1、狀語和狀語從句,狀語的定義和作用 狀語的位置和形式,狀語的定義和作用,狀語是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子等的句子成分。狀語表示地點、時間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等。,狀語的形式和位置,在所有的語法范疇中，狀語的形式最多樣，它可以是單詞、詞組或從句；可以是副詞（短語）、介詞短語、分詞（短語）、動詞不定式（短語）、狀語從句等。 與其他語法范疇相比，狀語的位置也最靈活，它可以出現(xiàn)在句首、句中或句末。例如： Immediately he replied. （句首） He immediately replied. （句中） He replied immediately.

2、（句尾）,副詞（短語）作狀語,She is always losing her keys. 她總是丟鑰匙。 John drove too slowly. 約翰開車太慢。,介詞短語作狀語,Let s go home. The best fish swim near the bottom. 好魚居水底 I have lived here for three years. 我住這已經(jīng)3年了。,分詞（短語）作狀語,She sat there doing nothing. 她坐在那里無所事事。（doing的邏輯主語是she，它們之間是主動的關(guān)系） Given better attention, the

3、trees can grow well. 如果得到更好的管理，這些樹可以長得很好。（given的邏輯主語是the trees，它們之間是被動的關(guān)系）,為了表示明確的時間或條件，有時可在分詞前加when, while, if等連詞。例如：,When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. 當(dāng)離開機場的時候，她向我們頻頻招手。 While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jane.在等火車的時候，我與珍妮進行了長談。 If translated word by word,

4、 the sentence will be meaningless. 如果逐字翻譯，這個句子就沒有意義。,分詞有時也可以有自己獨立的邏輯主語（即與句子的主語不一致），這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，在很多情況下表示時間、原因、條件或伴隨的動作或情況。例如：,The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again. 假期結(jié)束了，他們又開始認(rèn)真地工作。 So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 這么多人缺席，我們決定把會議延期。,【特別提

5、醒】,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思，表示動作正在進行；過去分詞表示被動的意思，表示動作的完成。,動詞不定式（短語）作狀語,She was slow to make up her mind. 她遲遲不能下決心。 To be honest, I didnt enjoy the party. 說實話，我不喜歡這個聚會。 We live to serve the people heart and soul. 我們活著是為了全心全意為人民服務(wù)。,副詞性從句-狀語從句,狀語從句的種類 對比訓(xùn)練與鞏固,While I was wondering at this, our schoolmaster took his

6、 place. ( ) 2. Where there is a will, there is a way. ( ) 3. Now that/Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. （ ） 4. Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me. ( ) 5. So clever was he a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems. ( ) 6. As long as you dont lose hea

7、rt, youll succeed. ( ) 7. Try as he might, he could not find a job. ( ) 8. The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son. ( ),時間,地點,原因,目的,結(jié)果,條件,讓步,方式,狀語從句的分類,狀語從句,時間狀語從句 原因狀語從句 地點狀語從句 目的狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句 條件狀語從句 方式狀語從句 比較狀語從句 讓步狀語從句,狀語從句有九種， 時地原因條狀補， 目比結(jié)果方讓步， 連詞引導(dǎo)各不同； 主句通常前面走， 連詞引導(dǎo)緊隨后， 從句若在主前頭， 主從之

8、間有個逗。,時間狀語從句,引導(dǎo)詞可分為兩部分,when as while before after until (till) since as soon as,every time next time the first/last time the moment the minute instantly immediately directly(一就),1、時間狀語從句：,引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的從屬連詞有：when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once等引導(dǎo)。如：,When he was

9、still a young man, he was forced to leave his homeland for political reasons. It has been 15 years since he left. Ill tell him the news as soon as I see him. Once you have got used to it, you will like it. I waited till he had finished his work.,注意： （1）when, as, while when即可引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動作，又可引導(dǎo)短暫性動作。它可以表示主句

10、的動作和從句的動作同時發(fā)生，或從句的動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前。如：,When I was a boy, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.（同時） When the lesson was over, we began our writing. （從句動作在前）,as引導(dǎo)持續(xù)性動作，側(cè)重主句和從句的動作同時發(fā)生。 He hurried home, looking behind as he went. I saw your sister as she was getting on the bus yesterday. He sang as he walk

11、ed.,While：指的是“在某一時間里”，“在期間”，從句里的動作必須是 持續(xù)性的，它也強調(diào)主句和從句動作的同時發(fā)生，往往側(cè)重主句和從句動作的對比。,如： While he was in London, he studied music. While we were watching TV, he was writing a composition.,while也可做并列連詞，表示對照的意思。如：,He is tall while his brother is short.,當(dāng)when, as, while表示“在一段時間里”，主從句的動作同時發(fā)生時，可以換用。如：,While (When或

12、As) we were discussing, Mr. Smith came in.,（2）如果when和before引導(dǎo)的從句位于主句之后，有時不能譯成“當(dāng)時候” 和“在之前”，而要譯成“就”、“才”、“這時”等。如：,The struggle lasted four years before the North won in the end.,He almost knocked me down before he saw me. I was walking in the street when I saw him.,(3) by the time, each time, every tim

13、e, immediately, the moment, the instant, the minute, soon after, shortly after都可以作為連詞，引導(dǎo)時間狀語。如：,By the time he was fourteen, he had taught himself advanced mathematics.,Each time he came, he would call on me. You must show him in immediately he comes. I recognized him the moment I saw him.,講練結(jié)合: 1.

14、Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes. I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. whileB. the moment C. suddenlyD. once 2. I thought her nice and honest _ I met her. A. first time B. for the first time C. the first timeD. by the first time 3. _ entered the office when he realized that he h

15、ad forgotten his report. A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had heD. Hardly he had,B,C,C,小結(jié)： 1一些詞，如the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan等也可引導(dǎo)一個時 間狀語從句，相當(dāng)于as soon as的意思。 I didnt wait a moment, but came immediately you c

16、alled. 2一些含有time的名詞短語，如every time, each time, next time, by the time等，以及the day, the year, the morning等，也可引導(dǎo)一個時間狀語從句。 The day he returned home, his father was already dead. Next time you come, please bring your composition. 3. 如果hardly或no sooner或scarcely置于句首，句子必 須用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 Hardly had I got home when

17、it began to rain.,(4) till和until 如果主句謂語動詞是持續(xù)動詞，通常用肯定式的主句，表示“直到為止”。如： I worked till (until) he came back., 如果主句謂語動詞是瞬間動詞， 則用否定式的主句表示“直到 才”。如：,I didnt go to bed until (till) he came back.,放在句首表示強調(diào)時一般用 until。如：,Until he returns, nothing can be done.,【小結(jié)】,時間狀語從句常由下列連詞引導(dǎo)：when，whenever，as，while，before，aft

18、er，since，as soon as，until，once。 時間狀語從句還可由一些名詞（the moment, the instant, every time等）和副詞（instantly, directly等）連接。例如： Ill telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即給你打電話。 Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.每次我感冒都流鼻涕。 時間狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。例如： You will get to know when you grow up. 你長大后就會了解。,1. 時間狀語從句 1.

19、 We were swimming in the lake _ suddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before 2. He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. whileD. when 3. He transplanted the little tree to the garden _ it was the best time for it. A. where B. when

20、C. thatD. until 4. Did Jack come back early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight oclock _ he arrived home. A. Before B. when C. thatD. until 5. He was about halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. while,A,D,B,B,C,6. The cost of living in Glasgow is a

21、mong the lowest in Britain, _ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. A. since B. when C. as D. while 7. _ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless,連接詞while的用法小結(jié),1. while引導(dǎo)的動作必須是持續(xù)性的，側(cè)重主句動作和從句動作相對比。如： Please dont talk so loud w

22、hile others are working. 2. while作為并列連詞，意為“而，卻”，表示對比。 3. while可表示盡管，相當(dāng)于although。,D,A,2、原因狀語從句：,通常由連詞：because, as, since, now that引導(dǎo)。區(qū)別是:,because：表示“因為”，直接而明確的原 因和理由，語氣最強，why提 問的句子，一般都用because 回答。,He didnt come because he was ill.,since：表示“既然”，語氣比because弱。,Since you are here, you must do it.,as：表示“因為

23、”語氣比because輕，引 導(dǎo)從句可放主句前也可放主句后。,You neednt go with me, as you are busy. As I was afraid, I hid myself.,now that意思與since相似，表示“既然”。,Now that you are in High School, you will probably spend more in reading. Now that all the guests have arrived, lets have our dinner.,注意： 在強調(diào)句中強調(diào)原因狀語從句， 只能用because引導(dǎo)，不可用as

24、或 since，如： It was because he was ill that he didnt go with us., because可以引導(dǎo)表語從句,而 as, since不可以，這時狀語一 般都是it, this, that,Its because he is too lazy., for也表示“因為”，但是并列 連詞，它連接的不是狀語從 句，語氣比較強。,It must be morning, for the birds are singing.,原因狀語從句,because since as for now that considering (that) seeing (tha

25、t),既然,考慮到鑒于,鑒于由于既然因為,3、地點狀語從句：,通常由連詞where和wherever引導(dǎo)。如：,Go back where you came from. Wherever you go, you must write to your parents. Where there is a will, there is a way. Where there is too much, the poison and waste may do great harm to the things around us.,4、目的狀語從句：,通常由so that, in order that, s

26、othat, lest, in case（以防、免得）等引導(dǎo)：,He got up early in order that he could catch the early bus. She married him so that she might tend and comfort him. I explained again and again in case he should misunderstand me.,目的狀語從句引導(dǎo)詞,so that in order that in case （以防、免得） for fear that (生怕，以免） lest (以免，免得),I hid

27、 the book lest (=for fear that) he should see it.,【特別提醒】 由lest ，for fear that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句要使用虛擬語氣，由should動詞原形構(gòu)成。,5、結(jié)果狀語從句：,由so that, sothat, suchthat引導(dǎo)： It was very cold, so that the river froze. The book is so written that it gives a quite wrong idea of the facts. There were so many people (=such a lot

28、 of people) in the room that we could not get in. He made such an excellent speech that every one admired him.,6、條件狀語從句:,由 if, unless, as long as (=so long as) (只要), in case (that) (如果，萬一)等引導(dǎo)：,If plastics and rubber are burned, they give off poisonous gases.,Unless you work hard, you will fail, You

29、can go out, as long as (so long as ) you promise to be back before eleven.,In case I forget, please remind me about that.,注意：條件狀語從句中的謂語動詞的時態(tài)不可用將來時，只能用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或過去時態(tài)表示將來時。,7、方式狀語從句：,由連詞：as, as if, as though引導(dǎo)： The teacher told the students to do as he did. Leave it as it is. He heard a noise, as if someon

30、e was breathing. I saw the man looking about him as if he wished to impress upon his mind everything.,as if和as though意義和用法大致一樣，引導(dǎo)的從句多用虛擬語氣，但也可用陳述語氣。 He treats me as if I were his own son. He walked as if he were drunk.,8、比較狀語從句：,由連詞asas, not so(as) as, than等引導(dǎo)：,I hope it was as good as the one you l

31、ent me. Actually the ocean floor are almost as irregular as the exposed land area.,No one can be more fit for his office than he is.,He cant run so fast as she.,注意：“the+比較級(接從句)，the+比較 級(接主句)，這一句型也歸在比 較狀語從句內(nèi)。如：,The more you study, the more you know. The harder we work, the happier we feel.,9、讓步狀語從句：

32、,由though, although, as (雖然盡管), even if, even though, wh-ever, no matter-wh, whether引導(dǎo).,whatever whoever whichever whenever wherever however,wh - ever,no matter who no matter what no matter which no matter when no matter where no matter how,no matter wh-,Though he is old, yet he is active. Although m

33、ost of the people agreed, some were not willing to accepted. Proud as the nobles are, he is afraid to see me. We wouldnt lose heart even if we should fail ten times.,Whenever (=no matter when) you call on me, you are always welcome. Wherever (no matter where) you work, you can always find time to st

34、udy. Take the one you like best, whichever (no matter which) it is.,No matter what I say or how I say it, he always thinks Im wrong.,Whether he comes or not, well discuss the problem this afternoon.,注意： （1）讓步狀語從句在句中的位置可放前也可放后，有時還可以插在主句中間，前置時，強調(diào)主句內(nèi)容，后置時強調(diào)從句內(nèi)容。,（2）though與although同義，用法基本一樣，前者通俗，口語化；后者較

35、正式，多放于句首，不能與but連用，但可以與yet, still（副詞）等連用，用來加強語氣。Though ( Although ) he was tired, yet (still) he went on working.,（3）as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時從句部分 語序要部分倒裝。如：,Young as he is, he can read and write in several foreign language. （表語提前）,Child as he was, he had to support the family. （表語名詞提前并常省去冠詞） Surrounded as we were

36、 by the enemy, we managed to march forward. （表語名詞提前并常省去冠詞）,對比訓(xùn)練與鞏固,1. We were about to leave_ it began to rain. 2. She thought I was talking about her son, _, in fact, I was talking about my son. 3. Hardly had I finished my composition _ the bell rang. A. when B. while C. as D. during,對比訓(xùn)練 ,A,B,A,1. Child _ she is, she knows a lot. 2. He did the experiment _ he was told. 3. The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper, but not _ good. A. during B. as C. s