人教版英語(yǔ)必修四 Unit 1 Women of achievement 重難點(diǎn) Teaching goals 教學(xué)目標(biāo) 1 Target language 目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言 a. 重點(diǎn)詞匯 achieve, achievement, condition, welfare, institute, connection, campaign, organization, specialist, behave, behavior, worthwhile, nest, observe, observation, respect, argue, entertainment, inspire, support, devote . to b. 重點(diǎn)句子 Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day. P2 Everybody sits and waits while the animals in the group begin to wake up and move. P2 But the evening makes it all worthwhile. P2 . we see them go to sleep together in their nest for the night. P2 Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. P2 For forty years Jane Goodall has been helping the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. P2 2 Ability goals 能力目標(biāo) a. Learn Warming Up, and know how to tell the great women and the famous women. b. Learn the way to describe a person from what the person did, what she/he looks like and so on. 3 Learning ability goals 學(xué)能目標(biāo) Teach Ss how to describe a person. Teaching important points 教學(xué)重點(diǎn) a. By reading A protector of African wildlife, students can learn from Jane Goodall in at least two aspects: one is what is the humane way to study animals; the other is that it was her great personality - universal love and mercy（博愛與慈悲 ） that made her successful. If everyone had such kind of heart, they would give everything benefit for all living things. Then our world will be full of love and peace, without any war and starvation. b. Ask students to answer these questions: 1) What made her a great success? 2) What should we learn from Jane Goodall? Teaching difficult points 教學(xué)難點(diǎn) Let everyone believe that all of us can become Jane Goodall. 【詞匯用法和 解析】 1 achieve v. 完成，達(dá)到；實(shí)現(xiàn)，獲得 e.g He will never achieve anything if he doesnt work hard. The company has achieved a 100% increase in profitability. achievement： un. 完成；達(dá)到 cn. 成績(jī)；成就 e.g We felt a great sense of achievement when we reached the top of the mountain. He has broken two world records in one day, which is quite an achievement. 2 connection: 1). cn./ un. 聯(lián)系；關(guān)系 (with/between) e.g There is a strong connection between smoking and heart disease. The company has a connection with a number of Japanese firms. 2). cn. 連接物 e.g This town has very good road and railway connections with the coast. 3). Un. 連接，聯(lián)結(jié) e.g The connection of the popes to the main water supply only took a few minutes. 4). cn. Pl. 親屬；親戚 She s English but she has Irish connections. in connection with: 有關(guān) e.g In connection with your request of March 3, we are sorry to tell you that we cant give you a reply until the manager comes back next week. 3 devote to devoted: adj. 忠實(shí)的 devotion: n. 熱愛，忠誠(chéng) e.g He has devoted his life to helping blind people. He is my devoted friend. He is also devoted to his wife. 4 behave: v. behavior :n. e.g She has been behaving rather oddly. Behave yourself. 5 worthwhile : adj. e.g We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the ticket. Worthwhile: 值得花時(shí)間 /精力 /金錢 Worth: 值得 尊敬的 /重視的 be worth+ n. /doing Worthy: （表語(yǔ)形容詞）值得的 be worthy of +n./being done; Be worthy to be done 1). This vase was _ five hundred francs at the most. 2). Everybody has roots. It is _ to search for his roots. 3). She proved herself a _ successor of the former champion. 4). This book is well _ reading and it is _ of being read a second time. Keys: 1). Worth 2). Worthwhile 3). Worthy 4). Worth; worthy 6 observe: v. 看到，注意到；遵守 /奉行 Observe sb. do/doing sth. Observe that e.g I observed a stranger going into the house. Do you often observe the speed limit? 7 respect: n. v. e.g We should respect each other. Respectful: 恭敬的，對(duì)人有禮的 Respectable; 受 /被人尊重 e.g He is a respectful student. He respects the teachers. He is respectable teacher. He is respected by all his students. 8 argue v. argue with/over/about e.g He often argues with me.極力說服；勸告 e.g She argued him into/out of leaving his job. Argument: n. e.g His argument doesnt hold water. 9 inspire e.g He tried to inspire them to greater efforts. inspired / inspiring : adj. inspiration: n. inspire sb. to do eg. His speech inspired us greatly. The teacher inspired us to make greater efforts. The memory of his childhood inspired his first novel(促成；賦予靈感 ) inspired 有靈感的 inspiring 激勵(lì)人心的 10 support : v. 承受；支撐；撫養(yǎng)，資助；贊成，支持； e.g do you think those shelves can support so many books? She needs a high income to support such a large family. Do you support their demands of independence? Supporter: n. e.g Im a strong supporter of womens rights. 11 deliver: v. 傳送；把 .踢向；發(fā)表，宣布；給 接生 e.g Letters are delivered every day. She delivered a hard kick to his knee. The doctor delivered her baby. Delivery: n. 12 mean 的用法 Mean doing sth. 意味著做 eg. Doing such a thing means wasting time. mean to do sth 打算做某事 eg. Do you mean to go without money? 13 wander 的用法 1）可以解釋為漫步，逛，常與 about 搭配 e.g We love wandering about the hills 2）還可以解釋為脫離，迷失 e.g Dont wander off the point 13 worthwhile adj. 值 得做的 ,值得花時(shí)間 (金錢 )的 It is worthwhile to do/ doing e.g It was worthwhile to visit Paris. = The visit to Paris is worthwhile. 去巴黎訪問是值得的 . Its worthwhile discussing/ to discuss the question again. 這個(gè)問題值得再討論一下。 It is a worthwhile book 那是一本值得一讀的書 . 14 observe 觀察到 ，注意到 eg.She observed his actions with interest. 她很感興趣地觀察他的行動(dòng) His neighbour observed a stranger go into his house 他的鄰居看到了一個(gè)陌生人進(jìn)入他的家 15 “Only + 狀語(yǔ) ” 開頭的句子要用倒裝 eg. Only in this way can we learn English better Only then did I realize my mistake. 直到那時(shí)我才知道我的 錯(cuò)誤 Only you understand me. I met her only yesterday. 16 work out eg. I cant work out the meaning of the poem.(理解，說出 ) Things have worked out badly. （進(jìn)行，發(fā)展） Work out his income （算出） Work out a plan （制定，擬定） 17 have/ has been doing 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示動(dòng)作從過去就已開始， 一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還會(huì)繼續(xù)下去 eg. He has been reading since this morning.今早起，他一直在看書 He is very tired; he has been working hard all day He has been writing a letter.他一直在寫信 He has written a letter.他已寫過信了 18 argue 爭(zhēng)論；辯論；說服 argue for / argue against 主張反對(duì) argue about sth. argue with sb. argue sb. into doing sth. 說服某人做某事 【語(yǔ)法精講】： 主謂一致 (Subject- Verb Agreement)，指 ”人稱 ”和 ”數(shù)方面的一致關(guān)系 .如 : He is going abroad. They are playing football. 可分為 :語(yǔ)法一致 , 內(nèi)容一致 , 就近一致 . (一 ) 語(yǔ)法一致原則 : 即主語(yǔ)為單數(shù) ,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) ,主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù) ,謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù) . 以下為注意事項(xiàng) : 1. 單數(shù)主語(yǔ)即使后面帶有 with , along with, together with, like(象 ), but (除了 ),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是 ), including, in addition to 引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù) . 如 : Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質(zhì) . No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個(gè)仆人 外 , 沒有一個(gè)人遲來(lái)用餐。 2. 用 and連接的并列主語(yǔ) ,如果主語(yǔ)是同一個(gè)人 ,同一事 ,同一概念 , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) , 否則用復(fù)數(shù) . 如 : The poet and writer has come. 那位詩(shī)人兼作家來(lái)了 .(一個(gè)人 ) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具 . (兩樣物 ) 用 and 連接的成對(duì)名詞習(xí)慣上被看成是一個(gè)整體 , 如 :bread and butter(黃油抹面包 ), knife and fork(刀叉 )等作主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單 數(shù)。 3. 不定式 (短語(yǔ) ), 動(dòng)名詞 (短語(yǔ) ), 或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) . 如 : Serving the people is my great happiness. 為人民服務(wù)是我最大的幸福 . When well go out for an outing has been decided. 我們什么時(shí)候出去郊游已決定了。 4. 用連接的并列主語(yǔ)被 each, every 或 no 修飾時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) . Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都喜歡去游泳 . No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會(huì)缺席 . Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個(gè)男人和每個(gè)女人都被請(qǐng)去幫忙。 5. each of + 復(fù)數(shù)代詞 , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) . 復(fù)數(shù)代詞 +each, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) .如 : Each of us has something to say. 我們每個(gè)人都有話要說。 6. 若主語(yǔ)中有 more than one 或 many a/an , 盡管從意義上看是復(fù)數(shù) , 但它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。 但 more+復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +than one 做主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù) . 如 : Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球 . More than one student was late. 不只一個(gè)學(xué)生遲到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個(gè)人來(lái)幫助我們。 7. none 做主語(yǔ)時(shí) ,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù) , 也可用復(fù)數(shù) ; 但在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù) ,因而謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù) . 如 : None of us are (is) perfect. 人無(wú)完人。 None of this worries me. 這事一點(diǎn)不使我著急。 8. 名詞如 : trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù) . 如 : His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現(xiàn) a pair of , 謂語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù) .如 : A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡。 9. 形復(fù)意單名詞如 :news ; 以 ics 結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱如 : physics, mathematics, economics; 國(guó)名如 : the United States; 報(bào)紙名如 : the New Times; 書名如 : Arabian Night ; 以及 The United Nations 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 10. “a +名詞 +and a half “, “one and a half + 名詞 ”, “the number of + 名詞 ” 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù) . 如 : Only one and a half apples is left on the table. 注意 : one or two + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式 , 如 : One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個(gè)地點(diǎn)。 (二 ) 內(nèi)容一致原則 : 1.主語(yǔ)中有 all, half, most, the rest 等 , 以及 ”分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) +名詞 ”做主語(yǔ)時(shí) ,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于連用 的名詞 .如 : The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車， 今天出售。 60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個(gè)蘋果的 60%都被這個(gè)小男孩吃了。 Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的。 Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個(gè)蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了。 2. 不定數(shù)量的詞組 , 如 :part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于量詞后面名詞的數(shù) .如 : A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運(yùn)到。 A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個(gè)蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了。 3. 加減乘除用單數(shù) .如 : Fifteen minus five is ten . 15 減去 5 等于 10。 4. 表示時(shí)間 , 金錢 , 距離 , 度量等的名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 盡管是復(fù)數(shù)形式 , 它們做為一個(gè)單一的概念時(shí) , 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù) .如 : Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個(gè)相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。 5. (1) 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 . 包括 police , people, cattle 等 , 這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù) .如 : The British police have only very limited powers. (2) 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞 . 包括 equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等 . (3) 可作單數(shù)也可作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 . 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等 .如 : The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會(huì)決定解雇他。 6. the +形容詞 /過去分詞形式 ”表示一類人或事物 , 作主語(yǔ)時(shí) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù) .如 : The injured were saved after the fire. (三 ) 就近原則 1. 由 here, there, where 等引導(dǎo)的倒裝句中 , (有時(shí)主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí) )謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致 .如 : Here comes the bus 公共汽車來(lái)了 . Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙。 Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away? 你不在這兒的時(shí)候 , 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢？ 2. 用連詞 or, either. or, neither.nor, not only.but also 等連接的并列主語(yǔ) , 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與靠近它的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上一致。 如： Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事 . He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。 注意 : one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 +who/that/which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中 , 定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如： Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養(yǎng)寵物者之一。 The only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 + who/that./which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為單數(shù)。 Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個(gè)飼養(yǎng)寵物的人。 主謂一致練與析： 請(qǐng)用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。 1. Three years _ (have) passed since they met last time, and for them, three years_ (be) really a long time. 2. _ (be) everybody going to take part in the game this afternoon? 3. My family _ (be) the largest one in our village. Besides, my family _ (be) all party members. 4. The whole class _ (be) now listening to the teacher attentively. 5. The news _ (be) very exciting. 6. To learn one or two foreign languages _ (be) very important nowadays. 7. The last and most difficult lesson _ (be) Lesson 14. 8. I, who _ your friend, will try my best to help you. 9. The scientist and engineer _ (have) invented a new machine. 10. Alice， together with her friends， _ (be) punished for having broken the school rules. 11. Every girl and every boy _ (have) the right to join the club. 12. _ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting? Neither she nor I_(be). 13. Ancient and modern history _ (be) the subjects we are studying. 14. Many a scientist _ (have) devoted their lives to science. 15. The old _ (be) respected in our country. 答案與解析： 1. have; is。表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離、重量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示單位數(shù)量用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通?？醋髡w，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式（第二空） ; 若強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)目，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式（第一空）。 2. Is。不定代詞 anyone, anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, nobody, nothing 等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 3. is; are。集體名詞 family, class 等作主語(yǔ) 時(shí)，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)整體（第一空），謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體（第二空），則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 4. are。5. is。某些名詞以 -s 結(jié)尾，表面看是復(fù)數(shù)形式，實(shí)際上是單數(shù)概念，如 physics, news等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 6. is。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是不定式短語(yǔ)， -ing 形式短語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。 7. is。一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞同時(shí)被兩個(gè)不同的形容詞修飾，如果表示的是同一概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。該句意為“最后一課十四課是最難的一課。 ” 8. am。 9. has。兩個(gè)名詞或代詞由 and 連接作 主語(yǔ)時(shí)，當(dāng) and 不表示并列意義，而連接兩個(gè)在意義上表示同一人、物或概念或由兩個(gè)部件配成的物品時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。 10. was。主語(yǔ)后面接說明主語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)，如用 with， along with， as well as, like, rather than, but, except, besides, including 等與修飾語(yǔ)連接，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不受修飾成分的影響，仍保持同主語(yǔ)一致的關(guān)系。 11. has。兩個(gè)并列的名詞由 each， every， no 等修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。 12. Is; am。當(dāng)用作主語(yǔ)的 兩個(gè)名詞或代詞由 or， either . or, neither . nor或 not only . but also等連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常與鄰近的名詞或代詞保持一致。 13. are。一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞同時(shí)被兩個(gè)不同的形容詞修飾，表示兩個(gè)不同的概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。 14. has。 “many a + 單數(shù)名詞 ”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，表達(dá)的是復(fù)數(shù)意義，但謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)。 15. are。 “the+形容詞 / 過去分詞 ”表示一類人時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。 【典題精講】 經(jīng)典題型 例 1（ 2005 年北京 )He have completed his work， otherwise， he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside. A.should B.must C.wouldnt D.cant 思路解析 otherwise， he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside（否則，他就不會(huì)在海邊游玩了）表明他一定完成了自己的 工作 。要表示 “一定做完了某事 ”要用 must have done sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。 should have done 表示 “本該做的事實(shí)際上未做 ”； cant have done 則表示 “不可能做了某事 ”。答案： B 黑色陷阱 誤選其他項(xiàng)的原因是沒有理解清楚本題的語(yǔ)境。不能推測(cè)出 “如果他沒完成工作，他是不會(huì)去海邊的 ”，言下之意是 “他一定已經(jīng)完成了工作 ”。還可能是沒有掌握這幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在用法上的區(qū)別。 綠色通道 解答本類題的關(guān)鍵要掌握 must have done 是表示 “肯定做了某事 ”。平時(shí) 學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)該多注意這些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在用法上的區(qū)別，做題時(shí)才能胸有成竹。 例 2（ 2004 年上海 )Chinese arts have won the of a lot of people outside China. A.enjoyment B.appreciation C.entertainment D.reputation 思路解析 解答本題的關(guān)鍵要精確把握題意和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的含義。 enjoyment 意為 “享樂 ;快樂 ”； appreciation 意為 “欣賞 ”；而 entertainment 是 “娛樂 ”之意； reputation 則意為 “聲譽(yù) ”。結(jié)合本題的含義 “中國(guó) 藝術(shù)贏得的是別國(guó)人民的欣賞 ”，可以確定本處應(yīng)填 appreciation。答案： B 例 3（ 2004 年全國(guó) ） The scientists are looking the problem with air pollution in the city. A.into B.for C.after D.around 思路解析 解答本題的關(guān)鍵要弄清這四個(gè)短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。 look into 意為 “調(diào)查，研究 的原因 ”， look for 意為 “尋找 ”,look after 意為 “照料某事 /某人 ”,look around意為 “環(huán)顧四周 ”。結(jié)合題意 “科學(xué)家們正在調(diào)查這個(gè)城市的空氣污染問題 ”可知，此處應(yīng)用 look into。答案： A 黑色陷阱 本題容易錯(cuò)選 B。 look for 指 “尋找 ”，誤以為是尋找問題的原因。但此處并沒有原因出現(xiàn)。句中的 problem（問題），是本來(lái)就存在的問題，不用再去 “尋找 ”。例 4（ 2005 年遼寧 )The head office of the bank is in Beijing， but it has all over the country. A.companies B.branches C.organizations D.businesses 思路解析 the head office of the bank 意為 “這家 銀行 的總部 ”。和總部 (head)相對(duì)的應(yīng)是機(jī)構(gòu)的分支（ branch）。結(jié)合句意 “這家銀行總部在北京而它的分部遍及全國(guó) ”，可知本處應(yīng)填 branches。 company意為 “公司 ”；而 organization意為 “組織 ”； business是指 “企業(yè) ”。答案： B 綠色通道 本題理解的關(guān)鍵是 “總部在北京，分支遍及全國(guó) ”。同時(shí)要注意 名詞 在詞義上的區(qū)別。還要注意 branch， head， bank 的一詞多義現(xiàn) 象，做題是一定要結(jié)合語(yǔ)境來(lái)選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~義。 例 5（ 2003年上海 )Some passengers complain that it usually so long to fill in travel insurance documents. A.costs B.takes C.spends D.spares 思路解析 根據(jù) so long 提示，應(yīng)選擇 “花（時(shí)間） ”。后面 to fill in .用的是動(dòng)詞不定式的形式， cost， spend 都不能與之連用。而 take 作 “花時(shí)間 ”講時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)是 “it takes time to do sth.”，正符合題意。答案： B 黑色陷阱 A 項(xiàng)和 C 項(xiàng)干擾很大。錯(cuò)選這兩項(xiàng)都是因?yàn)闆]有弄清它們的搭配和運(yùn)用的環(huán)境。cost 的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為 “事物 ”，而不是人；而 spend 的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為 “人 ”，后面應(yīng)接動(dòng) 名詞或 on 加 名詞 的形式。 綠色通道 了解 take， cost， spare 和 spend 的不同句式結(jié)構(gòu)和含義是解題的關(guān)鍵。 cost意為 “價(jià)值為 ， (使 )花費(fèi) (金錢、時(shí)間、勞力等 )”,在句子中主語(yǔ)通常是花金錢、時(shí)間、勞力等所要得到的東西；而 spend 所表示的花費(fèi)則用于 “sb.spend money(time)on sth./in dong sth.”的句型中； take 的常用結(jié)構(gòu)是 “It takes sb.some time to do sth.”， 意為 “做某事花費(fèi)某人多少時(shí)間 ”；而 spare 是 “節(jié)約 ,節(jié)省 ,分讓 ”的意思。 例 6（ 2001 年上海 )Mr.Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to some schools for poor children. A.set up B.setting up C.have set up D.having set up 思路解析 此題題意是 “Reed 先生決定把他所擁有的獻(xiàn)給一些學(xué)校的貧困孩子 ”。devote .to 結(jié)構(gòu)中 to 是介詞，后面用名詞或動(dòng) 名詞 。從 make up ones mind to do能看出要做的事還沒做，故不能用表示完成概念的 C 項(xiàng)或 D 項(xiàng)。答案： B 黑色陷阱 本題有兩處陷阱。一是誤把 devote.to 中的 to 看成不定式符號(hào)而錯(cuò)選 A 項(xiàng) 或 C 項(xiàng)。二是沒有理解清楚 make up ones mind to do sth.指 “決定做的事 ”暗含了“該件事還沒 有做 ”之意，而誤用完成式的 C 或 D 選項(xiàng)。 綠色通道 平時(shí)要注意 英語(yǔ) 中一些常用的 to 作介詞的短語(yǔ)，如 pay attention to， look forward to， lead to， object to 等，這些短語(yǔ)都接名詞和動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。還要掌握動(dòng) 名詞 、動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)詞過去分詞的完成式都具有完成的意義。 例 7（ 2004 年重慶 )I failed in the final examination last term and only then the importance of studies. A.I realized B.I had realized C.had I realized D.did I realized 思路解析 then 即為 failed in the final examination 之時(shí)，應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)，排除 B、 C兩項(xiàng)。 only then 作狀語(yǔ)置于句首，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，句子要部分倒裝，排除 A 項(xiàng)。答案： D 綠色通道 了解倒裝句式是解此類題的關(guān)鍵。何時(shí)用倒裝句注意下列歌訣小結(jié)： “疑問句， there be;條件句 ,if 去；強(qiáng)（調(diào)）表語(yǔ)，重狀語(yǔ)；引語(yǔ)后，常用起；否定詞，開頭使； only 語(yǔ)，往前置；免重復(fù)，需代替；要祝愿，為修辭。 ” 例 8（ 2003 年全國(guó) ) Theres coffee and tea， you can have . Thanks. A.either B.each C.one D.it 思路解析 按常理講，別人請(qǐng)你喝點(diǎn)什么，通常是讓你從所提供的飲料中選一種。 you can have either 意為 “你可以任選其一 ”。如果使用 each 或 one 都表示前面只提到同一種物品。如果用 it，則表示前面只有一種物品，并且是單數(shù)，這和原題是相矛盾的。答案： A 志鴻原創(chuàng)題 閱讀短文，完成文后的表格： A recent published analysis of a major survey taken of international students in Australia is providing up-to-date data for teachers and marketers of English language training program. About one third of the students questioned were 20 years and under， and almost three quarters were 25 and under.Only 8% were aged over 30， and fewer than 3% were over 35. Korean students were in their 20s.Students from Japan were also mostly young，with an average age under 20.Chinese students tended to be older than other nationalities， from 25 to 30.The oldest were from Iran， ranging from 30 to 35.Indonesian students were the youngest， with an average age under 19. Information about international students in Australia： Nationality Students Age Korea 1. Japan 20 2. 2530 Iran 3. 4. 5. 思路解析 圖表顯示，左欄為國(guó)籍，右欄為學(xué)生的年齡。表格中提到五個(gè)國(guó)家，左欄已給出 3 個(gè)國(guó)家，另外兩個(gè)顯然就是中國(guó)和印度尼西亞?？崭?2 可以從原文 “Chinese students.， from 25 to 30.”判斷是中國(guó)，那么空格 4 只能填 Indonesia。 1 空可以從原文 “Korean students were in their 20s”推斷出來(lái)，空格 3 可以從原文 “The oldest were from Iran， ranging from 30 to 35”得知， 而 “Indonesian students were the youngest， with an average age under 19”可以給出空格 5 的答案。 答案： 1.2030 2.China 3.3035 4.Indonesia 5. 19 黑色陷阱 國(guó)籍的表達(dá)極易出錯(cuò)。因?yàn)槲恼轮杏械牡胤接昧讼嚓P(guān)的形容詞，如 Chinese，Korean， Indonesian，有的地方用國(guó)家 名詞 ，如 Australia， Japan。根據(jù)圖表左欄已有信息的表達(dá)方式可以判斷答案中應(yīng)該用 名詞 。 綠色通道 答題時(shí)要注 意文字信息和符號(hào)信息的轉(zhuǎn)換。如： in their 20s 轉(zhuǎn)化為 2030；under 20 轉(zhuǎn)化為 20； ranging from 30 to 35 轉(zhuǎn)化為 3035。有時(shí)題