中國地質(zhì)大學長城學院  本科畢業(yè) 設計 外文資料翻譯  系     別：       工程技術系          專     業(yè)：  機械設計制造及其自動化   姓     名：         吳寶生            學     號：        05211615          2015 年  1 月  22 日  國內(nèi)外小型挖掘機發(fā)展綜述  1 液壓挖掘機簡介   液壓挖掘機是由發(fā)動機、液壓系統(tǒng)、工作裝置、行走裝置和電氣控制等部分組成。液壓系統(tǒng)由液壓泵、控制閥、液壓缸、液壓馬達、管路、油箱等組成。電氣控制 系統(tǒng)包括監(jiān)控盤、發(fā)動機控制系統(tǒng)、泵控制系統(tǒng)、各類傳感器、電磁閥等。液壓挖掘機一般由工作裝置、回轉裝置和行走裝置三大部分組成。根據(jù)其構造和用途可以區(qū)分為：履帶式、輪胎式、步履式、全液壓、半液壓、全回轉、非全回轉、通用型、專用型、鉸接式、伸縮臂式等多種類型。  工作裝置是直接完成挖掘任務的裝置。它由動臂、斗桿、鏟斗等三部分鉸接而成。動臂起落、斗桿伸縮和鏟斗轉動都用往復式雙作用液壓缸控制。為了適應各種不同施工作業(yè)的需要，液壓挖掘機可以配裝多種工作裝置，如挖掘、起重、裝載、平整、夾鉗、推土、沖擊錘等多種作業(yè)機具。  回 轉與行走裝置是液壓挖掘機的機體，轉臺上部設有動力裝置和傳動系統(tǒng)。發(fā)動機是液壓挖掘機的動力源，大多采用柴油要在方便的場地，也可改用電動機。  液壓傳動系統(tǒng)通過液壓泵將發(fā)動機的動力傳遞給液壓馬達、液壓缸等執(zhí)行元件，推動工作裝置動作，從而完成各種作業(yè)。以工地使用較多的 PV-200 型液壓挖掘機為例。該機采用改進型的開式中心  負荷傳感系統(tǒng)（ OLSS）。該系統(tǒng)用控制斜盤式變量柱塞泵斜盤角（輸出流量）的方法，減少了發(fā)動機的功率輸出，從而減少燃油消耗，是一種節(jié)能型系統(tǒng)。這種液壓系統(tǒng)的特點是：定轉矩控制，能維持液壓泵驅動轉矩不 變，載斷控制，可以減少作業(yè)時間的卸荷損失；油量控制，可減少空擋和小調(diào)控制時液壓泵的輸出流量，減少功率損失。  械到電力驅動和內(nèi)燃機驅動回轉挖掘機、應用機電液一體化技術的全自動液壓挖掘機的逐步發(fā)展過程。由于液壓技術的應用， 20 世紀 40 年代有了在拖拉機上配裝液壓反鏟的懸掛式機械， 20 世紀 50 年代初期和中期相繼研制出拖式全回轉液壓挖掘機和履帶式全液壓機械。初期試制的液壓挖掘機是采用飛機和機床的液壓技術，缺少適用于機械各種工況的液壓元件，制造質(zhì)量不夠穩(wěn)定，配套件也不齊全。從 20 世紀 60 年代起，液壓挖掘機進入推廣和蓬勃 發(fā)展階段，各國機械制造廠和品種增加很快，產(chǎn)量猛增。1968-1970 年間，液壓挖掘機產(chǎn)量已占機械總產(chǎn)量的 83%，目前已接近 100%。  2 小型挖掘機的發(fā)展及其趨勢  20 世紀 80 90 年代小型挖掘機在市政工程、交通、管道等施工中發(fā)揮了較大優(yōu)勢并得以迅速發(fā)展。它在城市的土建施工工程中為節(jié)省人力、物力出了較大貢獻  , 逐步成為城市施工中具有代表性的施工機械。  小型挖掘機的發(fā)展主要依賴于城市建設的發(fā)展 ,由于城市的改造、建設施工較多 ,要求施工時間短、施工機械對周圍環(huán)境影響小、安全、低污染、回轉半徑小、便于運輸以及具 有與城市景色相協(xié)調(diào)的外觀 ,小型挖掘機滿足了城市各種作業(yè)要求，在城市狹窄的工作空間內(nèi)能夠最大限度地發(fā)揮其生產(chǎn)能力 ,因此具有獨特的優(yōu)越性。  1. 小型挖掘機的發(fā)展  小型挖掘機在城市中主要用于土建施工及一般住宅修整等工作 ,要求具有良好工作性能和回轉性能。最初的小型挖掘機以輪胎式為主 ,由于輪胎式在軟地面的行走性和通過性差 ,后來逐漸被履帶式替代 ,并在動臂支撐機構處增加了回轉機構 ,使整個工作裝置能相對機體進行左右擺動 ,以完成溝道側壁挖掘整修工作 ,但這種小型挖掘機挖掘范圍小、不能實現(xiàn)后部卸料。此后 ,小型挖掘機增加了上部回 轉機構 ,解決了后部卸料等問題 ,提高了挖掘機的工作性能 ,形成小型挖掘機的基本結構。后來 ,小型挖掘機在回轉半徑、后部視野、動臂仰角、機械性能等方面得到進一步改善 ,發(fā)展為現(xiàn)在的標準型。  2. 技術的進步  小型挖掘機工作環(huán)境大部分在城市 ,為了防止行走時損壞路面 ,從  80 年代開始使用橡膠履帶  ,并逐步得到普及。橡膠履帶的支重輪是在內(nèi)部鐵芯板上運動  , 鐵芯板接縫處與支重輪接觸落地時 ,成為行走破壞路面的主要原因。以前使用寬形鐵芯板 ,橡膠履帶的支重輪直徑較大 ,因此在接近地面時 ,這個縫隙變大 ,造成履帶對路面的破壞。超級小 型挖 掘力 小 ,減小了對地面的損壞。  后方小回轉型挖掘機的回轉尾部尺寸非常小 ,為了確保挖掘機工作的穩(wěn)定性 ,必須有足夠的配重 ,并在不增加機械重量的前提下 ,采用增大履帶長度及加寬車體等有效方法。但是 ,車體寬度受運輸卡車寬度的限制 ,為解決這個問題 ,在超級小型挖掘機中采用ViCTAS (Vio - Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability )技術。  3. 舒適性  小型挖掘機大部分沒有封閉的駕駛室 , 下雨時座椅常常被雨淋濕而滲水。為了解決這一問題 ,使用表面與內(nèi)部聚安脂橡膠一體制作的 沒有縫制縫的座椅  ,不會再從縫制縫處破壞  ,耐久性也得以提高 ,成為完全防水型座椅。  3 推動小型挖掘機市場快速發(fā)展的因素  (1) 小型挖掘機具有的廣泛適用性  小型挖掘機體積小、機動靈活 ,非常適用于城鎮(zhèn)的各種管道鋪設、基礎施工、公用事業(yè)以及房屋維修等作業(yè)。小型挖掘機緊湊的體積、特殊的設計使其能夠在大型挖掘機無法施工的環(huán)境中進行作業(yè)。  (2) 小型挖掘機具有的多功能性  小型挖掘機的真正優(yōu)點是它具有多功能性。小型挖掘機能夠安裝許多輔助作業(yè)機具 ,如安裝破碎錘、液壓鉗用于輕量級的拆除作業(yè) ,安裝夾鉗用于清除作業(yè) ,安裝滾筒 、平板夯用于溝槽的填埋壓實 ,安裝旋挖鉆具用于鉆孔 ,吊鉤用于起吊重物等等。  (3) 小型挖掘機便于運輸和轉移作業(yè)場地小型液壓挖掘機市場迅速擴張的原因之一應歸于它的尺寸和重量。小型挖掘機能方便地在各個施工現(xiàn)場間轉移 ,小型挖掘機無需大型拖車或是重型卡車進行運輸 ,小型的運輸工具就可運載。這樣不但能夠方便運輸 ,還可以大大降低機器的運輸費用。  (4) 小型挖掘機鮮明的作業(yè)特點 :尾部旋轉半徑為零的設計 ,使得小型挖掘機在作業(yè)空間有限的環(huán)境下作業(yè)時挖掘機操作人員無須考慮施工現(xiàn)場是 ,從而使操作人員能否有障礙物阻礙挖掘機的轉動夠 更專心于鏟斗的操作 ,這也防止了施工現(xiàn)場周圍建筑物以及挖掘機自身的損壞。  (5) 投資回報率高、成本回收快  小型挖掘機的價格便宜 ,成本回收快。以 6t 級小挖為例 ,美、歐日品牌機的價格在四十萬元左右 ,韓國的機器價格在三十二萬元左右 ,國產(chǎn)機器價格為 30 32 萬元 ， 一些品牌 價格 較低；但 20t 級中心挖 掘機價格在 70 萬 100 萬 元。較高的投資回報率使得小型挖掘機深受廣大中小土方工程施工承包人的歡迎。  4 小型挖掘機的技術發(fā)展趨勢  小型挖掘機的技術發(fā)展順應全球多樣化的工作位置要求，經(jīng)歷了超過 30 年的歷史成功的變化過程，經(jīng) 過不斷的改進完善，在技術性能等方面，工作職能，工作效率，安全，環(huán)保，節(jié)能，維修保養(yǎng)有了大幅度的提高，形成了比較一致的技術標準和工作標準。主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：  （ 1）無尾的旋轉和移動臂偏轉技術把小挖的基本概念動臂偏轉和無尾旋轉的功能，促進在上世紀 90 年代后期，面對世界市場。動臂偏轉在機體前部，但沒有組織能夠實現(xiàn)位于壁直接開挖工作要經(jīng)常移動機身下部附近。無尾回轉結構的應用，使土地工作時頸部不必擔心后部碰撞。無尾回轉結構設計的難點在于在平臺總布置的旋轉時，動力系統(tǒng)熱平衡的解決方案以及整機的穩(wěn)定的解決方案。但動 臂偏轉機構的設計難點在于發(fā)音位置和鉸鏈體制造技術的測定。  （ 2）適用性好，具有良好的效率，可以進行效率高，強大的工作。新的流體環(huán)境兼容機系統(tǒng)不承擔尺寸的影響，需要液壓系統(tǒng)油，根據(jù)控制處理范圍分布點的電流容量，完全可以按照操作者的意圖，輕松完成工作。同時，由于發(fā)動機負荷小可以避免無謂的損失電流的能力，可以實現(xiàn)輕微移動操作和復合操作。新型液壓控制技術的應用還可以增加動力輸出，提高了工作速度，降低燃料消耗。  （ 3）安全性能  在歐洲市場，嚴格的法律規(guī)則和北美國市場的安全，設備安全性能可以給經(jīng)營者提供安心的工作環(huán)境， 安全。在駕駛室 ROPS FOPS 設計以下的小型挖掘機主要應滿足安全性能，駕駛室中的實驗性能要求：  可滿足必須的能量吸收；  可以滿足一定抗負荷；  乘員安全區(qū)足夠大。  （ 4）環(huán)境保護技術  主要體現(xiàn)在功率，低油耗，清潔排放發(fā)動機的應用。新的發(fā)動機應該滿足美國epatier2 標準及歐洲歐盟標準，會造成環(huán)境污染的化合物在閾值控制放電。新的引擎的同時減少振動和噪聲，有利于保護環(huán)境和操作者的健康。  （ 5）人機工程技術  駕駛室符合人機工程學原理，內(nèi)部寬敞，視野開闊，場造型美觀，操作方便，省力的儀表顯示直觀，準確，能提 供一種舒適的操作環(huán)境為先導，充分降低了駕駛員的疲勞。  （ 6）服務維修技術  從目前的維修維護定期檢查服務，簡化操作是非常必要的，可以提高機器的可靠性，使機器始終保持良好的狀態(tài)。要使日常檢查側操作。維修然后迅速而快速的進行內(nèi)部零部件與系統(tǒng)的檢查與維修。此外，在設計中必須充分考慮防止機器損壞的事故。  如罩，護板的防碰撞結構設計；動臂液壓缸護板設計；燃料油罐排水閥；獨立的推土板液壓軟管設計；防水電氣系統(tǒng)設計工作；在安裝設置在設計； X 架和半山腰側卡特彼勒帶設計；發(fā)動機機油濾芯的更換時間延長；具有先進的系統(tǒng)，管道過濾器 ；雙空間濾波器的結構設計等。  5 結論  小型挖掘機 對 社會的發(fā)展有較大影響，目前海外小型挖掘機有了相當 大 的發(fā)展，像卡特其軍隊，日立公司等，小松樹，三菱，小型挖掘機產(chǎn)品已形成系列，并在不斷進行發(fā)展，擴大使用，增加附錄型。國內(nèi)小型挖掘機的發(fā)展也取得了一定的效果，但都需要進一步改進和完善的技術和生產(chǎn)。  外文原文  A Summary of Small-size Excavators Home and Abroad 1 The brief introduction of hydraulic excavator Parts such as the hydraulic excavator is by engine, hydraulic system and works device and walks device and electric control etc are formed. The hydraulic system is formed by hydraulic pump, control valve, hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pressure motor, pipe route and fuel tank etc. The electric control system includes supervision dish, motor control system, pump brain and various kinds of sensor and solenoid valves etc. The hydraulic excavator is general by the work device and turns round the device and walks device three is mostly formed. According to his construction and use, we can differentiate : many kinds of types such as caterpillar tread type,  walk type, full hydraulic pressure, half hydraulic pressure, turns round entirely, not turns round entirely, utility version, mould for a special purpose, the joining with a hinge type and arm type stretched out and drawn back etc. The work device is directly accomplishing the device that excavates the assignment. It has been joined with a hinge by moves the arm, fights the pole and shovels the fill etc three parts. Moving that the arm rises and falls and the pole fought stretches out and draws back and shoveling fighting moves all with moving back and forth type two effect hydraulic cylinders control. In order to suit the needs of various difference construction school assignments, the hydraulic pressure excavator can be joined in marriage loading many kinds of work devices, if excavating and many kinds of school assignment machines and tools such as lifting job, loading, leveling, clamp and pushes soil and shock hammer etc. Turning round and walks the device is the organism of hydraulic pressure excavator, upper setting up power-on device and transmission system of turntable. The engine is the power supply of hydraulic pressure excavator, and adopts diesel oil will also can modify the  motor in the convenient place mostly. The hydraulic drive system by way of the hydraulic pump with the engine the motive promotion work device moves, thus accomplishes the various school assignments. Take more PV-200's could hydraulic pressure excavators of use in building site as the example. This machine adopts the type the opening center load of advanced version to be passed feeling system (OLSS). This system is with oblique of control type oblique the method of angle (export volume of flow ) variable plunger pump, and reduced the power delivery of engine, thus reduces the oil consumption burnt, and is one kind of saving energy could system. The characteristic of this kind of hydraulic system is: the fixed torque is controlled, and it is unchangeable to keep the hydraulic pump drive torque, and year absolutely control can reduce the off-loading loss of school assignment time; Oil capacity is controlled, and the export volume of flow of hydraulic pump in the time of can reducing neutral gear and fine control reduces the power loss. The history of the first hand excavator was published up to now to have more than 130 years, and went through from the steam drive fill to turn round that the machinery turns round the developing the course step by step of the complete automatic hydraulic pressure excavator of excavator and application mechanical and electrical liquid integration technology to power drive and the internal-combustion engine drive in the time. The application owing to the hydraulic technique had to join in marriage on the tractor loading hydraulic pressure to anti- the type hanging which shoveled machinery in the 1940 s, and developing out the pulling type at the initial stage of in the 1950 s with middle period in succession, to turn round the full hydraulic pressure of hydraulic pressure excavator and caterpillar tread type entirely mechanical. Initial stage the trial hydraulic pressure excavator is the hydraulic technique that adopts plane and machine tool, lacking the hydraulic pressure component that is suitable in the mechanical various operating modes, it is stable inadequately to make the quality, and necessary is not completely yet. From in the 1960 s, the hydraulic pressure excavator is entered the popularization and in vigorous development stage, and mechanical manufacturing plant and the breed of each country increases very fast, and the output is rapidly increased. 83% of the mechanical gross output was occupied to hydraulic pressure excavator output, and is close to 100% at present 1968-1970 certain period. 2 Small excavator development and its tendency 20th century 80 90's small mechanical device in construction and soon in municipal engineering, transportation, pipeline has displayed a bigger superiority and can rapidly makes the small excavator mainly to use in the city the construction and generally left a bigger contribution,gradually became in the city construct into have the representative construction machinery. The small excavator development mainly relies on the urban construction development, because city transformation, construction more, the request construction time short, the construction machinery affects small, safe, the low pollution, the radius of gyration to the environment is small, is advantageous for transports as well as has with the city scenery appearance coordination outward appearance, the small excavator has satisfied the city each kind of work request, can maximum limit display its productivity in the city narrow working space, therefore has the unique superiority. 1. The development of small excavators The small excavator mainly uses in the city the construction and the general housing repairs and maintains and so on the work, the request has the good operating performance and the rotation performance.Initial small excavator by tire type primarily, because the tire type walks the natural in the soft ground and the passing difference,afterwards gradually by the marching substitution, and in moved them strut organization place to increase the rotation organization about, enabled the entire work equipment the relative organism to carry on swings, completed the trench sidewall excavation renovation work behind, but this kind of small excavator excavation scope was small, cannot realize the material. Hereafter, the small excavator increased upside has rotated the organization, has solved behind the metial and so on the problem, enhanced the excavator operating performance, formed the small excavator the basic structure. Afterwards, the small excavator in the radius of gyration, behind the field of vision, moved aspect and so on arm elevation angle, machine capability has the further improvement,develops for the present standard type. 2.Technical progresses Small excavator working conditions majority of in city, in order top revent walks when damages the road surface, starts from the 80's to use the rubber caterpillar band, and gradually obtains the popularization. A rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel is when the internal iron circuit board the movement, the hard circuit board join place and the heavy wheel contact falls to the ground, becomes walks the destruction road surface main reason. Before uses the width shape iron circuit board, a rubber caterpillar band heavy wheel diameter is bigger, therefore when approaches the ground, this slit changes in a big way, creates the caterpillar heavy wheel, only was the hard circuit board which in the caterpillar band used changes narrowly, therefore when contacted the ground the slit changes slightly, reduced to the damage of ground. Rear area the small rotation excavator rotation rear part size is extremely small, in order to guarantee the excavator work the stability, must have the enough counterweight, and in does the mechanical weight under the premise, uses increases the caterpillar band length and widens the chassis and so on the effective method.But, the chassis width is transported the truck width the limit, for solves this problem, has used VCTAS in the super small excavator (Vio- Crawler Technology by Advanced Stability) the technology. 3.Comfortableness The small excavator majority of seals cab, has not rained when the chair frequently drips wet by the rain seeps. In order to solve this problem, the use surface and the interior gather a peaceful fat rubber body to manufacture has not sewn the seam the chair, cannot again from sew the seam place destruction, the durability also can enhance,becomes the complete waterproofing chair. 3 Impels the small excavator market fast development the factor (1) The small excavator has the widespread serviceable small excavator volume small, mobile is flexible, extremely is suitable for work and so on cities each kind of pipe , foundation construction, public utilities as well as house service. The small excavator compact volume, the special design enable its to carry on the work in the environment which the large-scale excavator is unable to construct. (2) The small excavator has the multi-purpose small excavator true merit is it has multi-purpose. The small excavator can install man works machines and tools, like the installment broken hammer, the hydraulic pressure pliers use in the lightweight on work, installs a clamp to use in to eliminate the work,installs the drum, the plate uses in the trench to fill in buries the compaction, the installment turns on lathe digs drills uses in the drill hole, the lift hook uses in to hoist up heavy item and so on. (3)The small excavator is advantageous for the transportation and one of shift work location small hydraulic pressure excavator market rapid expansion reasons should belong to its size and the weight. The small excavation function conveniently shifts in each job location, the small excavator does not need the large-scale trailer perhaps the heavy-duty truck carries on the transportation, the small transport means may deliver. Like this not only can facilitate (4) Small excavator bright work characteristic: The rear part  turn for the zero design, causes the small excavator not to need in the work space limited environment mean industry time excavator operator to consider the job location is, whether thus enable the operator to have the obstacle to hinder the excavator the rotation to suffice wholly absorbed to the scoop operation, this has also prevented around the job location the building as well as the excavator own damage. (5) Invests the repayment rate to be high, the cost recycles quickly The small excavator price is cheap, the cost recycles quickly.Slightly digs take the 6t level as the example, American, the European date brand machine price about 400,000 Yuan, South Korea's machine price about 320,000 Yuan, the domestically produced machine price is30 320,000 Yuan some brands is lower; But the 20t level center digs the price in 70 1 million Yuan. The higher investment repayment rate causes the small excavator deeply the general center small earth work construction to contract owner's welcome. 4 Small excavators technological development tendencies The small excavator technological development complied with the global diversification job location the demand, has experienced more than 30years history success variation process, passes through the unceasing improvement consummation, in aspect and so on technical performance, job function, work efficiency, security, environmental protection, energy conservation and maintenance maintenance had the large scale enhancement, has formed the quite consistent technical standard and the work standard. Mainly manifests in following several aspects: (1) The tailless rotation and moves the arm deflection technology to take slightly digs the basic concept to move the arm deflection and the tailless rotation function later period promotes in the 1990s face the world market. Moves the arm deflection in the organism front part,but does not have the organization to be able to realize is located nearby the lower part of wall the direct excavation work to have frequently to move the fuselage. The tailless rotation structure application, causes it when the neck of land work does not need to worry the rear part the collision. The tailless rotation structural design difficulty lies in rotates in the platform the general arrangement, the dynamic system thermal equilibrium solution as well as the entire machine stable solution. But moves the arm deflection organization the design difficulty to lie in an articulation position the determination and the hinge body manufacture technology. (2) Serviceability is good, has the good efficiency, may carry on the high efficiency, the powerful work. The new fluid environment compatibility presses the system not to shoulder the size the influence, completely needs the oil of the hydraulic pressure system, the current capacity according to the control handle scope distribution point, definitely may defer to operator's intention with ease to complete the work. At the same time, because the engine load is small may avoid the current capacity the senseless loss, can realize slightly moves the operation and the compound operation. The new hydraulic control technology application also can increase the dynamic output, enhances the work speed, reduces the fuel consumption. (3)Security performance Has the strict legal rule in the European market and the North America market to the security, the equipment security performance can give the operator to provide the relieved work the environment,  security. The small excavator security performance main in the cab ROPS/FOPS design below, should satisfy the performance requirement in the cab experiment: May satisfy must energy absorption;  May sati