英文原文：InformationSystemDevelopmentandDatabaseDevelopmentInmanyorganizations,databasedevelopmentfromthebeginningofenterprisedatamodeling,datamodelingenterprisesdeterminethescopeofthedatabaseandthegeneralcontent.Thisstepusuallyoccursinanorganizationsinformationsystemplanningprocess,itaimstohelporganizationscreateanoveralldatadescriptionorexplanation,andnotthedesignofaspecificdatabase.Aspecificdatabaseforoneormoreinformationsystemsprovidedataandthecorporatedatamodel(whichmayinvolveanumberofdatabases)describedbytheorganizationmaintainingthescopeofthedata.Datamodelingintheenterprise,youreviewofthecurrentsystem,theneedtosupportanalysisofthenatureofthebusinessareas,theneedforfurtherdescriptionoftheabstractdata,andplanningoneormoredatabasedevelopmentproject.Figure1showsPineValleyfurniturecompanysenterprisedatamodelofapart.1.1InformationSystemArchitectureAsshowninfigure1,seniordatamodelisonlygeneralinformationsystemarchitecture(ISA)orapartofanorganizationsinformationsystemblueprint.Intheinformationsystemplanning,youcanbuildanenterprisedatamodelasawholeinformationsystemarchitecturepart.AccordingtoZachman(1987),SowaandZachman(1992)viewsofaninformationsystemarchitectureconsistsofthefollowingsixkeycomponents:Data(Figure1shows,butthereareothermethodsthat).Manipulationofdataprocessing(ofadataflowdiagramcanbeused,withtheobjectmodelmethods,orothersymbolsthat).Networks,whichorganizationsandinorganizationswithitsmaintransmissionofdatabetweenbusinesspartners(itcanconnectthroughthenetworktopologymapandtodemonstrate).Peoplewhodealwiththeimplementationofdataandinformationandisthesourceandreceiver(intheprocessmodelforthedatashowsthatthesenderandthereceiver).Implementationoftheeventsandtimepoints(theycanusestatetransitiondiagramandothermeans.)Thereasonsfortheincidentanddataprocessingrules(oftenintheformoftextdisplay,buttherearealsoanumberofchartsfortheplanningtoolssuchasdecisiontables).1.2InformationEngineeringInformationsystemsplannersinaccordancewiththespecificinformationsystemplanningmethodsdevelopedinformationsystemarchitecture.Informationengineeringisapopularandformalmethods.Informationengineeringisadata-orientedcreationandmaintenanceoftheinformationsystem.Informationengineeringisbecausethedata-oriented,sowhenyoubegintounderstandhowthedatabaseisdefinedbythelogoandwheninformationengineeringaconciseexplanationisveryhelpful.InformationEngineeringfollowtop-downplanningapproach,inwhichspecificinformationsystemsfromawiderangeofinformationneedsintheunderstandingderivedfrom(forexample,weneedaboutcustomers,products,suppliers,salesandprocessingofthedatacenter),ratherthanmergingmanydetailedinformationrequested(orderssuchasascreenorinaccordancewiththeimportationofgeographicalsalessummaryreport).Top-downplanningwillenabledeveloperstoplanmorecomprehensiveinformationsystem,considersystemcomponentsprovideanintegratedapproachtoenhancetheinformationsystemandtherelationshipbetweenthebusinessobjectivesoftheunderstanding,deepentheirunderstandingofinformationsystemsthroughouttheorganizationinunderstandingtheimpact.InformationEngineeringincludesfoursteps:planning,analysis,designandimplementation.Theplanningstageofprojectinformationgeneratedinformationsystemarchitecture,includingenterprisedatamodel.1.3InformationSystemPlanningInformationsystemsplanningobjectiveistoenableITorganizationsandthebusinessstrategycloselyintegrated,suchintegrationfortheinformationsystemsandtechnologytomakethemostoftheinvestmentinterestisveryimportant.Asthetableasadescription,informationengineeringapproachtheplanningstageincludethreesteps,weinthefollow-upofthreesectionstheydiscussed.1.CriticalfactorsdeterminingtheplanningPlanningisthekeyfactorthatorganizationalobjectives,criticalsuccessfactorsandproblemareas.Thesefactorsdeterminethepurposeoftheestablishmentofplanningandenvironmentplanningandinformationsystemslinkedtostrategicbusinessplanning.Table2showsthePineValleyfurniturecompanyskeyplanninganumberofpossiblefactors,thesefactorscontributetotheinformationsystemsmanagerforthenewinformationsystemsanddatabasesclubstopprioritytodealwiththedemand.Forexample,giventheimprecisesalesforecaststhisproblemareas,informationsystemsmanagersintheorganizationmaybestoredinthedatabaseadditionalhistoricalsalesdata,newmarketresearchdataandnewproducttestdata.2.TheplanningorganizationssettargetsOrganizationsplanningtargetsdefinedscopeofbusiness,andbusinessscopewilllimitthesubsequentanalysisandinformationsystemsmaychangeplaces.Fivekeyplanningtargetsasfollows:anizationslocationoftheplaceofbusinessoperations.functionsofthebusinesssupportorganizationshandlingmissionoftherelevantgroup.Unlikebusinessorganizationsfunctionmodules,infactafunctioncanbeassignedtovariousorganizationsmodules(forexample,productdevelopmentfunctionistheproductionandsaleofthecommonresponsibilityoftheMinistry).typesofentitiesmanagedbytheorganizationonthepeople,placesandthingsofthemajortypesofdata.InformationSystemdatasetprocessingsoftwareapplicationsandsupportprocedures.3.TosetupabusinessmodelAcomprehensivebusinessmodelincludingthefunctionsofeachenterprisefunctionaldecompositionmodel,theenterprisedatamodelandthevariousplanningmatrix.Functionaldecompositionisthefunctionoftheorganizationforamoredetaileddecompositionprocess,thefunctionaldecompositionistosimplifytheanalysisoftheissue,distractedandidentifycomponentsandtheuseoftheclassicalapproach.PineValleyfurniturecompanyinordertofunctioninthefunctionaldecompositionexampleinfigure2below.Indealingwithbusinessfunctionsandsupportfunctionsofthefullset,multipledatabases,isessentialtoaspecificdatabasethereforelikelyonlytosupportfunctions(asshowninFigure2)provideasubsetofsupport.Inordertoreducedataredundancyandtomakedatamoremeaningful,hasacomplete,high-levelbusinessviewisveryhelpful.Theuseofspecificenterprisedatamodeltodescribethesymbol.Apartfromthegraphicaldescriptionofthistypeofentity,acompleteenterprisedatamodelshouldalsoincludeadescriptionofeachentitytypedescriptionofbusinessoperationsandasummaryofthatbusinessrules.Businessrulesdeterminethevalidityofthedata.Anenterprisedatamodelincludesnotonlythetypesofentities,includingthelinkbetweenthedataentities,aswellasvariousotherobjectsplanninglinks.Showedthatthelinkagebetweenplanningtargetsacommonformofmatrix.Becauseofplanningmatrixneednotbeexplicitmodelingdatabasecanbeclearlydescribedbusinessneeds,planningmatrixisanimportantfunction.Regularplanningmatrixderivedfromtheoperationalrules,itwillhelpsocialdevelopmentactivitiesthattopprioritywillbesortinganddevelopmentactivitiesunderthetop-downviewthroughanenterprise-wideapproachforthedevelopmentoftheseactivities.Therearemanytypesofplanningmatrixisavailable,theircommonalitiesare:locations-featuresshowbusinessfunctioninwhichtheimplementationofoperationallocations.unit-functionswhichshowedthatbusinessfunctionorbusinessunitresponsibleforimplementation.InformationSystem-dataentitiestoexplainhoweachinformationsysteminteractwitheachdataentity(forexample,whetherornoteachsystemineachentityhavethedatatocreate,retrieve,updateanddelete).supportfunctions-dataineachfunctionalentitiesinthedatasetfortheacquisition,use,updateanddelete.InformationSystem-targetindicationforeachinformationsystemtosupportbusinessobjectives.Figure3illustrateapossiblefunctions-dataentitiesmatrix.Suchamatrixcanbeusedforavarietyofpurposes,includingthefollowingthreeobjectives:1)identifygapsinthedataentitiestoindicatethetypesofentitiesnotuseanyfunctionorfunctionswhichdonotuseanyentity.2)foundthatthelossofeachfunctionalentitiesinvolvedintheinspectionstaffthroughthematrixtoidentifyanypossiblelossoftheentity.3)Thedistinctionbetweendevelopmentactivitiesiftheprioritytothetopofasystemdevelopmentfunctionforahigh-priority(probablybecauseitimportantorganizationalobjectivesrelated),thenthisareausedbyentitiesinthedevelopmentofthedatabasehasahighpriority.Hoffer,GeorgeandValacich(2002)aretheworksofthematrixonhowtousetheplanningandcompletionoftheInformationEngineeringTheplanningsystemmorecompletedescription.2databasedevelopmentprocessBasedoninformationengineeringinformationsystemsplanningdatabaseisasourceofdevelopmentprojects.Thesenewdatabasedevelopmentprojectsisusuallyinordertomeetthestrategicneedsoforganizations,suchasimprovingcustomersupport,improveproductandinventorymanagement,oramoreaccuratesalesforecast.However,manymoredatabasedevelopmentprojectisthebottom-upapproachemerging,suchasinformationsystemuserneedsspecificinformationtocompletetheirwork,thusbeginningaprojectrequest,andasotherinformationsystemsexpertsfoundthatorganizationsneedtoimprovedatamanagementandbeginnewprojects.Bottom-upeveninthecircumstances,tosetupanenterprisedatamodelisalsonecessarytounderstandtheexistingdatabasecanprovidethenecessarydata,otherwise,thenewdatabase,dataentitiesandattributescanbeaddedtothecurrentdataresourcestotheorganization.Boththestrategicneedsoroperationalinformationneedsofeachdatabasedevelopmentprojectsnormallyconcentratedinadatabase.Someprojectsonlyconcentratedinthedatabasedefinition,designandimplementationofadatabase,asafollow-uptothebasisofthedevelopmentofinformationsystems.However,inmostcases,thedatabaseandassociatedinformationprocessingfunctionasacompleteinformationsystemsdevelopmentprojectwaspartofthedevelopment.2.1SystemDevelopmentLifeCycleGuidemanagementinformationsystemdevelopmentprojectsisthetraditionalprocessofsystemdevelopmentlifecycle(SDLC).SystemdevelopmentlifecycleisanorganizationofthedatabasedesignersandprogrammersinformationsystemcomposedofthePanelofExpertsdetaileddescription,development,maintenanceandreplacementoftheentireinformationsystemsteps.ThisprocessisbecauseWaterfallthanforeverystepintotheadjacentthenextstep,thatis,theinformationsystemisaspecificationdevelopedbyapieceofland,everypieceoftheoutputisunderaninput.Howevershowninthefigure,thesestepsarenotpurelylinear,eachofthestepsoverlapintime(andthuscanmanageparallelsteps),butwhentheneedtoreconsiderpreviousdecisions,butalsotorollbacksomestepsahead.(Andthereforewatercanbeputbackinthewaterfall!)Figure4onthesystemdevelopmentlifecycleandthepurposeofeachstageoftheproductcanbedeliveredconcisenotes.Thesystemdevelopmentlifecycleincludingeachstageanddatabasedevelopment-relatedactivities,therefore,thequestionofdatabasemanagementsystemsthroughouttheentiredevelopmentprocess.InFigure5werepeatofthesystemdevelopmentlifecyclestageoftheseven,andoutlinesthecommondatabaseateachstageofdevelopmentactivities.Pleasenotethatthesystemsdevelopmentlifecyclestagesanddatabasedevelopmentsteps一一對應existsbetweentherelationshipbetweentheconceptofmodelingdatainbothsystemsdevelopmentlifecyclestagesbetween.EnterpriseModelingDatabasedevelopmentprocessfromtheenterprisemodeling(systemdevelopmentlifecyclestageoftheprojectfeasibilitystudies,andtochooseapart),Organizationssetthescopeandgeneraldatabasecontent.Enterprisemodelingininformationsystemsplanningandotheractivities,theseactivitiesdeterminewhichpartofinformationsyste