中藥與方劑名的翻譯TranslationofTCMHerbsandFormula,1,1方藥常用術(shù)語,方劑prescription,recipe,formula方劑學(xué)Prescriptionologyscienceforstudyingprescriptions,2,七方是方劑分類的合稱。指七種組成不同的方劑。見傷寒明理論。即大、小、急、緩、奇、偶、復(fù)等七方。詳各條。素問至真要大論：“治有緩急，方有大小”，“君一臣二，奇之制也；君二臣四，偶之制也”，“奇之不去則偶之，是謂重方。”至金代成無己才將其總結(jié)為七方。七方說明處方立法，應(yīng)按照病情緩急，病位上下，適當(dāng)配伍藥物，并斟酌劑量等，作為制方依據(jù)，逐漸演變而成七方。即大、小方，緩、急方；奇、偶方或復(fù)方。一般指處方中藥味多或量大者為大方，反之為小方；用藥和緩，或長期服用的方劑為緩方，反之為急方，單味藥或奇數(shù)藥的為奇方，反之為偶方；數(shù)方組合的方劑為復(fù)方,3,1方藥常用術(shù)語,與方劑有關(guān)的術(shù)語,4,1方藥常用術(shù)語,與方劑有關(guān)的術(shù)語(續(xù)),5,1方藥常用術(shù)語,與方劑有關(guān)的術(shù)語(續(xù)),6,1方藥常用術(shù)語,劑型prescriptiontypes1.湯劑(decoction)2.散劑(powder)3.丸劑(bolus,pellet,pill)蜜丸honeyedbolus水丸waterpellet/water-pastepill糊丸pastepill濃縮丸condensedpellet,7,1方藥常用術(shù)語,劑型prescriptiontypes(續(xù))4.膏劑(extract,ointmentandplaster)浸膏extract流浸膏l(xiāng)iquidextract煎膏decoctedpaste軟膏ointment,paste硬膏plaster5.丹劑(elixir,dan)6.酒劑(medicatedwine,vinum)7.茶劑(medicatedtea)8.藥露(distilledmedicinalwater/medicinaldew),8,1方藥常用術(shù)語,劑型prescriptiontypes(續(xù))9.錠劑、餅劑(lozenge,pastille,trocheandmedicatedcake)10.片劑(tablet)11.糖漿劑(syrup)12.沖劑(granule,infusion)13.灸劑(moxa)14.針劑(injection)15.栓劑(suppository)16.膠囊劑(capsule),9,1方藥常用術(shù)語,配伍composition/combination配伍禁忌contradictionofcompatibility七情sevenfeatures/sevenmedicinalrelations單行singleapplication-stand-alonemedicinal相須mutualpromotion/reinforcement相使mutualenhancement/assistance相畏mutualrestraint相惡inhibition相殺detoxification相反antagonism,10,1方藥常用術(shù)語,炮制processing,11,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.1以方中主要藥物命名a)以主藥一味命名麻黃湯(EphedraDecoction)桂枝湯(CinnamonTwigDecoction)b)以主藥二味命名桑菊飲(MulberryLeafandChrysanthemumBeverage)銀翹散(LoniceraandForsythiaPowder)c)以三味主藥命名麻黃連翹赤小豆湯(Ephedra,ForsythiaandRiceBeanDecoction),12,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.2以方中全部組成藥物命名a)按組成各味藥物全名命名麻黃杏仁石膏甘草湯(麻杏石甘湯)Ephedra,ApricotKernel,GypsumandLicoriceDecoctionMaxingShiganDecoction,13,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.2以方中全部組成藥物命名b)取組成藥品中各一個(gè)字命名參桂朮甘湯Ginseng,CinnamonTwig,BigheadAtractylodesandLicoriceDecoctionShenguiZhuganDecoction參苓白朮散Ginseng,PoriaandBigheadAtractylodesPowderShenlingBaizhuPowder,14,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.2以方中全部組成藥物命名(續(xù))c)按組成藥物味數(shù)命名四物湯FourAgentsDecoction六味湯Six-IngredientDecoctiond)按組成藥物味數(shù)與功效、作用結(jié)合命名四君子湯FourGentlemenDecoction四神丸FourSpiritsPill,15,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.3以功效命名溫脾湯SpleenWarmingDecoction2.4以方中有特殊作用的藥物命名十棗湯TenJujubesDecoction2.5以方中主藥的別名命名雞蘇散MintPowder,16,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.6以方中主藥物與功效或主治結(jié)合命名人參養(yǎng)榮丸GinsengConstruction-NourishingPill疏風(fēng)清熱湯Wind-CoursingHeat-ClearingDecoction荊防敗毒散SchizonepetaandLedebouriellaToxin-VanquishingPowder龍膽瀉肝湯GentianLiver-DrainingDecoction黃連解毒湯CoptisToxin-ResolvingDecoctionAntidotalDecoctionofCoptis,17,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.7特殊命名以服藥時(shí)間命名雞鳴散RoosterCrowingPowderCockcrowPowder以比喻命名舟車丸喻行氣逐水之效BoatsandCartsPill以典故命名吳婆散吳市吹簫寄食漂母WupoPowder,18,2方劑命名與翻譯,2.7特殊命名(續(xù))以方中藥物采集特點(diǎn)命名二至丸DoubleSupremePill以方中藥物入藥部分命名三子養(yǎng)親湯ThreeSeedsFilialDevotionDecoction以炮制法命名十灰散TenCindersPowder,19,2方劑命名與翻譯,方劑翻譯原則簡潔原則信息原則回譯原則,20,3方劑示例,清咽利膈湯清瘟敗毒飲犀角地黃湯銀花解毒湯清宮湯仙方活命飲,蒼耳子散通竅活血湯桃紅四物湯溫肺止流丹補(bǔ)中益氣湯六味地黃湯金匱腎氣丸,21,3方劑示例,清咽利膈湯Throat-ClearingDiaphragm-DisinhibitingDecoction清瘟敗毒飲Scourge-ClearingToxin-VanquishingBeverageAntipyreticandAntitoxicDecoction犀角地黃湯RhinocerosHornandRehmanniaDecoctionFairyDecoctionforTreatingCutaneousInfections銀花解毒湯HoneysuckleDecoctionforRelievingToxin,22,3方劑示例,清宮湯Palace-ClearingDecoction仙方活命飲ImmortalFormulaLife-GivingBeverage蒼耳子散XanthiumPowder通竅活血湯Orifice-FreeingBlood-QuickeningDecoction桃紅四物湯PeachKernelandCarthamusFourAgentsDecoction,23,3方劑示例,溫肺止流丹Lung-WarmingNose-DryingElixir補(bǔ)中益氣湯Center-SupplementingQi-BoostingDecoctionDecoctionforReinforcingMiddle-WarmerandReplenishingQi六味地黃湯Six-IngredientRehmanniaDecoction金匱腎氣丸GoldenCofferKidneyQiPill,24,以數(shù)字方式命名的中醫(yī)常用方劑名稱英譯的探討,25,一貫煎辭源云：“一貫，即以一理貫串于事物之中?！蹦I藏精，肝藏血，肝腎同源，肝腎之病，同一論治。本方以臟腑制化關(guān)系的理論為遣藥立法的依據(jù)。取“滋水涵木”之意，通滋腎養(yǎng)肝，補(bǔ)肝體以和肝用，而治療肝腎陰虛肝氣不舒之證，故名“一貫煎”。英譯有：All-the-Way-ThroughBrew(NigelWiseman)2.AnEverEffectiveDecoctionforNourishingtheLiverandKidney(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)3.OneLinkingDecoction(GiovanniMaciocia),26,二陳湯命名緣由：方中陳皮、半夏二藥以陳久者良，故名“二陳湯”。英譯有：TwoMaturedIngredientsDecoction(NigelWiseman)ErchenDecoction(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)TwoOldDecoction(GiovanniMaciocia)建議英譯：DecoctionofTwoLong-preservedHerbs,27,三拗湯,命名緣由：“三拗”者，乃謂方中三味藥物煎煮時(shí)違拗常法：麻黃不去根節(jié)，杏仁不去皮尖，甘草不用蜜炙而生用。英譯有：1.RoughandReadyThreeDecoction(NigelWiseman)2.DecoctionofThreeCrudeDrugs(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)3.ThreeBreakDecoction(GiovanniMaciocia)建議英譯：DecoctionofThreeIrregularlyPreparedHerbsThreeDisobedienceDecoction,28,三子養(yǎng)親湯,命名緣由：本方由紫蘇子、白芥子、萊菔子三味藥物所組成。用于老人中虛喘嗽，痰壅氣滯之癥。有降氣消食、溫化痰飲之功。本方用三種果實(shí)組方，以治老人喘嗽之疾，并寓“子以養(yǎng)親”之意，故名“三子養(yǎng)親湯”。英譯有：DecoctionofThreeKindsofSeedsfortheAged(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)Three-seedtheAncestorsDecoction(GiovanniMaciocia)ThreeSeedFilialDevotionDecoction(NigelWiseman),29,四妙勇安湯,命名緣由：本方藥僅四味，功效絕妙，且量大力專，勇猛迅速，使邪袪病除，身體健康，平安無虞，故稱“四妙勇安湯”英譯有：1.MysteriousFourRestingHeroDecoction(NigelWiseman)2.DecoctionofFourWonderfulDrugsforQuickRestorationofHealth(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)建議英譯：DecoctionofFourWell-matchedPotentHerbsforStoppingGroaning,30,四逆散命名緣由：本方能治陽氣內(nèi)郁所致的四肢厥逆證；根據(jù)主治病證來命名，故名“四逆散”。英譯有：1.CounterflowColdPowder(NigelWiseman)2.PowderforTreatingColdLimbs(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)3.FourRebelliousPowder(GiovanniMaciocia),31,五味消毒飲命名緣由：本方由金銀花、野菊花、蒲公英、紫花地丁、紫背天葵子五味藥物組成，有清熱、解毒、消腫之功，故命名為“五味消毒飲”。英譯有：FiveIngredientToxinDispersingBeverage(NigelWiseman)AntiphlogisticDecoctionofFiveDrugs(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)3.Five-IngredientResolvingPoisonDecoction(GiovanniMaciocia)建議英譯：DecoctionofFiveHerbsforEliminatingHeatEvil,32,五苓散命名緣由：本方由豬苓、澤瀉、白朮、茯苓、桂枝諸藥組成。用于外有表證，內(nèi)停水飲之證。方中由五味藥組成，以利水之豬苓為主，故稱“五苓散”。英譯有：PoriaFivePowder(NigelWiseman)PowderofFiveDrugswithPoria(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)Five-IngredientPoriaPowder(GiovanniMaciocia)建議英譯：PowderofFiveHerbsLedbyPolyporus,33,八正散命名緣由：本方以八味藥物為散，通過正治之法（熱者寒之），以奏清熱通淋之功，用以治療濕熱下注之淋證，故稱“八正散”。英譯有：EightCorrectionsPowder(NigelWiseman)2.PowderforDispersingHeatandPromotingDiuresis(漢英醫(yī)學(xué)大辭典)3.EightRectificationPowder(GiovanniMaciocia)建議英譯：PowderofEightHerbsbyRoutineTreatment,34,十全大補(bǔ)湯命名緣由：本方由補(bǔ)氣基礎(chǔ)方“