1、Paradox（悖論）,New words:,Paradox 悖論 Trolley 電車 Vat 缸 Lever 拉桿 Simulation 模擬 Metabolism 新陳代謝,Worlds top ten famous paradox,The Trolley Problem (電車難題 ) The Ship of Theseus (特修斯之船 ) Brain in a Vat (缸中的大腦 ),The Trolley Problem（電車難題）,A madman tied the five innocent people to the tramway. A runaway tram is

2、coming to them.Fortunately, you can pull a lever to allow the tram to run to the other track. But that madman also tied a person on another track . So should you pull the lever ?,一個瘋子把五個無辜的人綁在電車軌道上。一輛失控的電車朝他們駛來。幸運的是，你可以拉一個拉桿，讓電車開到另一條軌道上。但是另一條軌道上也綁了一個人?？紤]以上狀況，你應(yīng)該拉拉桿嗎？,Analysis (解讀),You may choose to

3、pull the lever, to save the five people and kill a man. But once you pulled the lever, you would have to take the responsibility of the other mans death partly. However, this situation requires you to do something, if you dont,it will also be immoral.,你可能會選擇拉拉桿，拯救五個人只殺死一個人。但是一旦拉了拉桿，你就要為另一條軌道上單獨的一個人的

4、死負(fù)部分責(zé)任。然而，你身處這種狀況下就要求你要有所作為，你的不作為將會是同等的不道德。,Conclusion,All in all, there is no completely moral behavior, that is the point. Many philosophers have used the trolley problem as an example to show the real-life situation often force a person against his own code of ethics, and there is no completely m

5、oral practice.,總之，不存在完全的道德行為，這就是重點所在。許多哲學(xué)家都用電車難題作為例子來表示現(xiàn)實生活中的狀況經(jīng)常強迫一個人違背他自己的道德準(zhǔn)則，并且還存在著沒有完全道德做法的情況。,The Ship of Theseus(特修斯之船),Here comes a ship.Every time a piece of wood rot, it will be replaced.Until all those features are not the beginning. The question is, whether the ship is the original one ,

6、or a completely different boat? If the boat is not the original, then when is it no longer the original boat?,有一艘船，只要一塊木板腐爛了，它就會被替換掉，以此類推，直到所有的部件都不是最開始的那些了。問題是，最終的這艘船是否還是原來的那艘特修斯之船，還是一艘完全不同的船？如果不是，那么何時它不再是原來的船了？,Analysis (解讀),The ship of Theseus was used to study the nature of identity. Especially w

7、hen discussing whether an object is just equal to the sum of its components. For the human body, human body continuously carry on the metabolism and repair themselves.,特修斯之船被用來研究身份的本質(zhì)。特別是討論一個物體是否僅僅等于其組成部件之和。舉個例子，對于人體來說，人體不間斷的進行著新陳代謝和自我修復(fù)。,Brainstorming,If we use the old parts which was taken down fr

8、om the ship of Theseus to make a new one,then which is the real ship of Theseus?!,如果用特修斯之船上取下來的老部件來重新建造一艘新的船，那么兩艘船中哪艘才是真正的特修斯之船?!,Brain in a Vat(缸中的大腦),Imagine a mad scientist take your brain out, put it in some kind of life-sustaining liquid. He stuck electrodes on the brain, which is connected to

9、a computer to produce images and sensory signals. Because all the information you get is through your brain to handle, this computer has the ability to simulate your everyday experience.,想象有一個瘋狂科學(xué)家把你的大腦取出，放在某種生命維持液中。大腦上插著電極，電極連到一臺能產(chǎn)生圖像和感官信號的電腦上。因為你獲取的所有信息都是通過你的大腦來處理的，這臺電腦就有能力模擬你的日常體驗。,However,If this is indeed possible, how can you prove that the world around you is real, and not some kind of simulation environment which is produced by