1、圖解英語語法 之時(shí) 態(tài),TENSE,觀 念 入 門,時(shí)態(tài)的意義 時(shí)態(tài)的種類及形勢(shì) 如何運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間未必成一對(duì)一的關(guān)系,時(shí) 態(tài) 的 意 義,時(shí),態(tài),時(shí)間,狀態(tài),I watch television every day. 我每天看電視 I watched television yesterday. 我昨晚看電視 因時(shí)間之不同而形成之變化,即為動(dòng)詞之時(shí)態(tài),在漢語里，動(dòng)詞沒有字形的變化，時(shí)間概念不強(qiáng)。 在英語里，動(dòng)詞的形態(tài)常常因動(dòng)詞所代表的時(shí)間不同而有所不同，時(shí)間概念非常強(qiáng)。,漢英表達(dá)時(shí)間狀態(tài)差異,時(shí)間劃分段落,過去,現(xiàn)在,將來,一般狀態(tài),時(shí) 態(tài),現(xiàn)在 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在

2、完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去 一般過去時(shí) 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去完成時(shí) 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來 一般將來時(shí) 將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來完成時(shí) 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí),時(shí)態(tài)的種類及形勢(shì),三時(shí) 四方面 現(xiàn) 在 過 去 將 來 一般 He workers He worked He will work He is He was He will 現(xiàn)在 working working working He has He had He will have 完成 worked worked worked He has been He had been He will have 完成進(jìn)行 working working been working,如

3、 何 運(yùn) 用 時(shí) 態(tài),該動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間是過去?現(xiàn)在?或?qū)? 該動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作到某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間已經(jīng)完成? 或還在進(jìn)行?,時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間未必成一對(duì)一的關(guān)系,(A)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?，如： He lives in Beijing now . 表示現(xiàn)在 He sells newspapers and magazines . 表示現(xiàn)在、過去、將來 He leaves for Japan next week . 表示將來 (B)一般過去時(shí)的動(dòng)詞可以表示現(xiàn)在、過去或?qū)?，如： If I had money now,I would buy the house. 表示現(xiàn)在 He bought a

4、 car last week . 表示過去 He might visit us tomorrow. 表示將來 我們也可以用不同的時(shí)態(tài)，來表示相同的時(shí)間，如： leaves is leaving He for Japan next week . 表示將來 will leave is going to leave complains all the time. She 表示現(xiàn)在 is always complaining.,現(xiàn) 在,開 竅 要 訣,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)V(-s) 用 法 例 句 It is very hot today . 現(xiàn) 在 的 He lives in Nanjing. 事實(shí)

5、或狀態(tài) You look very hungry now. She gets up at six every morning. 現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣 He always comes to class on time. 反復(fù)的動(dòng)作 John writes to his parents once a month. Two and three make(s) five. 格言、事實(shí) Where there is will, there is a way. 不變的真理 The sun rises in the east. Do you come tomorrow? 代 替 He returns home nex

6、t Sunday. 將來一般時(shí),說 明,主語是第三人稱單數(shù)且為陳述語氣時(shí)，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞（除be 和have外）詞尾要加“-s”或“-es”。 “真理”以及“習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作”，因?yàn)樗憩F(xiàn)的觀念是“永恒”以及“經(jīng)常如此”，所以不考慮時(shí)間或完成的問題，而一律用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 表示“習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”常與下列副詞連用： Occasionally, every , always, usually,often,sometimes , seldom ,frequently。 以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)的用法如下： Go,come,start,leave,arrive等動(dòng)詞和表示未來時(shí)間的副詞連用時(shí)。 在表示時(shí)間或

7、條件的狀語從句的動(dòng)詞，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)，其句型是：If 主語+Will+V +主語+V(-s), When 祈使句 此類狀語從句通常有下列連此引導(dǎo)： 表示時(shí)間：when, while, before, after, till(=untill), as soon as, by the time(=when/before) 表示條件：if,unless,in case(=if),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)am/is/are+V-ing 用 法 例 句 現(xiàn)在正在 He is writing a letter at present. 進(jìn)行或繼續(xù) It is raining now. 的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)

8、John is doing his assignment right now. Look!(你瞧) Look ! Many birds are flying in the sky. Listen!(你聽) Listen ! Someone is knocking at the door. 不久將發(fā)生 I am going to Beijing tomorrow. 的動(dòng)作或 預(yù)定的計(jì)劃 He is coming (or will come) here next week.,說 明,現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)經(jīng)常和時(shí)間副詞now,right now,at present at this moment連用。 Loo

9、k ! 或 listen ! 皆表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。 Go, come, leave, start, return等動(dòng)詞若與未來時(shí)間連用時(shí)，表示“不久即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作”，可用“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”代替“一般將來時(shí)”。 下列動(dòng)詞，因含有“狀態(tài)的繼續(xù)”的意味，通常不用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： 用法 例 句 存在，位置 be, lie, stand, 所有 have, own, possess, belong to, 知覺 see, hear, seem, appear, smell, taste,sound, feel, 知識(shí) know, understand,think, 情感 like, lov

10、e, hate,want, hope, wish,prefer, 但: (1) stand/lie 作“站”或“躺”時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： He is standing by the window. The dog is lying under the table. (2) have作“吃”時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： I am having lunch now. (3) see作“觀賞”“送行”時(shí),可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí): They are seeing the sights of New York. He is seeing his girl friend off at the airport.,現(xiàn)在 動(dòng)詞

11、形態(tài) 完成時(shí) have/has+p.p. 用法 例 句 He has just come back. I have already seen it. 完成 In recent years,there have been many changes I have read five novels this month. He has gone to Japan, he is not here. 經(jīng)驗(yàn) I have been to hongkong several times. this is one of the best book that I have ever read . I have l

12、ived here for ten years. 繼續(xù) she has been ill since Monday.,說 明,表示“現(xiàn)在剛完成之動(dòng)作”，常和下列副詞連用： Just, already, yet, recently=lately=of late, so far=by now=up to now=up to the present, these + 一段時(shí)間， this week/month/year. 表示“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，常和下列副詞連用： never, ever, once, before, twice, three times, How many times? 表示“過去繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在

13、的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)”常與for,since,all day連用。 句型如下： has for +一段時(shí)間 主語 + p.p. + have since +過去時(shí)間 此用法如果強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在仍在進(jìn)行時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，如： I have been studying English for five years. It has been raining since last night.,現(xiàn)在完 動(dòng)詞形態(tài) 成進(jìn)行時(shí) have/has been+V-ing 用 法 例 句 We have been studying English for three years. 繼 續(xù) He has been readi

14、ng since this morning. We have been waiting for him all afternoon. 說 明 本時(shí)態(tài)是用來敘述“從過去某時(shí)開始,以致繼續(xù)到目前的動(dòng)作”.其特點(diǎn)在強(qiáng)調(diào)“動(dòng)作的繼續(xù)”性質(zhì).但也有“可能已經(jīng)中止”,如: He is very tired,he has been working hard all day.,過 去,一般過去時(shí) 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)V-ed 用 法 例 句 過去的事情、The peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 動(dòng)作、狀態(tài) John went to Shanghai yester

15、day. 過去的習(xí)慣 He used to take a walk in the morning. 過去發(fā)生的 The teacher stepped into the classroom. 連貫的動(dòng)作 and asked the students to open the windows at once.,說 明,一般過去時(shí)常和下列表示過去時(shí)間的副詞連用： ago an hour ago,a few days ago last last night/week/year yesterday yesterday morning,the day before yesterday this morni

16、ng, just now, the other day,in +過去時(shí)間， in those days(=then),at that time. 表示“過去經(jīng)常的習(xí)慣，而今不再”，則用 used to + V 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) ( have/has+p.p. ) 不可和表示過去的時(shí)間副詞連用。 過去發(fā)生連串的動(dòng)作，若用and, but, or, so等并列連詞連接，通常全用一般過去時(shí)。,過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)was/were+V-ing 用 法 例 句 I was watching TV at eight oclock 過去某事正 last night. 在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 It was raining a

17、t seven oclock this morning. 在過去某一動(dòng) He was sleeping when I arrived. 作發(fā)生時(shí)，另一 I was writing a letter when he 個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行 came in.,說 明,過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常與下列句型表示： was 主語 + +V-ing when +主語+過去式V were 一般時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作通常比進(jìn)形式的動(dòng)作， 在時(shí)間上為短；所以表示“短”的動(dòng)作用 V-ed ，表示“長(zhǎng)”的動(dòng)作用 was/were+V-ing I wrote a letter last night. 比較 I was writing a lett

18、er at 8 last night.,過去完成時(shí) 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)had+p.p. 用 法 例 句 過去某個(gè) The train had gone before we reached 動(dòng)作發(fā)生 the station. 以前的動(dòng)作 After you had gone,I went to sleep. 在過去某 He said he had met me three years 時(shí)以前發(fā) before. 生的動(dòng)作 I had met him twice by yesterday.,說 明,過去的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，當(dāng)甲動(dòng)作發(fā)生了之后，才發(fā)生乙動(dòng)作，那么甲動(dòng)作用had+p.p.,而移動(dòng)作用V-ed。如例句中的火

19、車“開走”在先，我們“到達(dá)”在后。 如句中有before,after等連詞時(shí)，因?yàn)榭梢悦黠@區(qū)分兩件事情發(fā)生的先后，所以兩者皆可用一般過去時(shí)表示，如： went After you , I went to sleep. had gone went you before I went to sleep. had gone 一般過去時(shí)與過去完成時(shí)之比較： I lost the watch that I had bought the other day. My uncle bought a coat in London and sent it to me 過去一連串的動(dòng)作，如用and連接時(shí)，一般通常用

20、“一般過去時(shí)”. hope, expect, intend等動(dòng)詞如果與“過去完成時(shí)”連用時(shí)，是表示“過去想做但沒有現(xiàn)” I had hoped to go to Japan in July. = I hoped to have gone to Japan in July.,過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞形態(tài)had been V-ing 用法例句 We had been waiting for him an hour when 繼續(xù) he arrived. Mother had been preparing our breakfast when I got up. 說明 本時(shí)態(tài)之用法與過去完成時(shí)相同，只是它

21、強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的進(jìn)持續(xù) 是比較下列各句的用法： He was phoning you when I got there. He had already phoned you when I got there. He had been phoning you when I got there.,將來,一般將來時(shí) 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)will/shall+V 用 法 例 句 未來的 I will go to the movies tonight. 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài) It will be fine tomorrow. 說 明 (1)一般將來時(shí)常和下列表示將來時(shí)間的副詞連用：tomorrow,next year/month/week (2)表示即將發(fā)生的將來也可用be going to或be about to 代替will。 (3)There will be +名詞(當(dāng)主語)(將有) (4)“be to+V”表示“一定” (5)說話者覺得某件事情未來即將發(fā)生，可用“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”代替“一般將來時(shí)”,將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞形態(tài)will be +