張巖群英語資料分享大學(xué)英語六級考試作文中段落的寫作技巧大學(xué)英語考試大綱明確要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出一篇不少于150個詞的短文，滿分為15分。大學(xué)英語四、六級考試改革后，作文部分調(diào)整到考試內(nèi)容的第一部分進(jìn)行，但考試的內(nèi)容和體裁并沒有發(fā)生變化。從近年來的六級作文命題來看，就內(nèi)容和題材而言，主要偏重于工作、就業(yè)、學(xué)習(xí)、日常生活及社會熱門話題等方面，因為考生對這些題材非常熟悉，有話可說，有內(nèi)容可以表述，比較實用，綜合性較強，但并不涉及專業(yè)性太強的內(nèi)容。就作文的體裁而言，以議論文為主，其次是應(yīng)用文（書信和圖表式作文）。就命題形式而言，主要是提綱式作文（約占題目總數(shù)的70），其次是圖表式作文（約占17），還有少量其他形式的作文（如書信，約占13）。 但不管是哪種命題形式，共同的特點是給出了較為詳細(xì)的提綱或?qū)懽髡f明。要求內(nèi)容切題，文理通順，表達(dá)正確，語義連貫，無重大語法錯誤。篇章布局一般而言，在英語的說明文和議論文中，無論是篇章的展開還是段落的展開通常都采用三種方式，即總分總，總分和分總。在大學(xué)英語六級的作文考試中，文章的篇章展開也是如此，通常采用“三段式”首段，擴展段和結(jié)論段。這里所提到的“三段式”寫作方法并不是說文章要寫三個段落，而是指文章的層次基本上是三層。如下圖所示首段擴展段擴展段擴展段結(jié)尾段即在首段開篇點題，在擴展段，則根據(jù)題目要求要么分析原因，要么列舉觀點、好處、劣勢、危害、后果等，在結(jié)尾段，要么根據(jù)提綱要求提出建議、措施，要么預(yù)測未來，如果提綱中沒有具體的要求，結(jié)尾段就應(yīng)與首段遙相呼應(yīng)，對文章進(jìn)行簡單的歸納總結(jié)，深化主題或綜合概括全文。段落展開首段良好的開端是成功的一半。雖然開篇良好并不意味著能得到高分，但是，切中主題的首段必然是優(yōu)秀作文的重要組成部分。由于考試的時間有限，字?jǐn)?shù)也有限制，因此，考生在寫首段時應(yīng)開門見山，直接切入主題。一般而言，文章的標(biāo)題（有時要加以改動，但是一定要能確定其關(guān)鍵詞），即主題，應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在首段中。如果標(biāo)題是名詞性的，則相對比較簡單。例如：2006年12月六級新題型作文題目：The Importance of Reading Classics，題目中的關(guān)鍵詞是importance 和reading classics，在首段就應(yīng)該根據(jù)寫作提示閱讀經(jīng)典書籍對人的成長至關(guān)重要，重點談?wù)撻喿x名著的重要性。如：Nowadays, it is widely acknowledged that reading the classics is both important and beneficial to the character development and personal growth of the young people. 如果標(biāo)題是談?wù)撃骋簧鐣栴}，在首段通常要簡單介紹現(xiàn)象或其嚴(yán)重性或緊迫性，例如：1995年1月的作文題目：My View on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements，其首段就可以寫成： Nowadays every one of us may come across some false advertisements now and then, which are most harmful to the whole society. 再如：1998年1月的作文My View on Fake Commodities和2005年6月的作文My View on Piracy，一個是談?wù)摷倜皞瘟由唐?，一個是談?wù)摫I版，這兩個題目有其雷同之出，首段當(dāng)然也就是相似的：Nowadays, the problem of fake commodities / piracy has become more and more serious. 例如2003年12月的作文：Reduce Waste on Campus對首段的寫作要求是：有些大學(xué)校園浪費現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重，考生就可以這樣寫首段：As is known to all, waste on campus has become a more and more serious problem.如果標(biāo)題是？式的，如Should ? Is ? Do? Can?以及A or B，這基本上都屬于觀點類寫作，其標(biāo)題形式相當(dāng)于My view on 。寫作要求也是大同小異， 要求從正反兩個方面來論證某一問題，因此，首段的展開方式基本上是一致的。在首段可以使用一句套話：Various people have various answers / opinions.例如：1995年1月的作文題目：Can Money Buy Happiness?首段內(nèi)容：Can money buy happiness? Various people have various answers.2000年6月的作文題目：Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?開頭段落可以寫成：A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the CET. Is it necessary to hold or take such a test? People differ in their answers. 2007年6月的作文題目：Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed? 文章可以以這種形式開始：When asked about whether or not one should expect a reward when doing a good deed, different people hold different views.1999年6月的作文題目：Reading Selectively or Extensively?文章開篇如下：When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some others hold opposite opinion. 如果是圖表式作文，在首段應(yīng)該概要描述圖表所揭示的某種社會現(xiàn)象或社會問題的變化發(fā)展情況，因此，通常要引用圖表數(shù)據(jù)。例如：2002年6月作文Student Use of Computers的首段寫作：From the chart we can see clearly that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increased from less than 2 hours in 1990 to nearly 4 hours in 1995, and then to 20 hours in 2000.如果是書信，在首段要進(jìn)行簡潔的自我介紹并說明寫信的目是表示感謝、投訴還是邀請或求助等。例如：2002年1月的作文要求給校長寫一封信反映本校食堂的狀況：A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus，首段開篇如下：I am Li Ming, a junior student from the Department of Computer Science and Technology. I am writing this letter to complain about the poor canteen service on campus.綜上所述，六級英語作文的開頭段通常是對于形勢、問題等進(jìn)行簡單扼要的介紹，或概括主題，或點明寫作目的。優(yōu)秀的首段應(yīng)該是開門見山式的，切忌羅嗦空泛。擴展段擴展段是短文寫作的主體部分，主要是對文章主題進(jìn)行解釋或論證，對于全文的成敗具有舉足輕重的作用。主題句句句擴展句擴展句擴展句結(jié)論句一般而言，擴展段的展開與文章的篇章展開一樣，有三種方式：即總分總，總分和分總。但是，在大學(xué)英語六級作文中，擴展段落的展開通常采用總分結(jié)構(gòu)，即段落的第一句要提出全段的中心思想，是主題句。段落中其它句子起支撐作用，要闡明或論證主題句。此外，擴展句之間要使用正確的過渡性詞語（如First, Second, Finally, 或To begin with, Whats more, In addition, 等），從而使段落渾然一體，而不是支離破碎的句子的組合。擴展段的展開方式大學(xué)英語六級考試的寫作部分，就其體裁而言，以議論文為主，因此在擴展段中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是要求分析（列舉）原因、或列舉利、弊、后果或危害。但有時也會采用記敘文、描述文和說明文的寫作技巧。分析/列舉原因：在大學(xué)英語六級考試的短文寫作部分，絕大多數(shù)的擴展段段落展開都采用了原因分析法，尤其是圖表式作文。列舉原因時所用的主題句主要有：There are many reasons for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones. In my opinion, three reasons can explain this social phenomenon.There are at least two reasons, I think, for the phenomenon. Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this.There are a variety of factors contributing to this trend.例如：2006年12月作文The Celebration of Western Festivals要求分析國內(nèi)不少人喜歡過西方的一些節(jié)日的原因。段落的主題句可以選擇There are many causes for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones.擴展句則要緊緊圍繞主題句展開，還要注意過渡性詞語的使用。例如：There are many causes for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones. First, more and more young people are exposed to western culture and lifestyles through learning English. And festivals are regarded as the highlight of western culture. For example, Valentines Day provides a vehicle for the youth to show their love. Second, the advancement of economy enables Chinese people to possess increased purchasing power. They are heavily targeted by businessmen, who view foreign festivals as golden opportunities to make money. So they desperately try to boost the atmosphere of foreign festivals.列舉利：1992年12月作文Motorcycles and City Traffic要求列舉摩托車的優(yōu)點。在列舉優(yōu)點時，段落的主題句可以采用以下模板句式：There are some advantages of sth.sth has a lot of advantages / favorable aspects.Generally speaking, the positive aspects can be listed as follows. 等。擴展句則只要列舉出某一事物的優(yōu)點即可，一般是23個。例如: On the one hand, motorcycles have many advantages. To begin with, they are much cheaper but as fast when compared with cars. In addition, they are much more convenient when traffic congestion arises. Finally, they take up very limited parking space. 列舉弊同樣是1992年12月作文Motorcycles and City Traffic，還要求列舉摩托車的缺點。由于是利與弊進(jìn)行了對比對照，因此，在寫主題句之前最好用過渡詞語，使段落銜接更加緊湊。例如：Apart from the advantages, the disadvantages / the negative effects are also very obvious.But on the contrary, there are also many disadvantages of sth.However, just as the sword has two edges, sth. is not absolutely good.But on the other hand, sth, also has many unfavorable aspects.Just as a coin has two sides, sth. also has some disadvantages.等在列舉摩托車的缺點時，段落就可以這樣展開：Apart from the advantages, the disadvantages of motorcycles are also very obvious. First of all, it is much more dangerous to ride a motorcycle, which is small on the one hand and runs at a high speed on the other hand. Moreover, the tail gas given off by motorcycles will lead to more serious environmental pollution.列舉后果或危害2005年6月作文My View on Piracy要求列舉盜版現(xiàn)象的危害。Piracy does a lot of harm to society in many ways. （主題句）To start with, the pirated products often cost much less than the genuine ones so that they enjoy a better trading position in spite of their relatively poor quality. The genuine products, on the contrary, sell poorly. Whats worse, in the case of the pirated editions of books, there are so many misprints that they not only cause confusion to the readers but also bring dishonor to their authors. 按時間順序展開段落如果是書信類中的感謝信或投訴信，則通常采用記敘文的寫作模式，按時間順序展開段落。例如2004年6月A Letter to Editor of a Newspaper的寫作提綱：你買了一本字典，有質(zhì)量問題，售后服務(wù)不好。你將該情況反映給報社的編輯。要求：1.事情的起因；2.與書店交涉的過程；3.呼吁服務(wù)行業(yè)服務(wù)質(zhì)量的提高。在這一提綱中，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)提綱1和2就是典型的記敘文形式。因此，考生要注意時間、地點、事件、人物的介紹。如：A week ago, I bought a Chinese-English dictionary in XX bookstore. I found out there were several serious spelling mistakes and missing pages as well. I went to the bookstore to claim for refund. However, I was told that the bookstore would not take this responsibility. Firstly, the bookstore manager denied the possibility of having spelling mistakes and missing pages. Secondly, he said the bookstore was only responsible for the sale instead of the content of the dictionary. During the negotiation the managers bad manner was unbearable.如果是書信類中的求職信或倡議書，則采用描寫文的寫作模式，進(jìn)行自我描述或某一事件或人物的描述；如果是招募廣告，則運用說明文的寫作技巧，說明某一活動的目的、內(nèi)容、安排等。寫擴展段時的注意事項：1. 要有恰當(dāng)?shù)闹黝}句。英語段落展開通常是直線形的，而主題句則引領(lǐng)了整個段落的主旨，明確表述了一個確定的段落語言環(huán)境，使段落中其他句子都能圍繞它展開并形成一個緊密相關(guān)的整體。一般來說，英語是一個段落只能有一個中心思想，全段各句都要圍繞這一中心思想展開，凡是與中心思想無關(guān)的句子都不能出現(xiàn)在段落中。在考試中，主題句最好寫在段首，即段落展開采取總分結(jié)構(gòu)，因為這樣一是比較簡單，容易掌握寫作技巧；二是清晰明了；三是能使閱卷老師迅速了解段落展開的脈絡(luò)。2. 擴展句應(yīng)緊緊圍繞主題，不要寫與主題句不相關(guān)的句子。段落的每個句子都必須緊緊圍繞主題句展開，任何一句偏離主題的句子都將大大破壞段落的統(tǒng)一性和完整性。在六級寫作中，擴展句通常不少于兩個，但也不多于三個。3. 正確使用過渡性詞語，使段落的各擴展句之間、擴展句與主題句之間具有邏輯上的連貫性，使一個本來結(jié)構(gòu)松散凌亂的段落變得通順、連貫和緊湊。結(jié)尾段短文的結(jié)尾段和首段同等重要。文章如果缺少結(jié)尾部分，就無法給讀者以完整的感覺。寫結(jié)尾段落時，通常采取以下四種方法。1. 綜合概括全文短文的首段通常是開篇點題，提出或概述短文的中心思想，即標(biāo)題。結(jié)尾段就可以與首段遙相呼應(yīng)，進(jìn)一步綜合概括全文。例如：1990年1月作文How to Solve the Problem of Heavy Traffic的寫作提綱是：1.當(dāng)前交通擁擠的現(xiàn)象很嚴(yán)重；2. 解決這一問題的辦法有。根據(jù)提綱要求，在首段可以談?wù)撨@一現(xiàn)象的嚴(yán)峻性：With more and more people flooding into cities and more and more cars and buses running on the road, the problem of heavy traffic has been more and more serious.在第二段列舉解決措施之后，就應(yīng)該在結(jié)尾段落進(jìn)一步深化主題：The traffic problem is of great importance to anybody at any time and place. If a person refuses to learn cooperation and discipline, how can he enjoy the privilege of higher living quality?2. 陳述個人觀點這種結(jié)尾方法主要出現(xiàn)在觀點類題目中，在擴展段落分別論述了某一問題的正反兩個方面或優(yōu)劣性之后，考生在結(jié)尾部分明確表達(dá)自己的觀點態(tài)度，是支持，是反對，還是折中的觀點。例如：2007年6月的作文Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?要求在結(jié)尾段陳述個人看法。考生可以明確表明自己的支持態(tài)度：As for me, I hold that a reward does more good than harm, if we get it legally.也可以明確表明自己持反對態(tài)度：I dont think its right to expect a reward when doing a good deed. If we expect a return for the good deed we have done, then what can we expect for if we make mistakes?還可以采取折中的觀點: As far as I am concerned, its neither good nor bad to expect a reward when doing a good deed. What really matters is that we should, first of all, take the initiative to help each other, instead of clinging to the principle that “no reward, no offer”.3. 提出建議措施有些作文提綱要求考生針對某一社會現(xiàn)象或社會問題提出相應(yīng)的對策或解決辦法。在運用這一方法結(jié)尾時，用列舉法列舉措施、建議、方法，采用擴展段落的寫作技巧，即主題句擴展句, 同時注意使用過渡詞。在引出方法建議時常用的主題句有：Generally speaking, there are three ways to solve the problem.If we ever want to solve this problem, the careful planning of the government and the cooperation of all the citizens are both needed.To solve the problem, in my humble opinion, the following measures should be taken.We must take some effective measures to solve the problem.There are many ways to tackle the problem, but the following ones may be effective.例如：2005年6月作文Say No to Pirated Products寫作提綱要求在最后一段談?wù)勎覀儜?yīng)該怎么做來杜絕盜版現(xiàn)象。In my humble opinion, it is high time that everyone started the battle against piracy. First, customers should develop their consciousness to resist the pirated products. Second, the government should take effective measures to put an end to piracy. Finally, laws must be strictly enforced to completely ban piracy. Only in this way can we wipe the pirated products out of our life. 再如：2006年12月六級新題型作文要求在最后一段表明作為大學(xué)生，你應(yīng)該怎么做（閱讀