1、Lesson 11,Silent Spring,Text A,By IED,1,Author,Rachel Louise Carson,蕾切爾路易斯卡遜,2,Author,Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907 April 14, 1964) was an American marine biologist and conservationist whose writings are credited with advancing the global environmental movement. Carson began her career as a bio

2、logist in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, and became a full-time nature writer in the 1950s. Her widely praised 1951 bestseller The Sea Around Us won her financial security and recognition as a gifted writer. Her next book, The Edge of the Sea, and the republished version of her first book, Under the

3、Sea Wind, were also bestsellers. Together, her sea trilogy explores the whole of ocean life, from the shores to the surface to the deep sea.,3,The Sea Around Us,The Edge of the Sea,Under the Sea Wind,4,In the late 1950s, Carson turned her attention to conservation and the environmental problems caus

4、ed by synthetic pesticides. The result was Silent Spring (1962), which brought environmental concerns to an unprecedented portion of the American public. Silent Spring, while met with fierce denial from chemical companies, spurred a reversal in national pesticide policyleading to a nationwide ban on

5、 DDT and other pesticidesand the grassroots environmental movement the book inspired led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency.,5,Weakened from breast cancer and her treatment regimen, Carson became ill with a respiratory virus in January 1964. Her condition worsened, and in Februar

6、y, doctors found that she had severe anemia from her radiation treatments and in March discovered that the cancer had reached her liver. She died of a heart attack on April 14, 1964. She was interred at Parklawn Memorial Park and Menorah Gardens in Rockville, Maryland. Carson was posthumously awarde

7、d the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Jimmy Carter.,6,Presidential Medal of Freedom,Environmental Protection Agency,7,A Gordo Sunday cartoon marking the passing of Rachel Carson in 1964,The Rachel Carson Bridge in Pittsburgh,8,Silent Spring,9,Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson and pub

8、lished by Houghton Mifflin on 27 September 1962. The book is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement. The New Yorker started serializing Silent Spring in June 1962, and it was published in book form (with illustrations by Lois and Louis Darling) by Houghton Mifflin later that

9、year. When the book Silent Spring was published, Rachel Carson was already a well-known writer on natural history, but had not previously been a social critic. The book was widely readespecially after its selection by the Book-of-the-Month Club and the New York Times best-seller listand inspired wid

10、espread public concerns with pesticides and pollution of the environment. Silent Spring facilitated the ban of the pesticide DDT in 1972 in the United States.,10,The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds. Carson accused the chemical industry of s

11、preading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically. Silent Spring has been featured in many lists of the best nonfiction books of the twentieth century. In the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Nonfiction it was at #5, and it was at No.78 in the conservati

12、ve National Review. Most recently, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of Discover Magazine.,11,Background By tradition and by Carsons own public assertions, the impetus for Silent Spring was ostensibly a letter written in January 1958 by Carsons f

13、riend, Olga Owens Huckins, to The Boston Herald, describing the death of numerous birds around her property resulting from the aerial spraying of DDT to kill mosquitoes, a copy of which Huckins sent to Carson. Carson has stated that the letter prompted her to turn her attention to environmental prob

14、lems caused by chemical pesticides. Thesis The book argued that uncontrolled and unexamined pesticide use was harming and even killing not only animals and birds, but also humans. Its title was meant to evoke a spring season in which no bird songs could be heard, because they had all vanished as a r

15、esult of pesticide abuse. Its title was inspired by a poem by John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci, which contained the lines The sedge is witherd from the lake, And no birds sing.,12,Support History professor Gary Kroll commented, Rachel Carsons Silent Spring played a large role in articulating eco

16、logy as a subversive subject as a perspective that cuts against the grain of materialism, scientism, and the technologically engineered control of nature. According to TIME magazine in 1999, within a year or so of its publication, all but the most self-serving of Carsons attackers were backing rapid

17、ly toward safer ground. In their ugly campaign to reduce a brave scientists protest to a matter of public relations, the chemical interests had only increased public awareness. Criticism It was the opinion of celebrated writer, naturalist, and environmental activist Peter Matthiessen writing in Time

18、 Magazine in 1999 that even before Silent Spring was published by Houghton Mifflin in 1962 that there was strong opposition to it: Carson was violently assailed by threats of lawsuits and derision, including suggestions that this meticulous scientist was a hysterical woman unqualified to write such

19、a book. A huge counterattack was organized and led by Monsanto Company, Velsicol, American Cyanamid indeed, the whole chemical industry duly supported by the Agriculture Department as well as the more cautious in the media.,13,Contents Acknowledgments ix Foreword xi (前言) 1 A Fable for Tomorrow 1(明天的

20、寓言) 2 The Obligation to Endure 5(忍耐的義務(wù)) 3 Elixirs of Death 15(死神的特效藥) 4 Surface Waters and Underground Seas 39(地表水和地下海) 5 Realms of the Soil 53(土壤的王國) 6 Earths Green Mantle 63(地球的綠色斗篷) 7 Needless Havoc 85(不必要的大破壞) 8 And No Birds Sing 103(再也沒有鳥兒歌唱) 9 Rivers of Death 129(死亡的河流) 10 Indiscriminately fro

21、m the Skies 154(自天而降的災(zāi)難) 11 Beyond the Dreams of the Borgias 173(超過了波爾基業(yè)家族的夢想) 12 The Human Price 187(人類的代價) 13 Through a Narrow Window 199(通過一扇狹小的窗戶) 14 One in Every Four 219(每四個中有一個) 15 Nature Fights Back 245(大自然在反抗) 16 The Rumblings of an Avalanche 262(崩潰聲隆隆) 17 The Other Road 277(另外的道路) List of

22、Principal Sources 301(參考文獻) Index 357(索引),14,Silent Spring sow the seeds of a new activism, and has been deeply rooted in the broad masses. The spring of 1964, Rachel Carsons death, everything is clear, her voice is never silent. She woke up in not only our country, and even the whole world. , Alber

23、t Arnold Al Gore, Jr.,15,What is DDT,DDT (from its trivial name, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 二氯二苯二氯乙烷) is one of the most well-known synthetic insecticides. It is a chemical with a long, unique, and controversial history.,16,First synthesized in 1874, DDTs insecticidal properties were not discov

24、ered until 1939, and it was used with great success in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. The Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Mller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a con

25、tact poison against several arthropods. After the war, DDT was made available for use as an agricultural insecticide, and soon its production and use skyrocketed.,17,Endangered Species Act,18,In 1962, Silent Spring by American biologist Rachel Carson was published. The book catalogued the environmen

26、tal impacts of the indiscriminate spraying of DDT in the US and questioned the logic of releasing large amounts of chemicals into the environment without fully understanding their effects on ecology or human health. The book suggested that DDT and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agr

27、icultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. Its publication was one of the signature events in the birth of the environmental movement, and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led to DDT being banned in the US in 1972. DDT was subsequently banned for agricultural use wo

28、rldwide under the Stockholm Convention, but its limited use in disease vector control continues to this day and remains controversial. Along with the passage of the Endangered Species Act, the US ban on DDT is cited by scientists as a major factor in the comeback of the bald eagle, the national bird

29、 of the United States, from near-extinction in the contiguous US.,19,Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,20,Harms of ddt,Environmental impact Effects on wildlife and eggshell thinning,Degradation of DDT to form DDE (by elimination of HCl, left) and DDD (by reductive dechlorination,

30、 right),21,Effects on human health Acute toxicity DDT is classified as moderately toxic by the United States National Toxicology Program (NTP) and moderately hazardous by the World Health Organization (WHO), based on the rat oral LD50 of 113 mg/kg. DDT has on rare occasions been administered orally as a treatment for barbiturate poiso