1、第二章 魚類的骨骼與肌肉,1,魚類的骨胳,2,骨骼的發(fā)育途徑,中胚層的間葉組織細(xì)胞系的成骨骼細(xì)胞 軟骨 膜性硬骨 軟骨化硬骨 軟骨魚類：軟骨 硬骨魚類：大部分是軟骨化硬骨,3,鑒定軟骨和硬骨的方法,阿里新藍(lán)可以把軟骨染成藍(lán)色 茜素紅可以把硬骨染成紅色 ？如何鑒定膜性硬骨和軟骨性硬骨,4,骨胳系統(tǒng),外骨胳：鱗片、牙齒 內(nèi)骨胳：包在肌肉中的骨胳 主軸骨胳：頭骨 脊椎 附肢骨胳：偶鰭骨骼 奇鰭骨骼,5,魚類的牙齒,上圖為軟骨魚類的牙齒 下圖為硬骨魚類的牙齒,6,Teeth of shark,7,內(nèi)骨胳,8,Skeleton of a fish: finned vertebrate animal wi

2、th skin covered with scales. It lives in water and is usually oviparous.Opercular: pair of bony plates covering the gill opening.Ray of the anterior dorsal fin: each of the small bones forming the front fin on the back of a fish.Radial cartilage: elastic substance of the radius.Ray of the posterior

3、dorsal fin: each of the small bones forming the rear fin on the back of a fish.Neural spine: spine containing part of the nervous system.Vertebra: each of the bones forming the neural spine of a fish.Hypural: bone to which are attached the spiny rays of the caudal fin of a fish.Caudal fin ray: each

4、of the small bones forming the tail fin of a fish.Anal fin ray: each of the small bones forming the fin behind the anus of a fish.Radial cartilage: elastic substance of the radius.Rib: each of the bones forming the thoracic cage.Pelvic fin ray: each of the bones forming the fin beneath the pelvic gi

5、rdle.Pectoral fin ray: each of the bones forming the chest fin.Pelvic girdle: set of bones forming the pelvis.Clavicle: shoulder bone.Lower jaw: mandible.Upper jaw: upper part of the mouth.Orbit: cavity of the skull that contains the eye.Skull: bony case of the brain of a fish.,9,頭骨,包括腦顱和咽顱,10,腦顱(共3

6、6塊骨骼),篩區(qū)：圍繞嗅囊的骨胳。如中篩骨。 蝶區(qū)：環(huán)繞眼框周圍的骨胳。如框蝶骨。 耳區(qū)：圍繞耳囊周圍的骨胳。如前耳骨。 枕區(qū)：連接脊椎的腦顱最后部分。如上枕骨1。 背面：頂骨2，額骨3,11,腦顱,12,咽顱,1對(duì)頜弓 1對(duì)舌弓 5對(duì)鰓弓：第5對(duì)特化為咽弓,13,魚類鰓弓,從背面-腹面 咽鰓骨 上鰓骨 角鰓骨 下鰓骨 基鰓骨,14,鯡魚Anchoa與斑馬魚咽顱骨骼排列上的差異？前后軸和背腹軸,15,脊椎,軀椎與尾椎結(jié)構(gòu)上的區(qū)別。,1 髓棘，2 髓弓，3 前關(guān)節(jié)突， 4 后關(guān)節(jié)突，5 肋骨，6 椎體， 7 脈弓，8 脈棘,16,脊椎與肌節(jié)：脊椎位置位于兩肌節(jié)之間,17,鯉形目魚類椎骨的變異,韋

7、伯氏器:三叉骨(tripus),間叉骨(intercalarium),舶狀骨(scaphium),帶狀骨(claustrum),這些骨骼由結(jié)締組織相連. ？為什么只有鯉形目魚類會(huì)變異，研究韋伯氏器的發(fā)生可能有助于了解鯉形目魚類的進(jìn)化歷史。,18,肋骨,腹肋和背肋（背肋比較少見） 上圖正常，下圖為gsc-缺失的肋骨,19,肌間骨,肌間骨是由肌隔結(jié)締組織骨化而成的。只有低等的魚類如鯡形目、鯉形目具有。給這些魚的加工帶來困難。 為什么只有低等魚類具有？,20,肌間骨: 髓弓小骨,椎體小骨,脈弓小骨,肌間刺是通過兩個(gè)途徑演化而來的： 1.從I形-卜形-一端兩分叉形-一端多叉形。 2.從I形-卜形-一端

8、兩分叉形-兩端兩分叉形-兩端多叉形-樹枝形。,21,附肢骨骼,軟骨魚類奇鰭支鰭骨：輻狀支鰭骨構(gòu)成鰭的一部分，且數(shù)目少于鰭條數(shù)目。 硬骨魚類奇鰭支鰭骨：支鰭骨在鰭的下方，且數(shù)目于鰭條數(shù)目一樣。,22,魚類肩帶和支鰭骨,23,魚類腰帶和支鰭骨,24,魚翅,群翅：犁頭鰩的鰭制成的，價(jià)值最高 天九翅：分別取自鯨鯊和姥鯊 雜翅是其他多種鯊魚鰭制品的總稱 背鰭胸鰭尾鰭,？如何僅根據(jù)魚翅來鑒定魚種（可以利用生物技術(shù)方法）,群翅,25,硬骨魚類的尾鰭支鰭骨,支鰭骨與髓棘愈合成尾上骨 支鰭骨與脈棘愈合成尾下骨 最后幾個(gè)尾椎愈合成尾桿骨 正型尾（硬骨魚類）：外形對(duì)稱，尾桿骨上翹 歪型尾（軟骨魚類）：外形上翹，最后

9、幾個(gè)脊椎上翹。,26,尾鰭支鰭骨,27,尾鰭條發(fā)育,ssh,28,說明:腦顱、脊椎和附肢骨胳的起源是不同的,29,骨骼是有細(xì)胞形態(tài)的,細(xì)胞: 成骨細(xì)胞和破骨細(xì)胞,30,31,Muscle Tissue Types,Smooth Muscle(平滑肌) Striated Muscle(橫紋肌) Skeletal Cardiac,Smooth Muscle,Striated Muscle,Skeletal,Cardiac,32,魚類的肌肉,平滑肌 心肌 骨胳肌(橫紋肌) 頭部肌肉 軀干和尾部肌肉,The anatomy of fish muscle is different from the an

10、atomy of terrestrial mammals, in that the fish lacks the tendinous system connecting muscle bundles to the skeleton of the animal.,Instead, fish has muscle cells running in parallel and connected to sheaths of connective tissue (myocommata), which are anchored to the skeleton and the skin. The bundl

11、es of parallel muscle cells are called myotomes.,33,魚類的頭部肌肉,與口開啟有關(guān)的肌肉群:下頜收肌、腭弓提肌等。 與鰓蓋開啟有關(guān)的肌肉群:鰓蓋開肌、鰓蓋收肌等。 管理鰓弓的肌肉群：鰓弓收肌、鰓弓提肌等。,34,Eye muscles,Inferior oblique Superior oblique Inferior rectus Superior rectus External recuts Internal rectus,35,魚類的軀干和尾部肌肉,大側(cè)?。簽橹饕∪?，由肌隔區(qū)分為軸上肌和軸下肌。 稜?。荷隙牸。ū出挔恳?、背鰭牽縮?。?、

12、下稜?。ǜ滚挔恳?、腹鰭牽縮肌、臀腹鰭牽縮肌）,36,大側(cè)肌,37,為什么鮭魚的肉是紅色的?,鮭魚紅色的肌肉不是由本身的肌血球素(myoglobin)造成的,而是由蝦青素 astaxanthin造成的. 其中的原因不清楚,推測(cè)可能是類胡羅卜素可以作為抗氧化劑,此外,也可能為雄鮭產(chǎn)卵時(shí)期紅色皮膚和雌鮭卵儲(chǔ)備色素,間接證據(jù)是產(chǎn)卵其間,鮭肌肉紅色很淺.,38,鮭魚不能合成蝦青素 ,其來源主要依賴食物. 鮭魚養(yǎng)殖中,飼料中需要添加葉黃素. 為什么?因?yàn)?紅色的肌肉是高質(zhì)量鮭魚肉的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一. 產(chǎn)卵其間,鮭魚肉味道是否更好?,39,肌肉的發(fā)生,40,41,紅肌和白肌的差別,白肌light muscle:產(chǎn)

13、生ATP的來源是糖原.大部分是無氧代謝,產(chǎn)生的產(chǎn)物乳酸,需要轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到肝臟后,作進(jìn)一步的代謝. 因此,白肌適合strong, short muscle bursts. 紅肌dark muscle:產(chǎn)生ATP的來源除糖原以外,還可利用脂肪.有更多的線粒體,因此能充分的有氧代謝,產(chǎn)生CO2 and H2O. 因此,紅肌適合continual, not so strong muscle movements.,42,利用電脈充區(qū)分紅肌肉和白肌白肌爆發(fā)力強(qiáng),紅肌耐力強(qiáng),43,(A) Camera lucida drawing of a 1-day old larva sectioned immediatel

14、y posterior to the yolk-sac. (B) Transverse electron micrograph of a 1-day old herring larva. Abbreviations: ds, dermal scale; g, gut; im, embryonic fast muscle fibre; mc, mucocyte; ms, undifferentiated myoblast; mt, mitochondria; my, myofibril; n, myonucleus; nt, notochord; pn, pronephros; SC, spin

15、al cord; sk, skin; sm, embryonic slow muscle fibre.白肌的線粒體比紅肌多!,慢肌(紅肌),快肌(白肌),44,water content of the muscle,Figure Water content of cod muscle (Gadus morhua),大西洋鱈,45,白肌形成的時(shí)間,46,功能形態(tài)學(xué)Functional Morphology,功能形態(tài)學(xué)根據(jù)形態(tài)判斷功能。其基本原理是：絕大部分形態(tài)是適應(yīng)的結(jié)果，是有功能的，這些功能可根據(jù)形態(tài)通過科學(xué)論證方法推斷出來。,47,鯊魚攝食,CHD, constrictor hyoideus

16、 dorsalis; CHV, constrictor hyoideus ventralis; EP, epaxialis; HN, hyomandibular nerve; IMD, intermandibularis; LH, levator hyomandibularis; LHPE, external hyomandibulapalatoquadrate ligament; LHPI, internal hyomandibulapalatoquadrate ligament; LP, levator palatoquadrati; LPN, levator palpebrae nict

17、itantis; MN, mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve; NC, nasal capsule; NI, nictitating membrane; POD, dorsal preorbitalis; POV, ventral preorbitalis; QD, quadratomandibularis dorsal; QV, quadratomandibularis ventra,48,鯊魚頭腹面肌肉,BA, branchial arches; CC,coracoarcualis; CH, coracohyoideus; CHV, constric

18、tor hyoideus ventralis; CM, coracomandibularis; FA, fin adductor; GR, gill rays; HYP, hypaxial; IMD, intermandibularis; MC, Meckels cartilage; NC, nasal capsule; OR, orbit; POV, ventral preorbitalis; PQ, palatoquadrate; QD, quadratomandibularis dorsal; QV, quadratomandibularis ventral; VSBC, ventral superficial branchial constrictor,49,50,51,52,Conclution,Expansive phase( characterized by depression of the mandible and elevation of the cranium),53,Compressive phase(characterized