猜測詞義本類考題解答錦囊 英語的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)是它龐大的詞匯數(shù)量。即使一個(gè)擁有上萬單詞量的人在閱讀英語讀物中也難免會遇到生詞。如果每遇到生詞，就查閱詞典，不但會降低閱讀速度，而且往往使閱讀變得索然無味。據(jù)調(diào)查，影響人們閱讀理解的，首先是詞匯。因此學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜測生詞詞義的方法，對排除閱讀時(shí)某些生詞的干擾，降低生詞率是十分必要的。 任何一個(gè)買詞，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一個(gè)確定的詞義。nmet閱讀理解中猜測詞義的考查內(nèi)容既可以是文中的生詞，也可以是熟詞新義、短語或句子。但都要求考生根據(jù)上下文線索(即具體語境)作出推斷。此類題的提問形式一般有： 1. which of the following is nearest/closest in meaning to. ? 2. the underlined word, means_.3. the underlined phrase, means_. 4. theun derlined sentence,means_.利用上下文的提示猜測詞義的方法有如下幾種： 1.根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測詞義【例題】 (1)a calendar is a list of the days,weeks,months of a particular year.根據(jù)定義, calendar 的意思是日歷.。 (2)a biography is the story of a persons life written by someone else 根據(jù)定義， biography 的意思是凡別人寫的生平叫做傳記。 (3)some writers are no longer writing about the modern values of the usa-money, success or expensive things to buy. 2.破折號后而的內(nèi)容是對 value 一詞的具體解釋。【例題】 (1)he replied quickly. but after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.根據(jù)恥下文學(xué)語境意義，可悟出 quickly 與 hasty 同義。 (2)although people in many countries consider raw meat a delicacy(美味), we chinese people seldom eat any meat that is uncooked.根據(jù)上下文語境意義得知 raw meat 即是 meat that is uncooked. raw 與 uncooked 表示相同意思生的，未煮過的。(3)-1 think we are being watched. -really? what makes you think we are under surveillance?根據(jù)語境，可判斷出 being watched -15 under surveillance 是同義關(guān)系。 (4)during the concert, the children were quiet but afterwards, they became boiaterous. but 表示轉(zhuǎn)折意思，因此 bomterous 是 quiet 的反義詞，意思為吵吵嚷嚷的。(5)unlike her gregarious sister,jane is a shy person,who does not like to go to parties,or to make new friends.unlike 是關(guān)鍵詞，它表示jane與她的姐姐完全不同。根據(jù)后面對jane的描述“ashyper son,not like to go parties or to make new froends，可得知gregarious的意思是好交際的。3根據(jù)舉例【例題】(1)scientists are studying how birds such ternsmigrate 根據(jù)舉例法(such as)，得知terns是一種鳥。(2)today young couples whoare just starting their households often spend lots of their money on appliances?for example，washing-machines，fridges and color tvs 根據(jù)舉例法(for example)，得知appuances是指washing-machines，fridges and co1or tvs這類家用電器。(3)several other gases，such as argon，comprise the remaining one per cent of the vo1ume of dry air suchas提示argon為某種氣體。4根據(jù)因果關(guān)系。【例題】(1)she did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading because之前的分句表示結(jié)果，之后的分句表示原因，可推理，她沒有聽見的原因是她完全被閱讀吸引住了或她正全神貫注地看書。因此engrossed的意思是被吸引的，全神貫注的。(2)the noise was so faint that it was impossible to besure what it was or even where it came fronl sothat，結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的句子也表示因果關(guān)系。因此可判斷出faint在此句中的意思是微弱的。聲音太弱，以致不能確認(rèn)是什么聲音或是從哪里發(fā)出的。(3)this kind of flower thrives in this area because the weather is warm，the soil is excellent，and there is a lot of rain。 because一詞決定了flower與warm weather，excellent soil，a10t of rain之間是因果關(guān)系。 因此thdves的意思是茂盛成長。5根據(jù)句意或上下文語境 例1 if he think she can invitemeout，he is all weti dont like to be with the them. a. drunk bsweating chappy dmistaken【解 析】 根據(jù)第二句我不喜歡跟他在一起，可推斷出，如果他認(rèn)為他能約我出去，那他就錯(cuò)了。這兩句話實(shí)際上暗含因果關(guān)系。 【答 案】 d 例2 at the age of 77，john was still playing a skill ful game of tennis，ran four miles everydday and seldom missed his daily swimfor a man of his age he was extremelyrobust according to the short passage，the word“robust”，probably means_. a。strange bweak cstrong ninteresting 【答 案】 c 根據(jù)語境的意思，一個(gè)77歲的人還能如此運(yùn)動，可以說是身體不錯(cuò)，因此可以推斷robust是strong強(qiáng)壯的意思。 由此可見猜測詞義離不開上下文、離不開具體語境。高考最新熱門題1. (典型例題，e卷) t-shirts out; uniforms in school uniforms are becoming more and more popular across the u. s. a. thats no surprise, because they offer many benefits. they immediately end the powerful social sorting and labeling (標(biāo)記) that come from clothing. if all students are dressed in the same way, they will not pay too much attention to their clothing, and some of them will not be laughed at for wearing the wrongclothes. some people are against the strict rule of school uniforms, but they do not realize that students already accept a kind of rule- wanting to look just like their friends. the difference is that the clothing students choose for themselves creates social barriers; school uniforms tear those barriers down. as in other places, uniforms remind the wearers of their purpose and duties. for example, when a man or woman puts on a police uniform, he or she becomes, for a time, the symbol (象征) of taw and order. the uniform means to the wearer his or her special duties and sends the same message to everyone the wearer meets. people with different jobs wear uniforms of one kind or another. for students, the school uniform reminds them that their task for the six or seven hours they are in school is to get an education.some parents are unhappy about uniforms, saying that school uniforms will affect their childrens creativity. first, as noted above, the clothes students choose to wear do not necessarily express their individuality (個(gè)性). they just copy their classmates. second, students have the rest of the day to be as creative as they like. while theyre in school, their job is to master reading, writing, and math; this should take up all the creativity they have. mastery of those skills will be good for the students to build up their creativity in every way. 1. in paragraph 1, the word benefitsprobably means_. a. tasks b. messagesc. differences d. advantages 2. from the passage we learn that uniforms in general_. a. prevent the wearers from being laughed at b. help the wearers keep their duties in mind c. are seen as a symbol of power d. help to create social barriers 3. some people are against school uniforms because _. a. they fail to realize that students have accepted the uniforms b. they believe that uniforms will make students less creative c. they dont agree that uniforms can remove social barriers d. they think that school uniforms are too popular 4. the author would probably agree that a. it makes no difference whether to wear school uniforms or not b. students individuality may not come from school education c. students creativity is related to the clothes they choose d. school uniforms help to create equality among students 命題目的與解題技巧：本文有關(guān)題考查學(xué)生猜測詞義能力。做這類題的關(guān)鍵是學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文線索(即具體語境)作出推斷。 【解 析】 本文是一篇關(guān)于是否該穿校服的爭論的議論文。有人認(rèn)為校服會扼殺孩子的創(chuàng)造性，但很顯然作者是同意穿校服的，認(rèn)為穿校服可以在學(xué)生中間培養(yǎng)公平意識。 【答 案】 1d 猜測詞義。從下文看，作者例數(shù)校服的諸多好處，顯然“benifits在此有“優(yōu)點(diǎn)，好處”之義。其他三詞tasks(任務(wù))，messages(信息)，differences(不同)，意思相差甚遠(yuǎn)。 2b 細(xì)節(jié)推斷。從第三段第一句話“asinotherplaces，uni forms remind the wearers of their purpose and duties可推知，制服(unifontt)幫助穿衣者時(shí)刻記住其職責(zé)。 3b 細(xì)節(jié)題。從最后一段第一句：“someparents，sayin8 that school uniforms will affect their childrenscreativity可直接選出答案。 4d 主旨推斷題?？v覽全文，作者的觀點(diǎn)是認(rèn)為學(xué)生穿校服可以培養(yǎng)公平意識，對于創(chuàng)造性可以在其他時(shí)間和事件中培養(yǎng)。 passage 1(典型例題b) these days a green building means more than just the color of the paint. green building can also refer to environmentally friendly houses, factories, and offices. green building means reducing the impact (影響) of the building on the land taryn holowka of the u.s green building council in washington, d. c. said. according to holowka, buildings account for(占了) 65 percent of total u. $. electricity use. but green buildings can reduce energy and water use. also, the buildings are often located near public transportation such as buses and subways, so that people can drive their cars less. that could be good for the environment, because ears use lots of gas and give off pollution. green buildings are often built on developed land, so that the buildings dont destroy forests. marty dettling is the project manager for a building that put these ideas into action. the solaire has been called the countrys first green high-rise building. according to dettling, weve reduced our energy use by one-third and our water by 50 percent. the solaire cuts energy in part by using soar power. on the lace of the building we have solar panels which change the suns energy into electricity,dettling explained. the solaire also has lights that automatically turn off when people leave the room. in addition, the building has lots of windows, allowing people to use the sun for light during the day. the solaire cuts water by reusing it. not everyone is eager to move into a green building, however. some people think that things like solar panels cost more money than more traditional energy sources. anyhow, holowka said, its going to be big. 1. in the second paragraph, the underlined words the building most probably refer to_. a. an ordinary building b. an. energy-saving building c. a green-colored building d. a building in washington, d. c. 答案: a 指導(dǎo)：文章第一段第二句首先介紹了當(dāng)今的green building的概念是環(huán)保型的houses，factories和offices。第二段第一句指出環(huán)保型建筑就是要減少thebuilding所造成的(不良)影響。由此町判斷thebuiding為普通建筑。2. a green building is often built on an area of land_. a. which has thick forests around 13. which has already been used for building c. where people of high income live d. where traveling around by car is most convenient 答案: b 指導(dǎo)：根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第一句可知。第四段講了green buiding對于環(huán)境等的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，a、c、d項(xiàng)內(nèi)容本段未提及。3. when holowka says in the last paragraph, its going to be big, she means that green buildings_. a. will be more comfortable b. will become popular in the future c. will be more environmentally friendly d. will take the place of traditional buildings 答案: b 指導(dǎo)：根據(jù)前面幾段對于green buiding優(yōu)點(diǎn)的介紹，再根據(jù)最后一句中的anyhow所表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推理，可知答案。4. what is the main subject discussed in the text? a. dettling designed the first green building in the u. s. b. energy shortage calls for buildings of new design. c. green buildings help save environment. d. the solaire serves as a model of high buildings. 答案: c 指導(dǎo)：文章第一段介紹greenbuilding是環(huán)保型的，下面又分段分紹它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，最后一段介紹其前景，因此可判斷c為正確答案。passage 2(典型例題e) every year more people recognize that it is wrong to kill wildlife for sport. progress in this direction is slow because shooting is not a sport for watching, and only those few who take part realize the cruelty and destruction. the number of gunners, however, grows rapidly. children too young to develop proper iudgments through independ- ent thought are led a long way away by their gunning parents. they are subjected to advertisements of gun producers who describe shooting as good for their health and guncarrying as a way of putting redder blood in the veins (血管). they are persnaded by gunner magazines with stories honoring the chase and the kill. in school they view motion pictures which are supposedly meant to teach them how to deal with arms safely but which are actually designed to stimulate (刺激) a desire to own a gun. wildlife is disappearing because of shooting and because of the loss of wildland habitat (jfl,j). habitat loss will contin- ue with our increasing population, but can we slow the loss of wildlife caused by shooting? there doesnt seem to be any chance if the serious condition of our birds is not improved. wildlife belongs to everyone and not to the gunners alone. although most people do not shoot, they seem to forgive shooting for sport because they know little or nothing about it. the only answer, then, is to bring the truth about sport shooting to the great majority of people.now, it is time to realize that animals have the same right to life as we do and that there is nothing fair or right about a person with a gun shooting the harmless and beautiful creatures. the gunners like to describe what they do as character- building, but we know that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy. if, as they would have you believe, gun-carrying and killing improve human character, then perhaps we should encourage war. 1. according to the text, most people do not seem to be against hunting because_. a. they have little knowledge of it b. it helps to build human character c. it is too costly to stop killing wildlife d. they want to keep wildlife under control 答案: a 指導(dǎo)：第四段第二句是解此題的關(guān)鍵句。2. the underlined word agonyin the last paragraph probably means_. a. form b. condition c. pain d. sadness 答案: c 指導(dǎo)：通過畫線詞所在句子中的but所表達(dá)的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系可推出該詞的含義。3. according to the text, the films children watch at school actually _. a. teach them how to deal with guns safely b. praise hunting as character-building c. describe hunting as an exercise d. encourage them to have guns of their own 答案: d指導(dǎo)：第二段最后一句是解本題的關(guān)鍵。 4. it can be inferred from the text that the author seems to_. a. blame the majority of people b. worry about the existence of wildlife c. be in favour of war d. be in support of character-building 答案: b 指導(dǎo)：本文最后一段反映出作者反對持槍捕措，從而揭示作者對于野生動物的生存的擔(dān)憂之情。passage 3(典型例題) millions of aircraft take off around the world every year. the skies they fly in seem limitless -miles of empty space. but, with the number offlights increasing each year, this emptiness no longer exists. researchers in the world of aviation (航空) are worried about the increasing pressure on pilots and ground controllers. and increasing collisions, occurring at or near an airport, have called attention to the need for more aids (輔助設(shè)備) to aviation control. people who travel the skies are not certain about air safety. a great deal of money is spent on new and bigger aircraft and airports to deal with the vast increase in passengers travelling by air. only a small percentage of this money is spent on navigation (導(dǎo)航) and other aids. actually, suitable electronic equipment has long existed, and many companies market safety aids designed to make it safer for aircraft to take off, fly any distance, any land, whatever the weather. yet, there are two problems to be solved. the first is to get governments, airlines and airport officials to agree to basic levels of safety aids. the second problem is to find a way of meeting these basic requirements.but no matter how well the equipment works, operators of the equipment still play an important role. communications between pilots and ground controllers are extremely important to air safety. it is worth pointing out that the mishearing or misunderstanding of instructions in english, and the use of another language, in an international conversation, have led to two recent aircraft accidents. a new type of instrument (儀器) called flightwatch would help pilots prevent airport collisions. it would be particularly helpful near airports. 1. the increasing number of flights leads to the fact that_. a. flying is no longer limited in the sky b. there is no empty space for aids to aviation controlc. piloting and controlling planes is getting more difficultd. the pressure on the ground becomes greater 答案: c 指導(dǎo)：第一段第三句話researchersi inthepressure on pilots and ground controllers意思是世界航空研究者們擔(dān)心飛行員和地面導(dǎo)航的日益增長的壓力，正好與c項(xiàng)吻合。2. there is uncertainty about air safety because . a. planes become bigger for the increasing number of passengers b. money spent on electronic equipment is far from enough b. suitable electronic equipment hasnt been invented yet d. it is dangerous for planes to take off or land 答案: b 指導(dǎo)：根據(jù)第二段第一句話peoplewhotravel theskies are not certainabout airsafet和最后三句話yet，thereare twoproblemstobesolvedo”可知b為最佳選項(xiàng)。3. the underlined word collisionsprobably means a. accidents in which two planes hit each other b. misunderstandings between pilots and ground controllers c. quarrels among passengers d. breakdowns of new types of instrument 答案: a 指導(dǎo)：根據(jù)第一段第二句和第三句“飛機(jī)好像在幾公里 這么寬的無限制空間中飛行”，“然而隨著飛機(jī)數(shù)量的增多，這種無限的空間不存在了”。由于空間有限，所以撞機(jī)事件時(shí)有發(fā)生。4. it can be inferred from the passage that _. a. governments and officials have paid great attention to air safety b. there should be more companies to sell new safety aids c. english should be used in an international conversation d. understanding between pilots and ground controllers should be improved 答案: d指導(dǎo)：根據(jù)第三段第二句“communicationsbetween pilots and ground controllers are extremely important to air safety”可知，d為最佳選項(xiàng)，句意為：飛行員和地面人員的交流對飛行安全是極為重要的。passage 4(典型例題) grown-ups know that people and objects are solid. at the movies, we know that if we reach out to touch tom cruise, all we will feel is air. but does a baby have this understanding? to see whether babies know objects are solid, t. bowerdesigned a method for projecting an optical illusion (視覺影像) of a hanging ball. his plan was to first give babies a real ball, one they could reach out and touch, and then to show them the illusion. if they knew that objects are solid and they reached out for the illusion and found empty air, they could be expected to show surprise in their faces and movements. all the 16-to-24-week-old babies tested were surprised when they reached for the illusion and found that the ball was not there. grown-ups also have a sense of object permanence. we know that if we put a box in a room and lock the door, the box will still be there when we come back. but does a baby realize that a ball that rolls under a chair does not disappear and go to never-never land?experiments done by bower suggest that babies develop a sense of object permanence when they are about 18 weeks old. in his experiments, bower used a toy train that went behind a screen. when 16-week-old and 22-week-old babies watched the toy train disappear behind the left side of the screen, they looked to the right, expecting it to reappear. if the experiment- er took the train off the table and iifted the screen, all the babies seemed surprised not to see the train. this seems to show that all the babies had a sense of object perman