1、CHAPTER 2,An Introduction to Cost Terms and Purposes,2-2,Basic Cost Terminology,Cost sacrificed resource to achieve a specific objective Actual Cost a cost that has occurred Budgeted Cost a predicted cost Cost Object anything of interest for which a cost is desired,2-3,Basic Cost Terminology,Cost Ac

2、cumulation a collection of cost data in an organized manner Cost Assignment a general term that includes gathering accumulated costs to a cost object. This includes: Tracing accumulated costs with a direct relationship to the cost object and Allocating accumulated costs with an indirect relationship

3、 to a cost object,2-4,Direct and Indirect Costs,Direct Costs can be conveniently and economically traced (tracked) to a cost object Indirect Costs cannot be conveniently or economically traced (tracked) to a cost object. Instead of being traced, these costs are allocated to a cost object in a ration

4、al and systematic manner,2-5,Cost Examples,Direct Costs Parts Assembly line wages Indirect Costs Electricity Rent Property taxes,2-6,Factors Affecting Direct/Indirect Cost Classification,Cost Materiality Availability of Information-gathering Technology Operational Design,2-7,Cost Behavior,Variable C

5、osts changes in total in proportion to changes in the related level of activity or volume Fixed Costs remain unchanged in total regardless of changes in the related level of activity or volume Costs are fixed or variable only with respect to a specific activity or a given time period,2-8,Cost Behavi

6、or, continued,Variable costs are constant on a per-unit basis. If a product takes 5 pounds of materials each, it stays the same per unit regardless of whether one, ten, or a thousand units are produced Fixed costs change inversely with the level of production. As more units are produced, the same fi

7、xed cost is spread over more and more units, reducing the cost per unit,2-9,Cost Behavior Summarized,Total Dollars,Cost per Unit,Variable Costs,Change in proportion with output More output = More cost,Unchanged in relation to output,Fixed Costs,Unchanged in relation to output,Change inversely with o

8、utput More output = lower cost per unit,2-10,Other Cost Concepts,Cost Driver a variable that causally affects costs over a given time span Relevant Range the band of normal activity level (or volume) in which there is a specific relationship between the level of activity (or volume) and a given cost

9、 For example, fixed costs are fixed only within the relevant range.,2-11,A Cost Caveat,Unit costs should be used cautiously. Since unit costs change with a different level of output or volume, it may be more prudent to base decisions on a total dollar basis.,2-12,Different Types of Firms,Manufacturi

10、ng-sector companies create and sell their own products Merchandising-sector companies product resellers Service-sector companies,2-13,Types of Inventories,Direct Materials resources instock and available for use Work-in-Process (or progress) products started but not yet completed. Often abbreviated

11、as WIP Finished Goods products completed and ready for sale,2-14,Types of Product Costs,Direct Materials Direct Labor Indirect Manufacturing factory costs that are not traceable to the product. Also known as Manufacturing Overhead costs or Factory Overhead costs,2-15,Distinctions Between Costs,Inven

12、toriable Costs product manufacturing costs. These costs are capitalized as assets (inventory) until they are sold and transferred to Cost of Goods Sold Period Costs have no future value and are expensed as incurred,2-16,Cost Flows,The Cost of Goods Manufactured and the Cost of Goods Sold section of

13、the income statement are accounting representations of the actual flow of costs through a production system. Note the importance of inventory accounts in the following accounting reports, and in the cost flow chart,2-17,Cost of Goods Manufactured,Calculates the cost of Direct Materials Used,Accumula

14、tes the three product costs for the current period,Adjusts the current period manufacturing costs to account for units actually completed,2-18,Income Statement,Figure carries forward from the Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured,Period Costs are expensed as incurred,2-19,Cost Flowchart,2-20,Other

15、Cost Considerations,Prime cost is a term referring to all direct manufacturing costs (labor and materials) Conversion cost is a term referring to direct labor and factory overhead costs, collectively Overtime labor costs are considered part of overhead,2-21,Different Definitions of Cost for Different Applications,Pricing and product-mix decisions may use a “super” cost approach (comprehensive) Contracting with government agencies very specific definitions of cost for “cost plus profit” contracts Preparing external-use financial statements GAAP-driven product costs only,2-22,Three C