Unit 1 The Evolution of Management as a Field of Studyevolution n. the process of developing發(fā)展generalize v. to infer from many particulars概括autobiography n. the biography of a person written by that person 自傳memoir n. an account of the person experiences of an author 回憶錄，自傳extremely ad. Being in or attaining the greatest or highest degree 極度地anthropologist n. someone who studies anthropology 人類(lèi)學(xué)家perspective n. the way in which a situation or problem in judged so that proper consideration is given to each part 合理觀察，視角turnover n. the number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those who have left in a given period of time 人員更替數(shù)approach n. the method used in dealing with or accomplishing 方法contingency n. a possibility that must be prepared for可能事件，可能出現(xiàn)的情況dynamic a. characterized by continuous change 不斷變化的confrontation n. discord or a clash of opinions and ideas 觀點(diǎn)或思想的不斷沖撞incur v. to acquire or come into 獲得compromise v. something that combines qualities or elements of different things折中interdependent a. mutually dependent 互相依存的characteristic n. a feature that helps to identify 特性popularity n. the quality or state of being popular 普及sole a. of or relating to only one individual or group 單獨(dú)的reliance n. the act of relying or the state of being reliant 依賴，依靠sufficient a. being as much as is needed 充足的alliance n. the act of becoming allied or the condition of being allied 結(jié)盟demographic n. of or relating to demography 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)complement v. to serve as a complement to 補(bǔ)足Unit 2 The Scope of Managemententail v. to have, impose, or require as a necessary accompaniment or consequence 伴隨conform v. to act or be in accord or agreement 使和諧一致envision v. to picture in the mind 想象affordable a. that can be afforded 買(mǎi)得起的strive v. to exert much effort or energy 努力mission n. special assignment given to a person or group 任務(wù)informercial n. a commercial television program or relatively long commercial segment offering consumer information 商業(yè)信息片franchise n. authorization granted to someone to sell or distribute a companys goods or services in a certain area 特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)tactical a. of, relating to, or using tactics 戰(zhàn)術(shù)的departmental a. 部門(mén)的peer n. a person who has equal standing with another or others 同等的人，與他人在爵位、階級(jí)或年齡上相當(dāng)?shù)娜薸nterpersonal a. relating to, occurring among, or involving several people 人與人之間的foster v. to promote the growth and development of 促進(jìn)pervasive a. having the quality or tendency to pervade or permeate 滲透性的stakeholder n. one who has a share or an interest 股東flourish v. to be in a period of highest productivity 活躍automotive a. moving by itself 自動(dòng)的nonroutine n. 非常規(guī)程序analogue n. something that bears an analogy to something else 類(lèi)似情況Unit 3 What are Orgnizations ?beast n. something a thing 事物organization n. a group of people with special purpose, such as a club or business 團(tuán)體，組織，機(jī)構(gòu)，社團(tuán)invention n. something invented 發(fā)明物contrivance n. device or tool, esp. one made by an individual for a particular puipose 發(fā)明物；器械patronage n. all the patrons of a shop, hotel, etc, as a group 為了贊助而產(chǎn)生的impact n. the force of an idea, invention, system, etc. 影響力perspective n. the way in which a matter is judged, so that consideration and importance is five to each part 判斷事物的方法association n. the act of joining or the state of being joined with somebody or something 聯(lián)合；結(jié)合；結(jié)交very a. (used for giving force to an expression)(用于強(qiáng)調(diào))正是；完全；實(shí)在whim n. a sudden idea or wish, often not reasonable 突起的（怪）念頭；一時(shí)的興致fancy n. an image, opinion, or idea imagined and not based on fact 無(wú)事實(shí)根據(jù)的幻覺(jué)，意見(jiàn)或看法achieve v. to finish successfully 完成；實(shí)現(xiàn)soul n. a person 人；靈魂guidelines n. the main points about something which is to be dealt with 指導(dǎo)方針；行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)bridge v. to build a brige across 架橋gap n. an amount of distance pr difference 差異；差距；歧異by virtue of in virtue of 依靠；由于survival n. something which has continued to exist from an earlier time 生存behavior n. way of behaving 行為；舉動(dòng)subset n. a set contained within a set 子集maintenance n. the act of maintaining 維持；維護(hù)；保養(yǎng)；贍養(yǎng)turnover n. the number of workers that are hired by a firm to fill the places of workers who have left in a particular period 人員更新efficiency n. the state or quality of being efficient 功效；效率；效能intellectual a. concerning the intellect 智力的limitation n. the fact or conditions of limiting or being limited 限制事實(shí)或狀態(tài)chart n. information written or draw in the form of a picture graph, etc. , usu. With the intention of making it understood 圖表predict v. to see or describe in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason, etc. 預(yù)言；預(yù)測(cè)Unit 4 Developing Qpality and Competitive Advantageinnovative a. marked by or given to innovations 革新的，創(chuàng)新的optimize v. to make as perfect or effective as possible 使最優(yōu)化，使盡可能底完善或有效medieval a. relating or belonging to the Middle Ages 中世紀(jì)的tenant n. one that pays rent to use or occupy land, a building, or other property owned by another 佃戶usher v. to precede and introduce 宣告，展示介紹；開(kāi)始，開(kāi)創(chuàng)exotic a. intriguingly unusual or different 異乎尋常的；奇異的strenuous a. requiring great effort, energy, or exertion 艱巨的，需要巨大努力、能量或投入的hazardous a. marked by danger 帶有危險(xiǎn)性的；危險(xiǎn)的artificial intelligence the ability of machine to perform those activities that are normally thought to require intelligence 人工智能navigational n. an original type, from, or instance that serves as a model on which later stages are based or judged 原型chassis n. the rectangular steel frame, supported on springs and attached to the axles, that holds the body and motor of an automotive vehicle 底盤(pán)carousel n. a circular conveyor on which objects are displayed or rotated 旋轉(zhuǎn)式傳送帶outmaneuver v. to overcome by artful, clever maneuvering 智勝，在機(jī)智、謀略上勝過(guò)CEO Chief Executive Officer 執(zhí)行總裁Unit 5 Competitive Industry Environment Analysislong-term a. involving, maturing after, or being in effect for a long time 長(zhǎng)期的aggregation n. a group or formed by this 集合體carbonated a. containing carbon dioxide 充了碳酸氣的root beer n. 以黃樟油、冬青油為香料的無(wú)醇飲料ale n. any of various type of beer, esp. one that is pale in color 麥酒caffeine n. a bitter white alkaloid,C8H10N4O2 咖啡因alignment n. the act of aligning or the condition of being aligned 結(jié)盟meaningless a. having no meaning or significance 無(wú)意義的，無(wú)價(jià)值的withdrawal n. retreat of military force in the face of enemy or after a defeat 撤退vertical integration 垂直統(tǒng)一管理interactive a. acting or capable of acting on each other 互相作用的deli n. a delicatessen 熟食店buffet n. a meal at which guests serve themselves from various dishes displayed in a table or sideboard 自助餐nutrition n. the process of nourishing or being nourished 營(yíng)養(yǎng)slacken v. to make or become less vigorous 緩和pharmaceutical a. of or relating to pharmacy or pharmacists 制藥的neuroscience n. any of the sciences, such as neuroanatomy and neurobiology, that deal with the nervous system 神經(jīng)科學(xué)inflammatory a. characterized or caused by inflammation 發(fā)炎的niche n. a special are of demand for a product or service 產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)所需的特殊領(lǐng)域preemptive a. undertaken or initiated to deter or prevent an anticipated, usually unpleasant situation or occurrence 先發(fā)制人的entrant n. one that enters, especially one that enters a competition 參加競(jìng)賽者cellular phone n. 便攜式電話dramatically ad. catching and holding the imagination by unusual appearance or effects 戲劇地，引人注目地replenishment n. something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency 補(bǔ)給，補(bǔ)充backward integration 后向合并alleviate v. to make more bearable 減輕oleomargarine n. margarine 人造黃油，人造奶油tinplate n. very thin sheets of iron or steel covered with tin 鍍錫鐵皮；馬口鐵maturity n. the state or quality of being fully frown or developed 成熟shakeout n. 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退cereal n. a grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which are used as food 谷物razor n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument used especially for shaving the face or removing other body hair 剃刀Unit 6 Materials and Process Management of a Companyinventory n. the quantity of goods and materials on hand 庫(kù)存submit v. to commit to the consideration or judgment of another 使聽(tīng)從bidder n. one who attempts to win a contract by bidding 投標(biāo)人obsolete a. outmoded in design, style, or construction 過(guò)時(shí)的establish v. to set up 建立resource n. the total means available to a company for increasing production or profit, including plant, labor, and raw material 儲(chǔ)備力量stockpile v. a supply stored for future use, usually carefully accrued and maintained 儲(chǔ)存calculate v. to make an estimate of 計(jì)算interchange v. to give and receive mutually 交換telecommunication n. the electronic systems used in transmitting messages, as by telegragh, cable, telephone, radio, or television 電訊executive n. a person or group having administrative or managerial authority in an organization 經(jīng)營(yíng)管理人simulation n. representation of the operation or features of one process or system through the use of another 模擬principle n. a fixed or predetermined policy or mode of action 準(zhǔn)則eliminate v. ti get rid of 消除multifunction a. 多功能的flexible a. responsive to a delay 可變通的；靈活的holdup n. an interruption or a delay 停頓incentive n. something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort 誘因；動(dòng)機(jī)coordinate v. to harmonize in a common action or effort 調(diào)整Unit 7 Operating Statement of a Companywholesale a. of, relating to, or engaged in the sale of goods in large quantities for resale 批發(fā)clarity n. clearness of thought or style 清晰readability n. interesting or easy to read 易讀，可讀性concise a. expressing much in few words 簡(jiǎn)明的，簡(jiǎn)潔的inventory n. the quantity of goods and materials on hand 庫(kù)存gross sales 銷(xiāo)售總額net sales 扣除銷(xiāo)貨折扣和退貨后凈額margin n. the minimum return that an enterprise may earn still pay for itself 最低利潤(rùn)gross profit 毛利，總利潤(rùn)，利潤(rùn)毛額sales salaries 銷(xiāo)售人員的工資advertising expense 廣告費(fèi)用office salaries 辦公室或一般文秘人員工資miscellaneous a. made up of a variety of parts or ingredients 混雜的seemingly ad. apparently; ostensibly 表面上地skeleton n. a supporting structure or framework 構(gòu)架invoice n. a detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all costs 發(fā)貨清單refund n. a repayment of funds 退款cancellations n. the act or an instance of canceling 取消Unit 8 Human Resource Management: An Overviewutilization n. making