1、美國文學(xué)選讀復(fù)習(xí)資料Washington Irving 第一個獲得歐洲國際聲譽的作家James Fenimore Cooper 美國第一位重要的小說家 The first great novelist of AmericanThe last Mohicans ( French and India War) Emerson愛默生 = The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism 超驗主義He was a descendent of a long line of New England clergymen牧師【pastor】. 主要作品：

2、論自然Nature(新英格蘭超驗主義的宣言)美學(xué)國者The American Scholar（美國文化和思想的獨立宣言）（The Over-soul；Self-Reliance）American Transcendentalism As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as “ American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high ti

3、de of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.Transcendentalism 超驗主義(+ H. D. Thoreau; )The major features of Transcendentalism: The Tr

4、anscendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想 超靈 宇宙 The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. 個體+社會 The Transcendentalists offered a fresh percepti

5、on of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝Nathaniel Hawthorne effected by 超驗主義One of the most ambivalent writers in the American literary history. The Scarlet Letter:紅字Other works: Mosses from an Old Manse;

6、 Twice-Told Tales; The Marble Faun; The House of the Seven GablesHe is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition 清教徒傳統(tǒng)and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form.In his masterpiece, by using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin

7、 of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best symbolists. Edgar Allan Poe: 偵探小說Detective fiction之父，又是法國象征主義運動的源頭。主要作品：致海倫 To HelenTo HelenEdgar Allan PoeHelen

8、, thy beauty is to meLike those Nicean barks of yore,That gently, oer a perfumed sea,The weary, wayworn wanderer boreTo his own native shore.On desperate seas long wont to roam,Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,Thy Naiad airs have brought me homeTo the glory that was GreeceAnd the grandeur that wa

9、s Rome.Lo! in yon brilliant window-nicheHow statue-like I see thee stand,The agate lamp within thy hand!Ah, Psyche, from the regions whichAre Holy Land!一種翻譯：（網(wǎng)上收集）海倫，你的美對于我猶如尼薩的船舸，在往昔，它們滑過芬芳的海波，把漂泊者從倦人的旅羈載回故國的陸地。經(jīng)歷了海風(fēng)多次的吹拂你那風(fēng)信子般的美發(fā)，你典雅的臉龐，水仙女的風(fēng)姿，帶我回到希臘的熠熠光華和古羅馬的氣魄。看!在一個華美的窗龕你猶如雕像那樣佇立，瑪瑙明燈擎在手里！啊，賽琪，你

10、來自彼岸那不可及的圣地！Murders in the Rue Morgue毛格街血案(Detective fiction)；Annabel Lee安娜貝爾，李； The Raven烏鴉；The Cask of Amontillado一桶白葡萄酒H. D. Henry David Thoreau 梭羅and his work Where I lived and what I lived for 人生意義Walden 瓦爾登湖not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self-reliance but also develops and tes

11、ts Thoreaus own transcendental philosophy. Civil Disobedience論公民的不服從,主張非暴力反抗，深深影響了印度圣雄芏地和民權(quán)領(lǐng)袖馬丁，路德，金。Walt WhitmanThe first edition of Leaves of Grass In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. What he prefers for his new subject and new poetic fee

12、lings is “free verse”自由詩體, that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. The poets essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse”同一地 of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself”.為林肯而作：When L

13、ilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd最近紫丁香在庭院里開放的時侯 O Captain!My Captain哦，我的船長。Writing features of Whitman1. A singer for the ideals of equality , democracy and human dignity.2. Songs for himself, for the labor of common American people, natural creation, the independence of the country, love and friend

14、ship, and for the memorizing of President Lincoln.3. Free verse, rhythmical unit, phonetic recurrence.Herman Melville代表作：白鯨Moby Dick Other Works are: Billy Budd,Typee, Omoo, Mardi. Symbolism in Moby Dick：It is regarded as the first American prose epic. 散文史詩？It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of th

15、e mind in quest of the truth 尋找真理and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into mans deep reality and psychology. Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanin

16、gs; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable難以理解的, malignant惡性的, and beautiful as well. Emily Dickinson：I Died for Beauty；Because I could not stop for Death美國最偉大

17、的女詩人。主題：自然、愛情、死亡/永生Emily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary. Most of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single image or symbol.Mark Twain Writing: humor and local colorism 地方特色The characteristics of local coloris

18、mTwain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “l(fā)ocal colorism,” a unique variation of American literary realism. “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” brought him recognitio

19、n from a wider public. His best works were produced when he was in the prime of his life：Life on the Mississippi & The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. 湯姆。索亞歷險記Mark Twains most representative work：The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （哈克貝利。芬歷險記）（兒童小說，被譽為美國文學(xué)的來源）惠特曼是美國文學(xué)史上第一位打破英國詩歌傳統(tǒng)的詩人，吐溫是美國文學(xué)史上第一位打破英國小說傳統(tǒng)的小

20、說家。His humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism, is remarkable.其他代表作：王子與貧兒（T肯Prince and Pauper），密西西比河上的生活(Life on the Mississippi)Henry James：The Portrait of a Lady 淑女畫像(Isabel Archer; Madam Merle; Gilbert Osmond)Daisy Miller 黛西。米勒（作

21、者心目中典型的美國姑娘的縮影）(Daisy; Mr. Winterbourne溫特伯恩; Mr. Giovanelli) international themeThe three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells豪威爾斯, Mark Twain, and Henry James. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “l(fā)ife” of the Americans, and Henry James had apparently

22、 laid greater emphasis on the “inner world” of man. 19世紀(jì)美國三位偉大的現(xiàn)實主義作家。Realism 浪漫主義之后，現(xiàn)代主義之前As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil War It was a reaction against “the lie” of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to Modernism. This l

23、iterary interest in the so-called “reality” of life started a new period in the American literary writing known as The Age of Realism. Psychological Realism It is the realistic writing that probes deeply into the complexities of characters thoughts and motivations. And Henry James is considered the

24、founder of psychological realism. He believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not in any facts of which the spectator is unaware. Such realism is therefore merely the obligation that the artist assumes to represent life as he sees it.The 20th Century American

25、Poets：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticismMajor Features1. The relationship of art and life; reality and imagination; fact and miracle; chaos and order.2. References to painting, music, and color.3. Abstract, philosophical, and difficult. He saw poetry as a personal transactio

26、n between self and reality.4. Meticulous language, though frequently exotic; coined words, and some are employed simply for sound effects.Robert Frost: Fire and Ice; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening; The Road Not Taken;A witness treeMajor Features: 1. His verse was terrifying at first, showing t

27、he dark side of human life and society. Later, filled with sunshine. 2.New England as the setting; The subjects come from daily life of ordinary life;Rural poetry in pastoral tradition. ( Wordsworth; Emerson)3.His themes include landscape and people of New England, loneliness and poverty of isolated

28、 farmers, beauty, terror and tragedy in nature.Simple language, a graceful style and traditional forms of poetry. 詩歌鑒賞：In both Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and The Road Not Taken,Mending Wall the speaker hesitates on route. Compare the hesitations. Do they derive from the same impulse and mi

29、sgiving or are they distinct?Sherwood Anderson: Hands是小鎮(zhèn)畸人Winesburg, Ohio的開篇之作; Paper Pills紙玩William Carlos Williams: The Red Wheelbarrow紅色手推車（imagism）Ezra Pound：Idaho愛達荷洲worked for the Italian government in WW II, engaged in some radio broadcasts of anti-Semitism反猶太主義 and pro-Fascism贊頌法西斯和墨索里尼、抨擊美國

30、參戰(zhàn)的廣播講話.意象派imagism運動的發(fā)起者 代表作:Cantos詩章，龐德規(guī)模最大，最有雄心的一部詩篇; Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休，賽爾溫，毛伯利; In a Station of the Metro在地鐵站內(nèi); Cathay中國，其中包括李白的長干行譯為The River-Merchants Wife;A Letter,譯出了原詩的精神風(fēng)貌。Imagism 意象派A poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movement insists on th

31、e creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) : 1 direct treatment of poetic subjects 2 elimination of merely ornamental or superflu

32、ous words, to use no word that does not contribute to the presentation. 3 rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome. F. Scott. Fitzgerald弗，司各特，菲茨杰拉德。與海明威同為“迷惘的一代”的代言人。The Great Gatsby了不起的蓋茨比；The Side of Paradise人間天堂: Tender is the Night夜色

33、溫柔; The Beautiful and the Damned漂亮冤家William Faulkner(1897-1962 1949 Nobel price南方文藝復(fù)興的旗手和南方文學(xué)的確精神領(lǐng)袖。A rose to Emily 主要作品：The Sound and the Fury (1929)憤怒與喧囂； As I Lay Dying (1930);Light in the August ( 1932)八月之光;Absalom, Absalom (1936)押沙龍，押沙龍（家世小說);Go Down, Moses (1942)去吧，摩西Ernest Hemingway Iceberg P

34、rinciple (Theory):冰山法則The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. Code heroA man can be destroyed but not defeatedMajor Works:The Sun Also Rises 1926 (Jake Barnes)A Farewell to Arms 永別了，武器1928 (a tragic story about war and love) (Frederic Henry and Cathe

35、rine Barkley美國最優(yōu)秀的一部反戰(zhàn)小說)For Whom the Bell Tolls 喪鐘為誰而鳴1940 (Spanish civil war) (Robert Jordan)20世紀(jì)美國文學(xué)中一部真正的英雄史詩。The Old Man and the Sea 1952 (Santiago)獲諾貝爾文學(xué)獎?！癝tream of Consciousness” 意識流or “interior monologue”,內(nèi)心獨白 is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempt

36、s to imitate the natural flow of a characters thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. American Naturalism 自然主義The impact of Darwins evolutionary theory達爾文進化論 on the American thought a

37、nd the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American naturalism. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral與道德無關(guān)的, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity遺傳 and environment, that the destin

38、y of humanity was misery in life and oblivion湮沒 in death. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment an

39、d heredity. Harlem Renaissance黑色狂想曲：哈林文藝復(fù)興藝術(shù)In the 1920s in America, there was an upsurge of Black literature, popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. So, “Harlem Renaissance” is a burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by

40、Negro playwrights, poets and novelists who presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way for the emergence of numerous Black writers after mid-twentieth century. The Harlem Renaissance began with a work entitled: New Negro: An Interpretation (by Alain Locke).Dialect, folkl

41、ore, and Jazz. The Modern PeriodPart I The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)l The Roaring Twenties (economically)l The Jazz Age (socially) l “l(fā)ost” and “waste land” (spiritually)There had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences. D

42、arwinism(Darwin), Socialism (Karl Marx), Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)The Lost GenerationThe term “Lost Generation” came from Gertrude Stein, who had a salon in her house for English and American expatriates in Paris. The Phrase was a remark she made to a mechanic in Hemingways presence that “You a

43、re all a lost generation.” Gertrude Stein used the term to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald,

44、Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings and some others.Winners of Nobel Prize for Literature during this periodSinclair Lewis (1930); Eugene ONeill (1936); Pearl S. Buck (1938); T.S. Eliot (1948); William Faulkner (1949); Ernest Hemingway (1954); John Steinbeck (1962)American

45、DreamThe is the idea held by many in the United States that through hard work, courage and determination one could achieve prosperity繁榮. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his bo

46、ok The Epic of America. He states: The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. .It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which

47、 each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position. In the United States Declaration of Independence獨立宣言, our founding fathers: held certain truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among t