12012年考研英語25個閱讀模版SAMPLE1經(jīng)濟學類題目序號題型歸類第1題中心主旨題型第2題反推題型第3題關(guān)鍵詞語題型第4題反論題型第5題關(guān)鍵詞語題型Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunitiesaswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompanyseffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures；clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.Butcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershave2complainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunthedangerofbecoming-andremaining-dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.1.TheprimarypurposeofthetextistoApresentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies.Bdescribeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks.Cproposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem.Danalyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement.2.ThetextsuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcausesittoAexperiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm.Bfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Chavetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Dincreaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors.3.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”(line9,paragraph1)areAmorepopularwithlargecorporations.Bmoreconcrete.Clesscontroversial.Dlessexpensivetoenforce.4.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthorsassertionthat,inthe1970s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements(line1,paragraph2)wassubstantial?ACorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessestotaled$2billionin1979.BBetween1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.CThefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.DThe$1.1billionrepresentedthesamepercentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.5.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateresponsetoworkingwithminoritysubcontractors?3AAnnoyedbytheproliferationof“front”organizations,corporationsarelikelytoreducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.BAlthoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterestinworkingwithminoritybusinessesinthe1970s,theiraversiontogovernmentpaperworkmadethemreluctanttopursuemanygovernmentcontracts.CThesignificantresponseofcorporationsinthe1970sislikelytobesustainedandconceivablybeincreasedthroughoutthe1980s.DAlthoughcorporationsareeagertocooperatewithminority-ownedbusinesses,ashortageofcapitalinthe1970smadesubstantialresponseimpossible.答案與考點解析1.【答案】B【考點解析】本題是一道中心主旨題。破解本題的關(guān)鍵在于考生是否完全理解本文第一段首句的內(nèi)容，尤其是第一句中破折號后面的內(nèi)容。破折號后面的內(nèi)容和選項B中的“itspotentialdrawbacks”是相互吻合的。望考生注意培養(yǎng)捕捉全文中心主旨句的能力。2.【答案】A【考點解析】這是一道邏輯思維上的反推題，也可以說是逆向思維題。本題反推即逆向思維的信息依據(jù)在第三段的最后一句。該句在談?wù)撔〉钠髽I(yè)，大概內(nèi)容是“一個小企業(yè)的投資要馬上在定貨中反映出效果，否則其士氣和財政前景都將深受影響”。根據(jù)小的企業(yè)的狀況，我們可以推導(dǎo)出大的企業(yè)所面臨的處境。希望考生加強逆向思維即反推的解題能力。3.【答案】B【考點解析】本題是一道關(guān)鍵詞語的理解題目，其答案信息來源在第一段的尾句，原文當中的“specific”一詞是本題的答案所在。考生要加強對原文中重點形容詞和副詞的理解。4.【答案】D【考點解析】這是一道反論題。這種題的關(guān)鍵在于利用原文的信息否定原文所要表達的觀點。原文講“少數(shù)民族企業(yè)簽訂的合同金額由1972年的7700萬美元升至1977年的11億美元”。原文所要表達的觀點是合同金額的增長。選項D正是利用原文的信息否定了原文所要表達的觀點。選項D所表達的信息是變化增長數(shù)字背后的不變。這種題屬于較難的題型，希望考生加以重視。5.【答案】C【考點解析】這是一道關(guān)鍵詞語理解題。本題的答案信息在第二段的尾句，句中“l(fā)etup”一詞決定了本題的正確答案是C，因為該詞的含義是“停頓，減弱”?？忌趥淇歼^程中要盡力擴大自己的詞匯量。4參考譯文最近幾年美國少數(shù)民族所有的企業(yè)可以說是空前的機會和重大風險并存。人權(quán)活動家早就指出過：黑人，拉美裔美國人，以及其他少數(shù)民族難以在生意場中立足的主要原因是他們?nèi)鄙倌艿玫接幸?guī)模的訂貨或與大公司分合同的機會?，F(xiàn)在議會以一致意見通過法律，要求企業(yè)獲得價值50萬美元以上的聯(lián)邦合同后要盡最大可能來尋找少數(shù)民族合作者，并且需將他們在此點上的成效如何在政府中存檔立案。實際上，一些聯(lián)邦和地方機構(gòu)走得更遠，它們甚至規(guī)定了公共合同有多少比例要分給少數(shù)民族公司。企業(yè)對此的反應(yīng)是強烈的。從1977年統(tǒng)計的數(shù)據(jù)看，與少數(shù)民族企業(yè)簽訂的合同金額由1972年的7700萬美元升至1977年的11億美元。預(yù)計此金額要在80年代前期達到每年30億美元以上，在下一個10年中看來也不會停止。盡管這對少數(shù)民族企業(yè)來說前途光明，這種增加的財源也給它們帶來了危險。首先，少數(shù)民族企業(yè)冒著過快膨脹和財政上力不從心的危險，因為它們大部分是小企業(yè)，和大企業(yè)不同之外在于它們?yōu)槁男泻贤Ｐ枰趶S房、人員、設(shè)備（以及諸如此類）等上做一大筆投資。如果其后由于某種原因其合同量減少，它們將會遇到潛在的財政危機。對于被要求做正式評估和投標的小企業(yè)來說，市場供求情況有可能令人非常沮喪。評估和投標都消耗時間、資源，而且一個小企業(yè)的投資要馬上在定貨中反映出效果，否則其士氣和財政前景都將深受影響。第二個危險是有些白人企業(yè)想通過和少數(shù)民族企業(yè)合資也能享受更好的待遇。當然，在許多時候，合資是有正當理由的；顯然，白人和少數(shù)民族企業(yè)可以聯(lián)合起來做成任何一方都無法單獨完成的事業(yè)。但是人權(quán)組織和少數(shù)民族企業(yè)主已經(jīng)向議會報怨：少數(shù)民族企業(yè)常在合資中成為白人操縱者的前臺傀儡，而不是平等的合作伙伴。第三，已獲得一個大客戶的生意的少數(shù)民族企業(yè)常會有陷入依賴性的危險。即使在最好的環(huán)境下，來自更大、更完備的對手的競爭常使一個小企業(yè)很難擴展自己的客戶；當這樣的企業(yè)已擁有來自一個客戶的近乎穩(wěn)定的定貨時，它們確實需要和眼前的勝利所滋生出的自滿做斗爭。SAMPLE2生物學類題目序號題型歸類第1題審題定位題型第2題句間關(guān)系題型第3題審題定位題型第4題歸納推導(dǎo)題型第5題段落結(jié)構(gòu)題型Thefossilremainsofthefirstflyingvertebrates,thepterosaurs,haveintriguedpaleontologistsformorethantwocenturies.Howsuchlargecreatures,whichweighedinsomecasesasmuchasapilotedhang-gliderandhadwingspansfrom8to12meters,solvedtheproblemsofpoweredflight,andexactlywhatthesecreatureswere5reptilesorbirdsareamongthequestionsscientistshavepuzzledover.Perhapstheleastcontroversialassertionaboutthepterosaursisthattheywerereptiles.Theirskulls,pelvises,andhindfeetarereptilian.Theanatomyoftheirwingssuggeststhattheydidnotevolveintotheclassofbirds.Inpterosaursagreatlyelongatedfourthfingerofeachforelimbsupportedawinglikemembrane.Theotherfingerswereshortandreptilian,withsharpclaws.Inbirdsthesecondfingeristheprincipalstrutofthewing,whichconsistsprimarilyoffeathers.Ifthepterosaurswalkedonallfours,thethreeshortfingersmayhavebeenemployedforgrasping.Whenapterosaurwalkedorremainedstationary,thefourthfinger,andwithitthewing,couldonlyturnupwardinanextendedinvertedVshapealongeachsideoftheanimalsbody.Thepterosaursresembledbothbirdsandbatsintheiroverallstructureandproportions.Thisisnotsurprisingbecausethedesignofanyflyingvertebrateissubjecttoaerodynamicconstraints.Boththepterosaursandthebirdshavehollowbones,afeaturethatrepresentsasavingsinweight.Inthebirds,however,thesebonesarereinforcedmoremassivelybyinternalstruts.Althoughscalestypicallycoverreptiles,thepterosaursprobablyhadhairycoats.T.H.Huxleyreasonedthatflyingvertebratesmusthavebeenwarm-bloodedbecauseflyingimpliesahighrateofmetabolism,whichinturnimpliesahighinternaltemperature.Huxleyspeculatedthatacoatofhairwouldinsulateagainstlossofbodyheatandmightstreamlinethebodytoreducedraginflight.Therecentdiscoveryofapterosaurspecimencoveredinlong,dense,andrelativelythickhairlikefossilmaterialwasthefirstclearevidencethathisreasoningwascorrect.Effortstoexplainhowthepterosaursbecameairbornehaveledtosuggestionsthattheylaunchedthemselvesbyjumpingfromcliffs,bydroppingfromtrees,orevenbyrisingintolightwindsfromthecrestsofwaves.Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties.Thefirstwronglyassumesthatthepterosaurshindfeetresembledabatsandcouldserveashooksbywhichtheanimalcouldhanginpreparationforflight.Thesecondhypothesisseemsunlikelybecauselargepterosaurscouldnothavelandedintreeswithoutdamagingtheirwings.Thethirdcallsforhighwavestochannelupdrafts.Thewindthatmadesuchwaveshowever,mighthavebeentoostrongforthepterosaurstocontroltheirflightonceairborne.1.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatscientistnowgenerallyagreethattheAenormouswingspanofthepterosaursenabledthemtoflygreatdistances.Bstructureoftheskeletonofthepterosaurssuggestsacloseevolutionaryrelationshiptobats.Cfossilremainsofthepterosaursrevealhowtheysolvedtheproblemofpoweredflight.Dpterosaurswerereptiles.2.Theauthorviewstheideathatthepterosaursbecameairbornebyrisingintolightwindscreatedbywavesas6Arevolutionary.Bunlikely.Cunassailable.Dprobable.3.Accordingtothetext,theskeletonofapterosaurcanbedistinguishedfromthatofabirdbytheAsizeofitswingspan.Bpresenceofhollowspacesinitsbones.Canatomicoriginofitswingstrut.Dpresenceofhooklikeprojectionsonitshindfeet.4.TheideasattributedtoT.H.Huxleyinthetextsuggestthathewouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?AAnanimalsbrainsizehaslittlebearingonitsabilitytomastercomplexbehaviors.BAnanimalsappearanceisofteninfluencedbyenvironmentalrequirementsandphysicalcapabilities.CAnimalswithinagivenfamilygroupareunlikelytochangetheirappearancedramaticallyoveraperiodoftime.DTheoriginofflightinvertebrateswasanaccidentaldevelopmentratherthantheoutcomeofspecializationoradaptation.5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthelastparagraphofthetext?ANewevidenceisintroducedtosupportatraditionalpointofview.BThreeexplanationsforaphenomenonarepresentedandeachisdisputedbymeansofspecificinformation.CThreehypothesesareoutlinedandevidencesupportingeachisgiven.DRecentdiscoveriesaredescribedandtheirimplicationsforfuturestudyareprojected.答案與考點解析1.【答案】D【考點解析】這是一道審題定位題型。該題的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根據(jù)本句的內(nèi)容即可得出本題的正確答案是D?？忌訌妼︻}干的理解和認識，并且要善于找到原文和題干相吻合之處，否則就會失去解題思路。2.【答案】B【考點解析】本題是一道句間關(guān)系題型。本題的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒數(shù)第一、二句。從尾段的第二句“Eachhypothesishasitsdifficulties”(每種假設(shè)都有缺陷)可以判斷：作者認為“從浪尖上伴輕風飛起”7是不可能的。考生要加強對句子之間語意關(guān)系的理解。3.【答案】C【考點解析】本題是一道審題定位題。其答案信息在第三段。題干中問翼龍和鳥類骨骼方面的“不同”。原文第三段中涉及兩者相同與不同。第三段的尾句暗示本題的正確答案是C。考生在解題時應(yīng)加強審題定位的能力。4.【答案】B【考點解析】這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。本題的正確答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。這三句話的內(nèi)容暗示本題的正確答案是B，即動物的外型通常受環(huán)境要求和生理能力的影響。考生在解題時應(yīng)注意提高對原文信息的歸納推導(dǎo)能力。5.【答案】B【考點解析】本題是一道段落結(jié)構(gòu)識別題。尾段的第一句對所談現(xiàn)象提出了三種解釋，然后針對每一種解釋進行科學上的否定?？梢姳绢}的正確答案是B?？忌趶?fù)習中應(yīng)該加強對段落結(jié)構(gòu)的識別能力。參考譯文第一批會飛的脊椎動物翼龍的化石，已經(jīng)讓古生物學家感興趣達兩個多世紀了。這種有時和大型滑翔機一樣重，而且翅膀展開達812米寬的龐然大物是如何克服飛行時的重力，以及這種生物到底是屬于鳥類還是爬行動物，對科學家們來講仍舊是個謎?？赡?，最少引起爭論的意見就是翼龍是爬行動物。它們的頭蓋骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行動物類型。對它們翅膀的解剖學研究證明它們尚未進化為鳥。翼龍每個前肢的大大延長的第四指支撐一個翅膀狀的薄膜，其它指頭小，而且是典型的爬行動物式，有尖爪。而鳥類的第二指進化成為翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛構(gòu)成的。當翼龍四肢爬行時，其它指可以用來抓取。而當它行走或不動時，第四指，連同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身體兩側(cè)呈倒轉(zhuǎn)的V字型。翼龍和鳥類以及蝙蝠在總體結(jié)構(gòu)及比例上很相似。這并不奇怪，因為任何飛翔脊椎動物都要受空氣動力的約束。翼龍和鳥都有中空的骨頭，這是為了節(jié)省重量。不過在鳥類中，這種骨頭受內(nèi)部支柱影響，重量大大增加。盡管爬行動物通常全身鱗片，翼龍卻可能擁有毛發(fā)。赫胥黎對此解釋說，飛翔脊椎動物肯定已經(jīng)是熱血動物，因為飛翔要求一個高新陳代謝率，后者要求一個較高的體溫。赫氏設(shè)想一層毛發(fā)覆蓋物可以隔絕身體熱量的損失，從而使身體在減輕飛行重量方面更為有效。最近一些有又長又密且厚的毛發(fā)的翼龍化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)，終于明白無誤地證明赫氏的觀點是對的。解釋翼龍怎樣起飛的努力產(chǎn)生以下設(shè)想：它們從懸崖上起跳，或從樹上起跳或者甚至從浪尖上伴輕風飛起。每種假設(shè)都有缺陷。第一種錯誤地設(shè)想翼龍的后爪象蝙蝠一樣，鉤子似的掛著為飛行做準備。第二種看來也不可能，因為大型翼龍不可能降在樹上而不傷害它們的翅膀。第三種假設(shè)必須要有高浪來形成上升氣流才能實現(xiàn)。然而，能產(chǎn)生此種大浪的風可能對翼龍來說過于猛烈，以至于它一8旦升空，就無法控制自己。SAMPLE3歷史學題目序號題型歸類第1題中心主旨題型第2題細節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型第3題段落間關(guān)系題型第4題審題定位題型第5題段落間關(guān)系與指代詞題型BetweentheeighthandeleventhcenturiesA.D.,theByzantineEmpirestagedanalmostunparalleledeconomicandculturalrevival,arecoverythatisallthemorestrikingbecauseitfollowedalongperiodofsevereinternaldecline.Bytheearlyeighthcentury,theempirehadlostroughlytwo-thirdsoftheterritoryithadpossessedintheyear600,anditsremainingareawasbeingraidedbyArabsandBulgarians,whoattimesthreatenedtotakeConstantinopleandextinguishedtheempirealtogether.Thewealthofthestateanditssubjectswasgreatlydiminished,andartisticandliteraryproductionhadvirtuallyceased.Bytheearlyeleventhcentury,however,theempirehadregainedalmosthalfofitslostpossessions,itsnewfrontiersweresecure,anditsinfluenceextendedfarbeyonditsborders.Theeconomyhadrecovered,thetreasurywasfull,andartandscholarshiphadadvanced.ToconsidertheByzantinemilitary,cultural,andeconomicadvancesasdifferentiatedaspectsofasinglephenomenonisreasonable.Afterall,thesethreeformsofprogresshavegonetogetherinanumberofstatesandcivilizations.RomeunderAugustusandfifth-centuryAthensprovidethemostobviousexamplesinantiquity.Moreover,anexaminationoftheapparentsequentialconnectionsamongmilitary,economic,andculturalformsofprogressmighthelpexplainthedynamicsofhistoricalchange.ThecommonexplanationoftheseapparentconnectionsinthecaseofByzantiumwouldrunlikethis:whentheempirehadturnedbackenemyraidsonitsownterritoryandhadbeguntoraidandconquerenemyterritory,Byzantineresourcesnaturallyexpandedandmoremoneybecameavailabletopatronizeartandliterature.Therefore,Byzantinemilitaryachievementsledtoeconomicadvances,whichinturnledtoculturalrevival.Nodoubtthishypotheticalpatterndidapplyattimesduringthecourseoftherecovery.Yetitisnotclearthatmilitaryadvancesinvariablycamefirst.Economicadvancessecond,andintellectualadvancesthird.Inthe860stheByzantineEmpirebegantorecoverfromArabincursionssothatby872themilitarybalancewiththeAbbasidCaliphatehadbeenpermanentlyalteredintheempiresfavor.Thebeginning9oftheempireseconomicrevival,however,canbeplacedbetween810and830.Finally,theByzantinerevivaloflearningappearstohavebegunevenearlier.Anumberofnotablescholarsandwritersappearedby788and,bythelastdecadeoftheeighthcentury,aculturalrevivalwasinfullbloom,arevivalthatlasteduntilthefallofConstantinoplein1453.ThusthecommonlyexpectedorderofmilitaryrevivalfollowedbyeconomicandthenbyculturalrecoverywasreversedinByzantium.Infact,therevivalofByz