1、第五課 句子的翻譯,5.1英漢句子對(duì)比及翻譯技巧,形合與意合 樹(shù)狀與竹狀 主語(yǔ)與主題 靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài) 被動(dòng)與主動(dòng) 物稱與人稱,引言,英語(yǔ)屬于印歐語(yǔ)系(Indo-European Family) 漢語(yǔ)屬于漢藏語(yǔ)系 (Sino-Tibetan Family),5.1.1 形合與意合（hypotaxis vs. parataxis) 英語(yǔ)國(guó)家沿襲了古代希臘人非常嚴(yán)格和規(guī)范的語(yǔ)詞系統(tǒng)。古代希臘人認(rèn)為，語(yǔ)詞系統(tǒng)與思維系統(tǒng)是相一致的，要表達(dá)一個(gè)清晰合理的思想就離不開(kāi)清晰合理的詞形和句法。而在一個(gè)毫無(wú)條理的陳述結(jié)構(gòu)中，思想肯定也是雜亂無(wú)章的，而雜亂無(wú)章的思想事沒(méi)有意義的。英語(yǔ)形合的特征正是在這樣一種背景下形成的

2、。與之相反，中國(guó)人重直覺(jué)，強(qiáng)調(diào)意念流，只要能夠達(dá)意，詞的形式是無(wú)關(guān)緊要的，詞語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系常在不言中，語(yǔ)法意義和邏輯關(guān),系常隱藏在字里行間。正所謂“辭，達(dá)而已矣”(論語(yǔ)衛(wèi)靈公）。如“小橋流水人家” 。 在不同的語(yǔ)言中，句子內(nèi)部連接或外部連接幾乎都是用三種手段：句法手段（syntactic devices),詞匯手段（lexical equivalence)和語(yǔ)義手段（semantic connection)。用前兩種手段連接即是形合，用后一種手段連接則是意合。英語(yǔ)句法結(jié)構(gòu)重形合，句中各成分的相互結(jié)合常用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞語(yǔ)，以表示其結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系。漢語(yǔ)句法結(jié)構(gòu)重意合，句中各成分的相互結(jié)合多依靠語(yǔ)義的貫通，語(yǔ)

3、境的映襯，少用連接詞語(yǔ)。（方夢(mèng)之,2005),Hypotaxis(形合）is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. English sentence building is featured by hypotaxis. 為標(biāo)明詞語(yǔ)與詞語(yǔ)之間，短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)之間，句子與句子之間的關(guān)系，英語(yǔ)經(jīng)常借助于顯性的銜接手段。英語(yǔ)達(dá)到形合的手段主要有三種：1.借助于語(yǔ)法手段，如時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)主謂一致性人稱與數(shù)的一致動(dòng)詞的曲折變化等等。2.借助于介詞。3.借助于關(guān)聯(lián)詞（包括關(guān)系詞who

4、, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why, how和連接詞and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well,as, neithernor, when, while, as, since, until, sothat, unless, lest ）?；蚓C合運(yùn)用以上各種形合手段。 例：The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the pauci

5、ty of the information media. 譯文：由于距離遠(yuǎn)，又缺乏交通工具，使農(nóng)村社會(huì)與外界隔絕。這種狀況又因?yàn)橥ㄓ嵐ぞ卟蛔愣兊酶訃?yán)重。 回譯文：Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.,Parataxis(意合法）is the

6、 arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis. 雨是最尋常的，（它）一下就是兩三天。（不過(guò)）（你）可別惱，（你試著向外邊）看，它正在下著，像花針，（也）像細(xì)絲，（它）（那么）密密地斜織著，（以至于）（人家的）屋頂上全籠著一層薄煙。,相比之下，漢語(yǔ)的銜接方式是隱性的，漢語(yǔ)一般借助于詞語(yǔ)的排列順序，緊縮句，四字格，或修辭手段如重復(fù)等來(lái)組織句子。如： 人

7、（若）不犯我，我（則）不犯人。（語(yǔ)序） We will not attack unless we are attacked. 有飯大家吃。（緊縮句）（=如果有飯的話，那就讓大家吃吧。） Let everybody share the food if there is any. 打死我也不說(shuō)。（緊縮句） Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 物極必反。（四字格） Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.

8、,翻譯下面的句子，注意英語(yǔ)的形合與漢語(yǔ)的意合是如何轉(zhuǎn)換的。 1）你今天來(lái)明天來(lái)都可以。 You can come today or tomorrow. 2) 總之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。 In a word, the prospect is bright but the road has twists and turns. 3) 月亮漸漸地升高了，墻外馬路上孩子們的歡笑聲，已經(jīng)聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)了；妻在屋里拍著閏兒，迷迷糊糊地哼著眠歌，我悄悄地披了大衫，帶上門(mén)出去。,A full moon was rising high above in the sky: the laughter of the c

9、hildren playing outside had died away; in the room, my wife was patting the son, Run-er, sleepily humming a cradlesong; shrugging on an overcoat, quietly, I made my way out, closing the door behind me. (朱純深譯）,5.1.2樹(shù)狀與竹狀 “西文句中名物字，多隨舉隨釋，如中文之旁支，后乃遙接前文，足意成句?！保▏?yán)復(fù)）英語(yǔ)句子“多隨舉隨釋”，枝杈蔓生，呈樹(shù)狀結(jié)構(gòu)，分叉處有介詞，關(guān)系代詞連接。而漢語(yǔ)按

10、時(shí)間順序或邏輯順序逐層展開(kāi)，節(jié)節(jié)延伸，猶如竹子。（郭麗君） 英語(yǔ)的詞組與詞組、句子與句子之間結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系和邏輯聯(lián)系必須交代得十分清楚。英語(yǔ)的關(guān)系詞（包括介詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、連接詞等）十分豐富，英語(yǔ)正是靠這些關(guān)系詞的過(guò)渡和連接，從形態(tài)上來(lái)維系句內(nèi)和句間的各種關(guān)系的。因此英語(yǔ),句子結(jié)構(gòu)呈樹(shù)狀，往往有一主干（復(fù)合句中的主句或簡(jiǎn)單句中的某主要成分），主干上枝蔓橫生：句子成分隨時(shí)可加以修飾，而修飾語(yǔ)中的某成分又可被別的成分修飾。由此往往形成長(zhǎng)句。 漢語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)呈竹狀，逐節(jié)（短語(yǔ)或小句）展開(kāi)。漢語(yǔ)的句子可以在同一施事或主題語(yǔ)之下按邏輯順序鋪陳，雖然小節(jié)間有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，但語(yǔ)句的聯(lián)系仍是緊密的。這樣，漢譯時(shí)經(jīng)

11、常由英語(yǔ)的樹(shù)狀結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語(yǔ)的竹節(jié)狀。（方夢(mèng)之，2005）,例如：The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 譯文：男孩哭得心都快碎了，當(dāng)我問(wèn)及他時(shí)，他說(shuō)餓極了，有兩天沒(méi)吃東西了。 從上例可以看出，英語(yǔ)十分注重句子的形式和結(jié)構(gòu)的完整，上面英語(yǔ)句子的主干為the boy said，但節(jié)外生枝，疊床架屋，竟有5個(gè)從句，用了who, as if, when,

12、 that, because等多個(gè)連接成分，形成一個(gè)空間構(gòu)架，猶如枝繁葉茂的參天大樹(shù)，呈樹(shù)狀。而相應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)節(jié)節(jié)展開(kāi)，言簡(jiǎn)意賅，語(yǔ)意連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，呈竹狀。,5.1.3 主語(yǔ)突出與主題突出 中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)主張“天人合一”，“萬(wàn)物與我為一”，反映在語(yǔ)言上就是施事主體可以蘊(yùn)含在行為事件的主觀表現(xiàn)中。因此在句子構(gòu)造中，漢語(yǔ)并不把主語(yǔ)看成必要的成分。正如王力所說(shuō)：“就句子結(jié)構(gòu)而論，西洋語(yǔ)言是法治的，中國(guó)語(yǔ)言是人治的。法治的不管主語(yǔ)用得著用不著，總要呆板地求句子形式的一律，人治的用得著就用，用不著就不用，只要能使人聽(tīng)懂說(shuō)話人的意思，就算了?！闭?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)缺乏主語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)言學(xué)家從語(yǔ)言類型學(xué)的角度出發(fā)，認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)是主題

13、顯著,（topic-prominent）的語(yǔ)言。（曾劍平，2005）英語(yǔ)是注重主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言，造句離不開(kāi)主語(yǔ)。這是英語(yǔ)民族“主客二分”的哲學(xué)思維方式在語(yǔ)言中的反映。 英譯漢時(shí)處理方法： 1.英語(yǔ)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)與漢語(yǔ)”主題+述題”結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)譯。例： Ive been wondering something. 有件事兒我一直很納悶. I tried everything I could think of . 我能想到的,我都試過(guò)了.,2.英語(yǔ)的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)譯成漢語(yǔ)無(wú)主句 1) Its raining hard. 下大雨了. 2) What happened? 發(fā)生什么事了? 3)Is that a true sto

14、ry? 真有這事嗎? 漢譯英時(shí)處理方法： 應(yīng)首先為英語(yǔ)句子找到合適的主語(yǔ),根據(jù)語(yǔ)境及譯入語(yǔ)的行文習(xí)慣處理,1) 路上只我一個(gè)人,背著手踱著. I am on my own, strolling, hands behind my back. 2) 在這種氣候里想把這種花養(yǎng)活,我還沒(méi)有這種本事. In a climate like this, it is far beyond my capacity to grow such precious flower. 3)他什么苦都吃得,從不貪圖安逸,追求享受. He could withstand any hardship and never sough

15、t ease and comfort.,4) 這種水泵的主要特點(diǎn)是操作簡(jiǎn)便。 This pump is chiefly characterized by its simple operation. 5) 五四運(yùn)動(dòng)是反帝國(guó)主義的運(yùn)動(dòng)，又是反封建主義的運(yùn)動(dòng)。 The May 4 th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.,比較下面幾個(gè)句子的譯文，判斷一下哪個(gè)譯文好。 1）昨天的事多虧你幫忙。 譯文 1 ： Thank you for your help yesterday. 譯文 2 ： I owe

16、 you a lot for your help yesterday. 2）他會(huì)干這種事我不相信。 譯文一： I dont believe that he should have done such things. 譯文二： That he should have done such things I dont believe.,3）在桌子上他放了一本書(shū)。 譯文 1 ： On the desk he put a book. 譯文 2 ： He put a book on the desk. 翻譯下面的句子，并注意英語(yǔ)句子中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該怎樣換成漢語(yǔ)句子的主題。 1）I would not beli

17、eve what he said. 2) I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting. 3) I know Mr. Wang.,5.1.4 靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài) (static vs. dynamic) 英語(yǔ)有一種少用（謂語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞，或用其他手段表示動(dòng)作意義的自然傾向：而漢語(yǔ)則有一種多用動(dòng)詞的固有習(xí)慣。英語(yǔ)每個(gè)句子中只能使用一個(gè)限定式動(dòng)詞（finite verb), 唯一例外形式是并列句動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)；而漢語(yǔ)中卻存在著“連動(dòng)式”和“兼語(yǔ)式”，如“他到了火車站發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)開(kāi)走了”，以及緊縮句，如“我們下雨也去”，有的句子幾乎全句都是動(dòng)詞，如

18、“打得贏就打，打不贏就走，不怕沒(méi)辦法。”（包彩霞，2003） 英語(yǔ)的限定動(dòng)詞只能做謂語(yǔ)，而漢語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞（包括動(dòng)賓詞組、主謂詞組等）無(wú)處,不在，不僅作謂語(yǔ)，也可以做主語(yǔ)，如“理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際是我們黨的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)”；做賓語(yǔ)，如“魯迅主張打落水狗”；作定語(yǔ)，如“討論的問(wèn)題很重要”；作狀語(yǔ)，如“一定要批判地繼承我國(guó)的文學(xué)藝術(shù)遺產(chǎn)”和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如“小溪旁那些女人們聽(tīng)得笑起來(lái)了”。（包彩霞，2003） 漢語(yǔ)為數(shù)不多的介詞，大都是從古代漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞演變而來(lái)的，有些還具備動(dòng)詞的一般特點(diǎn)，兼屬于介詞和動(dòng)詞兩類，因此有些與法學(xué)家稱它們?yōu)椤鞍雱?dòng)詞” 、“副動(dòng)詞”，“漢語(yǔ)中的絕大多數(shù)的介詞，應(yīng)該劃歸動(dòng)詞的范疇，只是入句時(shí)，表現(xiàn)了相

19、當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)介,詞的作用“，如“他在家”中的“在”為動(dòng)詞，而“他在家看書(shū)”中的“在”則為介詞。（包彩霞,2003) 由此可見(jiàn)，英語(yǔ)是“靜態(tài)”的語(yǔ)言，而漢語(yǔ)則是“動(dòng)態(tài)”的語(yǔ)言。英語(yǔ)的靜態(tài)修辭實(shí)質(zhì)是名詞優(yōu)勢(shì)和介詞優(yōu)勢(shì)，而介詞優(yōu)勢(shì)優(yōu)勢(shì)名詞優(yōu)勢(shì)的必然結(jié)果。因?yàn)槊~與名詞之間要借助介詞來(lái)聯(lián)結(jié)?！埃ㄊY堅(jiān)松，2002）因此，在英譯漢時(shí)常常要變“靜”為“動(dòng)”，擺脫名詞化的框架和大量介詞的干擾，突出原文的動(dòng)態(tài)色彩。,試翻譯以下幾個(gè)句子，看怎樣把英語(yǔ)的靜態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)態(tài)。 1) He has someone behind him. 有人給他撐腰。 2) He walked around the house with

20、 a gun. 3) A study of that letter leaves us in no doubt as to the motives behind it. 4) The very first sight of her made him fall in love with her. 5) Party officials worked long hour on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.,6) The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examinati

21、on of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery. 7) He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 8) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself.,5.1.5 被動(dòng)與主動(dòng) (passive vs. active) Passives in various forms are frequently used in English mainly due to the following reasons: 1. When the agent of an action

22、 is self-evident or unknown, or it is unnecessary or impossible to mention the agent. e.g. The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. 2. Syntactic factors: for cohesion, balance, end focus, end weight, etc. e.g. I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.,3.

23、Rhetorical factors: for variation, etc, e.g. There are many ways to vary the basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object. The basic English sentence pattern of subject-verb-object can be varied in many ways. 4. Stylistic factors: more passives in informative writing, notably in the objecti

24、ve, non-personal style of scientific articles, news items, and governmental communications. e.g. The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.,英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句的處理方法 1.保留主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用 “ 被 ” 結(jié)構(gòu)，也可轉(zhuǎn)換為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 例如： 1） They were defeated by themselves, rather than by their enemies. 2) Ma

25、ny basins were formed by the subsidence of the earths crust. 2 .用 “ 我們、人們、大家 ” 等表泛指的代詞充當(dāng)譯語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)。 例如： 1) The existence of oil wells has been known for a long time.,2)After many years, regular mail carriers on horseback were hired. 3 .譯成無(wú)主句，特別是英語(yǔ)中一些表示觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、要求、告誡、號(hào)召的被動(dòng)句。 例如： 1）Felling trees is forbidden.

26、2) Where can you be reached? 3) Quality mustnt be neglected.,By contrast, active forms, including those in passive sense (notional passive 意義被動(dòng)式), are often used in Chinese. There are some reasons for the limited use of the Chinese passive forms marked by 被，or 讓，給，叫，挨，受，遭，蒙，etc.: 1. The Chinese pass

27、ive form marked by 被 is traditionally felt to be an “inflictive voice” (不幸語(yǔ)態(tài)），mainly expressing things unpleasant or undesirable to the subjective person, as “被捕“，“被殺”，“被剝削”，“被壓迫”，,2.The Chinese passive form should generally have an agent after “被”， which restricts the use of the passive form when t

28、he agent is unknown or difficult to mention. Instead, Chinese generally prefers to use active forms；besides, there are many other ways to denote passive sense which is usually expressed in the English passive form. For example: Notional passives (意義被動(dòng)式）：active in form but passive in sense. Pattern:

29、receptor subject (受事主語(yǔ)）+verb+agent,1）昨晚我蓋了兩條被子。（不說(shuō)“被兩條被子蓋著） Last night, I was covered up with two quilts. 2）困難克服了，問(wèn)題也解決了。（實(shí)際上是“困難被克服了”） The difficulties have been overcome, and the problem has been solved. 3）你想死我們了?。▽?shí)際上是“被思念著”） We miss you very much. 3.Subjectless or subject-omitted sentences when t

30、he subject is self-evident, unknown or implied in the context.,要制造飛機(jī)，就必須仔細(xì)考慮空氣阻力問(wèn)題。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured. 為什么總把這些麻煩事推給我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me？ 4.Using generic persons (通稱或泛稱）as subjects: 人，有人，人們，大家，人家，別人，某人。,眾所周知，中國(guó)人在兩千多年前就發(fā)明了指南針。 It is well-known that the compass was invented in China more than two thousand years ago. 1964 年10月，中國(guó)爆炸了第一顆原子彈，這把基辛格嚇了一跳。