1、現(xiàn)在完成時一、現(xiàn)在完成時構(gòu)成構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在完成時由助動詞have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成，助動詞have 有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)用has，其余用have.現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式直接在助動詞后面加上not、疑問式是把助動詞提到主語之前。以study 為例，其否定式、疑問式和簡單回答形式如下：否定式疑問式I have not (havent) studied.Have I studied?You have not (havent) studied.Have you studied?He has not (hasnt) studied.Has he studied?否定疑問式簡單回答（肯定/否定）Have

2、 I not (Havent I) studied?Yes, you have. No, you havent.Have you not (Havent you) studied?Yes, I have. No, I havent.Has he not (Hasnt he) studied?Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.二、現(xiàn)在完成時用法1、現(xiàn)在完成時通常表示在說話之前已經(jīng)完成的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。說話人強調(diào)的是該動作或狀態(tài)對現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果或影響。My daughter has just gone out. 我女兒剛出去。Im sure weve met before. 我肯定

3、我們以前見過面。She has arrived. 她到了。2、表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時間的狀語連用，如recently, already, just, lately, for, since,yet等。如：I havent heard from her these days. 這些日子我沒有收到她的信。We havent seen you recently. 最近我們沒有見到你。They have been away for two years. 他們離開已經(jīng)兩年了。She has been with us since Monday.for+時段since+過去

4、一個時間點（譯為：自從以來）since+時段+agosince+從句（過去時）It is+時段+since+從句（過去時）Mary has been illfor three days.I have lived heresince 1998.注意：since和for的區(qū)別since后接時間點，如1993，last term, yesterday, the time I got therefor后接一段時間，表示“長達多久”，如ten years, a while, two days等。3、表示短暫意義的動詞如arrive, leave, borrow, buy, begin, start, d

5、ie等，在完成時當(dāng)中不能和表示一段時間的狀語連用，因為它們表示的動作不可能持續(xù)。因此，不能說：He has come here for 2 weeks. The old man has died for 4 months. They have left only for 5 minutes. 4、has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in)的區(qū)別Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說話現(xiàn)場，可能在路上和已經(jīng)到)Where is your father?He has gone to Shanghai.Have/Has been (to) :

6、去過（已不在去過的地方）My father has been to Shanghai.Have/has been in：呆了多久（還在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghaifor two months. /since two months ago.5、現(xiàn)在完成時不能和表示過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in，但可以和already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, recent

7、ly, once, twice, ever, never等連用。不能與when連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用例如：She has already come. 她已經(jīng)來了。I havent read it yet. 我還沒讀過這個。I have met him before. 我從前曾見過他。Ma Hong has always been a good student. 馬紅一直是個好學(xué)生。I have often seen him in the street. 我經(jīng)常在街上看見他。They have never been to Yanan. 他們從未去過延安。I haven

8、t seen him lately. 我近來沒看到他。三、現(xiàn)在完成時的標(biāo)志1、現(xiàn)在完成時的含義之一是過去完成的動作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響,用以下四大標(biāo)志詞可以表達這種含義:*以already, just和yet為標(biāo)志Hehas already gother help.他已得到她的幫助。Hehas just seenthe film.他剛剛看過這場電影。Hehasnt comebackyet.他還沒有回來。*以ever和never為標(biāo)志This is the best film Ihave ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的一部電影。Hehas never beento Beijing.他從沒有

9、到過北京。*以動作發(fā)生的次數(shù)為標(biāo)志He says hehas been tothe USAthree times. 他說他已經(jīng)去過美國三次了。*以so far（到目前為止）為標(biāo)+beforeHehas gotto Beijingso far.到目前為止他已到了北京。She has passed the exam so far.到目前為止她已經(jīng)通過了考試。2.過去已經(jīng)開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在, 甚至有可能繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,我們可以從動作“延續(xù)”的特性和“時間”點段的區(qū)分入手,進一步學(xué)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時。for+時段since+過去一個時間點（過去從句）為標(biāo)志四、瞬間動詞buy, die, join, co

10、me，go ,leave, join 不能直接與for since連用。要改變動詞buy-haveborrow -keepcome/arrive/reach/get to-be ingo out-be outleave -be awaybegin-be onfinish-be overopen-be openclose -be closeddie-be dead1、have代替buyMy brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.2、用keep或have代替borrowI have kept(不能用have b

11、orrowed) the book for quite a few days.3、用be替代becomeHow long has your sister been a teacher?4、用have a cold代替catch a coldTom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.5、用wear代替put on6、用“be形容詞”代終止性動詞bemarried代marry beill代fall (get) illbedead代die beasleep代fall (get) asleepbeawake代wake/wake up begon

12、e代lose,die,sell,leavebeopen代open be closed代close/shutbemissing(gone,lost)代lose7、用“be副詞”代終止性動詞beon代start begin “beup”代get up “beback(to)”代return to, come back to, go back to “be here (there)”代come(arrive, reach, get) here或go (arrive, reach, get) there8、用“be介詞短語”代終止性動詞1.“be in/at +地點”代替go to /come to2

13、.用be in the army代替join the army3.“be in/at +地點”代替move to常用瞬間動詞變延續(xù)性動詞表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.have been in sw./at相應(yīng)的介詞2. have come/gone back/returned have been back3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been

14、close/open6. have got up have been up；7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed have been over；11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth.；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn17. have caught /get a cold have had