Part III Personal vs. Impersonal,Please try to translate the following sentence: 我興奮得什么話也說(shuō)不出來(lái) I was so excited that I couldnt say a word. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance,English: Impersonal Chinese: Personal,English often use impersonal subject. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance 我興奮得什么話也說(shuō)不出來(lái),英語(yǔ)常用物稱表達(dá)法。也就是： 不用人稱主語(yǔ)來(lái)敘述，而是表達(dá)客觀事物如何作用于人的感知，讓事物以客觀的口氣呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。,Impersonal English： the writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves behind impersonal language,1）我(嚇得)就是說(shuō)不出話來(lái) 2）我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。 3）凡是到底特律來(lái)的客人，一定會(huì)去參觀汽車工廠。 Words fail me! An idea suddenly struck me. A must for all visitors to Detroit is a visit to an automobile factory.,G. Leech and J.Svartvik point out: 1) Formal written language often goes with an impersonal style including official style, news, science and technology style etc.,非人稱表達(dá)法是英語(yǔ)常見的一種文風(fēng)，尤其常見于書面語(yǔ)，如公文、新聞、科技論著以及散文、小說(shuō) 等文學(xué)作品。 這種表達(dá)法使敘述顯得客觀、冷靜、結(jié)構(gòu)趨于嚴(yán)密、緊湊、語(yǔ)氣較為委婉、間接。,2) Some of the common features of impersonal language are : A. passives B.sentences beginning with introductory “it“ C.abstract nouns,J. Perlmutter: When the writer and reader are out of the picture, writing lacks warmth and sincerity, personal reference and human touch. Hence, the artical appears abstract and official, even cold and inhuman.,Please compare: Impersonal: It was noted that this office did not reply to the letter of July 22. Please be advised that apologies are hereby tendered. Human: We sincerely apologize for not replying to your July 22 letter.,Impersonal: Applicants for these positions must file forms by August 1. Human: Please apply by August 1.,Conclusion: 1)Impersonal subjects are often used in English 英語(yǔ)常用非人稱主語(yǔ) ,注重“什么事發(fā)生在什么人身上” 2)Personal subjects are often used in Chinese 漢語(yǔ)常用人稱主語(yǔ) ,注重“什么人怎么樣了”,1) 我們沒有聽到任何聲音 Not a sound reached our ears 2) 她獨(dú)處時(shí)便感到一種特殊的安寧 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 3) A great elation overcame them 他們欣喜若狂。 4) Alarm began to take entire possession of him 他變得驚恐萬(wàn)狀,Impersonal subject in English is also called inanimate subject which is employed to express abstract concept, feeling, object, time and place etc.,But predicate often employ animate verb to express action and behavior of people and social group. animate verb includes: see, find, bring, give, escape, surround, kill, deprive, seize, send, know, tell, permit, invite, take, drive, prevent-from,英語(yǔ)用“無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)”與“有靈動(dòng)詞”搭配的句式帶有隱喻或擬人化的修辭色彩，反映英美民族的幽默感。,漢語(yǔ)也有類似情況但常見于形象的比喻或輕松的文體。如： 什么風(fēng)把你吹來(lái)了？ 愛情把我們的心連在一起。 高山低頭，河水讓路。 樹欲靜而風(fēng)不止。 漢人缺乏幽默感，注重“什么人做什么事”。,3) 一踏上中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)土，我們就隨時(shí)隨地感受到關(guān)懷與照顧。 From the moment we stepped into the peoples Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 4) 從1840至1880這四十年中，近一千萬(wàn)移民移居美國(guó)。 The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.,5) 這小伙子長(zhǎng)相老實(shí)，看上去脾氣也好，到處有人緣。 The little chaps good-natured honest face won his way for him. 6) 我很幸運(yùn)，能夠得到你，讓我們永不分離吧。 My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part.,Friday started with a morning visit to the modern campus of the 22,000 student University of Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese table-tennis team joined students in the cafeteria line for lunch and later played an exhibition match.,星期五那天，中國(guó)乒乓球隊(duì)一早就到 安亞伯附近去參觀擁有兩萬(wàn)兩千名學(xué)生的 密執(zhí)安大學(xué)現(xiàn)代化校園。他們和該校學(xué)生 在校園內(nèi)自助餐廳排隊(duì)取午餐，然后舉行 了一場(chǎng)表演賽。,Personal Chinese 漢語(yǔ)較注重主體思維，這種思維模式以“萬(wàn)物皆備于我”做主導(dǎo)，從自我出發(fā)來(lái)敘述客觀事物，或傾向于描述人及其行為或狀態(tài)，因而常用人稱。,漢語(yǔ)的“有靈動(dòng)詞”一般只能與人稱搭配.因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)漢人的思維習(xí)慣： 人或社會(huì)團(tuán)體才有這類有意識(shí)、有意志的行為。 非人類的、無(wú)生命的事物一般只能有一些無(wú)意識(shí)、無(wú)意志的狀態(tài)、運(yùn)動(dòng)或變化。,漢語(yǔ)“無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)”與“有靈動(dòng)詞”搭配通常用做一種修辭手段-擬人化。例如： 1) 北京目睹過(guò)許多偉大的歷史事件。 2) 星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。 Beijing has witnessed many great historical events. The light from the starts started on its journey long long ago.,在漢英轉(zhuǎn)換中，用“物稱”代替“人稱”常是一種有效的手段。,1) 近來(lái)忙于其他事物，未能早些復(fù)信，深感抱歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter. 2) 恕我孤陋寡聞，對(duì)此關(guān)系一無(wú)所知。 My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology. 3) 憑良心講，你待我禮貌有加，我卻受之有愧。 My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.,4) 五四運(yùn)動(dòng)以后，開始了“新紅學(xué)”時(shí)代，代表人物有胡適、俞平伯等這樣一些學(xué)者。 The May Forth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “ New Redology”, represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbo 5) 小梅心地善良，性情溫和，對(duì)她朋友這種沒有心肝的行為，實(shí)在看不順眼。 Xiaomeis kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt (反抗,起義,反叛,反感,厭惡)at her friends callous(無(wú)情的,冷淡的) behavior.,Exercises: 1調(diào)查結(jié)果證明，他就是那嬰兒的生父。 2我怎么也想不起你的名字 3叢林中死一般寂靜，但他還是毫無(wú)睡意 4發(fā)怒之后，我不難過(guò)，也不后悔。,1 Investigation fathered the baby on him 2 Your name obstinately escapes me. 3 Sleep did not visit him although the silence of a dead world was on the jungle. 4 Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.,一則圖書館的通告： It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strickly enforced. (abstrct cold & inhuman),The number of books in the