer, I decided to install an external thermostat to cut the power off when the temperature of my choice is reached. The block diagram in Fig 1 illustrates the idea. Connection diagram (Fig 1) is really simple. Thermostat relay cuts the power to the f

20、reezer. Thermistor (the temperature sensor) is placed inside the freezer at the end of a thin 2-wire flexible cable. I used the freezer drain hole to pass the thermistor cable inside the coolingcompartment. I have also removed the fridge interior light bulb, rated 15 Watts, because I avoid wasting e

21、nergy as a matter of principle. I may consider installing a LED interior illumination if I find a reason for opening my fridge in the dark.Thermostat design Although, in essence, the thermostat function is very simple, design of a really good freezer-tofridge thermostat system is not quite trivial.

22、There are some unexpected problems and challenges that only become apparent when one aims to design a system that meets all required criteria and works really well.Thermostat requirements 1. Reliability. Fridges need to be very reliable household devices, simply because our healthdepends on their re

23、liability. Excessive temperature fluctuations due to any malfunctioning of the thermostat accelerate food spoilage and introduce the associated health risks. The thermostat should work unattended for years if not for decades. 2. Safety. The 240V power supply to the fridge should be well insulated fr

24、om all low-voltageelectronic components of the thermostat. 3. Zero mains (240V) power consumption during the standby period (when the fridge compressor is off). This requirement is critical in the situation when a modern inverter with a power-demand-sensing feature powers the fridge (in the case of

25、a solar-powered chest fridge). Using zerostandby- power appliances allows inverter users to save up to 0.4 kWh per day just byallowing the inverter to enter the low-powerconsumption standby (sleep) mode at every opportunity. Inverter-based energy savings of up to 0.4 kWh/day need to be considered in

26、 the context of the daily energy consumption of the chest fridge of 0.1 kWh. The zerostandby power requirement turned out to be the greatest challenge in the practical thermostat design. 4. Hysteresis. The number of fridge compressor starts per hour should be kept low, not only to conserve energy, b

27、ut also to minimize the compressor wear. 5. The thermostat should be easy to install and should not require any modifications to any freezer, so that a new freezer warranty is not compromised in any way.6. The thermostat should be simple and easy to construct from readily available low cost componen

28、tsThe design The schematic of the system that I currently use is depicted in Fig 2. It is a result of a compromise between the minimal possible power consumption, simplicity and the cost of components. The temperature sensing system consists of thermistor R1 (BC 2322 640 54103, 10k 25C) interfaced w

29、ith an op-amp. The LM324 quad op-amp that I selected has quite low power consumption (0.7 mA) and can operate from single voltage power supply, which greatly simplifies the design. U1C and U1D serve as buffers, to minimize the power consumption taken by the temperaturemeasurement and comparison syst

30、em down to negligible values. U1B is a summing amplifier. U1A is a Schmidt trigger with easy to adjust hysteresis (by changing R13), set here at approximately 0.5C. Capacitor C4 prevents radio signals that may appear on the long thermistor R1 cable from interfering with functioning of the system. Th

31、e switch SW1 addresses the issue of powering the system down (the center-off position) and allows the thermostat to operate in two modes: powered by mains 240V (“SW1 up”, in whichcase the battery can be removed) and from the battery (“SW1 down”, the zero-standby-power mode). The “SW1 up” mode also a

32、ddresses the issue of the initial charging of the battery. Note the use of the micro-power LM2936 as a 5V regulator. Typically used LM7805 would by itself consume 5 times more power than the entire circuit and would prevent the entire system to become classified as micro-power. Using LM7805 would ma

33、ke battery discharge cycles 5 times deeper and hence requiring 5 times larger capacity battery for sustained operation, not to mention a larger transformer to keep the battery charged. In “SW1 down” mode, the battery is charged when the freezer relay and the compressor are on, which, for my Vestfros

34、t fridge, is between 1 and 2 minutes per hour. The rest of the time, the thermistor circuitry is powered up by the battery, and it does not draw any current from the 240Vmains supply.During the system operation, the nominal 8.4V NiMh battery voltage varies between 9.2V and 9.4V, so that in practical

35、 terms the battery remains fully charged and hence can operate for many years. When choosing the transformer, we need to be aware of its magnetizing current specificationsand choose the one with the minimum magnetizing current, if possible. In my design I used an inexpensive 2VA transformer with bui

36、ltin thermal fuse and the magnetizing current 20mA. Since the battery charger section (transformer TR1 and LM317 regulator) only work 1-2 minutes perhour, their optimization was not attempted.Installation The thermostat system described above is designed to be installed along a power cable that deli

37、vers AC power to the freezer. No freezer modification is needed. The well-sealed thermistor, soldered at the end of a thin cable of sufficient length, needs to be inserted into the freezer interior. This is best achieved using a freezer-draining hole. The location of the temperature sensor is import

38、ant. If the thermistor is left near the bottom of the chest fridge interior the thermostat will control the minimum fridge temperature. If the thermistor is located near the top of the cooling compartment the thermostat will control the maximum temperature there. The most practical position for the thermistor is somewhere in the middle. In my fridge the thermistor is supported at the desired location above the fridge interior floorusing a piece of a polyethylene tube held i