外文翻譯外文資料ROBOTSFIRST,IEXPLAINTHEBACKGROUNDROBOTS,ROBOTTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTITSHOULDBESAIDITISACOMMONSCIENTIFICANDTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTOFACOMPREHENSIVERESULTS,FORTHESOCIOECONOMICDEVELOPMENTOFASIGNIFICANTIMPACTONASCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYITATTRIBUTEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFALLCOUNTRIESINTHESECONDWORLDWARTOSTRENGTHENTHEECONOMICINPUTONSTRENGTHENINGTHECOUNTRYSECONOMICDEVELOPMENTBUTTHEYALSODEMANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEPRODUCTIVEFORCESTHEINEVITABLERESULTOFHUMANDEVELOPMENTITSELFISTHEINEVITABLERESULTTHENWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFHUMANITY,PEOPLECONSTANTLYDISCUSSTHENATURALPROCESS,INUNDERSTANDINGANDRECONSTRUCTINGTHENATURALPROCESS,PEOPLENEEDTOBEABLETOLIBERATEASLAVESOTHISISTHESLAVEPEOPLETOBEABLETOREPLACETHECOMPLEXANDENGAGEDINHEAVYMANUALLABOR,PEOPLEDONOTREALIZERIGHTUPTOTHEWORLDSUNDERSTANDINGANDTRANSFORMATIONOFTHISTECHNOLOGYASWELLASPEOPLEINTHEDEVELOPMENTPROCESSOFANOBJECTIVENEEDROBOTSARETHREESTAGESOFDEVELOPMENT,INOTHERWORDS,WEAREACCUSTOMEDTOREGARDINGROBOTSAREDIVIDEDINTOTHREECATEGORIESISAFIRSTGENERATIONROBOTS,ALSOKNOWNASTEACHTYPEROBOT,ITISTHROUGHACOMPUTER,TOCONTROLOVERONEOFAMECHANICALDEGREESOFFREEDOMTHROUGHTEACHINGANDINFORMATIONSTOREDPROCEDURES,WORKINGHOURSTOREADOUTINFORMATION,ANDTHENISSUEDADIRECTIVESOTHEROBOTCANREPEATACCORDINGTOTHEPEOPLEATTHATTIMESAIDTHERESULTSSHOWTHISKINDOFMOVEMENTAGAIN,FOREXAMPLE,THECARSPOTWELDINGROBOTS,ONLYTOPUTTHISSPOTWELDINGPROCESS,AFTERTEACHING,ANDITISALWAYSAREPEATOFAWORKITHASTHEEXTERNALENVIRONMENTISNOPERCEPTIONTHATTHEFORCEMANIPULATIONOFTHESIZEOFTHEWORKPIECETHEREDOESNOTEXIST,WELDING0SITDOESNOTKNOW,THENTHISFACTFROMTHEFIRSTGENERATIONROBOT,ITWILLEXISTTHISSHORTCOMING,ITINTHE20THCENTURY,THELATE1970S,PEOPLESTARTEDTOSTUDYTHESECONDGENERATIONROBOT,CALLEDROBOTWITHTHEFEELINGTHATTHISFEELINGWITHTHEROBOTISSIMILARINFUNCTIONOFACERTAINFEELING,FORINSTANCE,FORCEANDTOUCH,SLIPPING,VISUAL,HEARINGANDWHOISANALOGOUSTOTHATWITHALLKINDSOFFEELINGS,SAYINAROBOTGRASPINGOBJECTS,INFACT,ITCANBETHESIZEOFFEELINGOUT,ITCANTHROUGHVISUAL,TOBEABLETOFEELANDIDENTIFYITSSHAPE,SIZE,COLORGRASPINGANEGG,ITADOPTEDAACUMEN,AWAREOFITSPOWERANDTHESIZEOFTHESLIDETHIRDGENERATIONROBOTS,WEWEREAROBOTICSIDEALPURSUEDBYTHEMOSTADVANCEDSTAGE,CALLEDINTELLIGENTROBOTS,SOLONGASTELLITWHATTODO,NOTHOWTOTELLITTODO,ITWILLBEABLETOCOMPLETETHECAMPAIGN,THINKINGANDPERCEPTIONOFTHISMANMACHINECOMMUNICATIONFUNCTIONANDFUNCTIONWELL,THISCURRENTDEVELOPMENTORRELATIVEISINASMARTPARTOFTHECONCEPTANDMEANINGBUTTHEREALSIGNIFICANCEOFTHEINTEGRITYOFTHISINTELLIGENTROBOTDIDNOTACTUALLYEXIST,BUTASWECONTINUEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,THECONCEPTOFINTELLIGENTINCREASINGLYRICH,ITGROWSEVERWIDERCONNOTATIONSNOWIHAVEABRIEFACCOUNTOFCHINASROBOTDEVELOPMENTOFTHEBASICPROFILESASOURCOUNTRYTHEREAREMANYOTHERFACTORSTHATPROBLEMOURCOUNTRYINROBOTICSRESEARCHOFTHE20THCENTURYTHELATE1970SATTHATTIME,WEORGANIZEDATTHENATIONAL,AJAPANESEINDUSTRIALAUTOMATIONPRODUCTSEXHIBITIONINTHISMEETING,THEREARETWOPRODUCTS,ISACNCMACHINETOOLS,ANINDUSTRIALROBOT,THISTIME,OURCOUNTRYSMANYSCHOLARSSEESUCHADIRECTION,HASBEGUNTOMAKEAROBOTRESEARCHBUTTHISTIME,AREBASICALLYCONFINEDTOTHETHEORYOFPHASETHENTHEREALROBOTRESEARCH,IN7500AUGUST5,1995,15NEARLY20YEARSOFDEVELOPMENT,THEMOSTRAPIDDEVELOPMENT,IN1986WEESTABLISHEDANATIONALPLANOF863HIGHTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTPLAN,ASROBOTTECHNOLOGYWILLBEANIMPORTANTTHEMEOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESTATEHASINVESTEDNEARLYJIGANYIFUNDSBEGUNTOMAKEAROBOT,WEMADETHEROBOTINTHEFIELDQUICKLYANDRAPIDDEVELOPMENTATPRESENT,UNITSLIKETHECASSHENYNGINSTITUTEOFAUTOMATION,THEORIGINALMACHINERY,AUTOMATIONOFTHEMINISTRY,ASOFHARBININDUSTRIALUNIVERSITY,BEIJINGUNIVERSITYOFAERONAUTICSANDASTRONAUTICS,QINGHUAUNIVERSITY,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,ALSOINCLUDESAUTOMATIONOFSOMEUNITS,ANDSOONHAVEDONEAVERYIMPORTANTSTUDY,ALSOMADEALOTOFACHIEVEMENTSMEANWHILE,INRECENTYEARS,WEENDUPINCOLLEGE,ALOTOFFLATSINROBOTRESEARCH,MANYGRADUATESTUDENTSANDDOCTORALCANDIDATESAREENGAGEDINROBOTICSRESEARCH,WEAREMOREREPRESENTATIVENATIONALSTUDYINDUSTRIALROBOTS,UNDERWATERROBOTS,SPACEROBOTS,ROBOTSINTHENUCLEARINDUSTRYAREONTHEINTERNATIONALLEVELSHOULDBETAKINGTHELEADONTHEWHOLEOFOURCOUNTRYCOMPAREDWITHDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIES,THEREISSTILLABIGGAP,PRIMARILYMANIFESTEDINTHEWEINTHEROBOTINDUSTRY,ATPRESENTTHEREISNOFIXEDMATURITYPRODUCT,BUTINTHESEUNDERWATER,SPACE,THENUCLEARINDUSTRY,ANUMBEROFSPECIALROBOTS,WEHAVEMADEALOTOFACHIEVEMENTSCHARACTERISTICSNOW,IWOULDLIKETOBRIEFLYOUTLINESOMEOFTHEINDUSTRIALROBOTSITUATIONSOFAR,THEINDUSTRIALROBOTISTHEMOSTMATUREANDWIDELYUSEDCATEGORYOFAROBOT,NOWTHEWORLDSTOTALSALESOF11MILLIONTAIWAN,WHICHISTHE1999STATISTICS,HOWEVER,11MILLIONINTAIWANHAVEBEENUSINGTHEEQUIPMENTIS75MILLION,THISVOLUMEISNOTSMALLOVERALL,THEJAPANESEINDUSTRIALROBOTSINTHISONE,ISTHEFIRSTOFTHEROBOTSTOBECOMETHEKINGDOM,THEUNITEDSTATESHAVEDEVELOPEDRAPIDLYNEWLYINSTALLEDINSEVERALAREASOFTAIWAN,WHICHALREADYEXCEEDSJAPAN,CHINAHASONLYJUSTBEGUNTOENTERTHESTAGEOFINDUSTRIALIZATION,HASDEVELOPEDAVARIETYOFINDUSTRIALROBOTPROTOTYPEANDSMALLBATCHHASBEENUSEDINPRODUCTIONSPOTWELDINGROBOTISTHEAUTOPRODUCTIONLINE,IMPROVEPRODUCTIONEFFICIENCYANDRAISETHEQUALITYOFWELDINGCAR,REDUCETHELABORINTENSITYOFAROBOTITISCHARACTERIZEDBYTWOPAIRSOFROBOTSFORSPOTWELDINGOFSTEELPLATE,BEARINGAGREATNEEDFORTHEWELDINGTONGS,GENERALINDOZENSOFKILOGRAMSORMORE,THENITSSPEEDINMETERSPERSECONDA52METEROFSUCHHIGHSPEEDMOVEMENTSOITISGENERALLYFIVETOSIXDEGREESOFFREEDOM,LOAD30TO120KILOGRAMS,THEGREATSPACE,PROBABLYEXPECTEDTHATTHEWORKOFASPHERICALSPACE,AHIGHVELOCITY,THECONCEPTOFFREEDOM,THATISTOSAY,MOVEMENTISRELATIVELYINDEPENDENTOFTHENUMBEROFCOMPONENTS,THEEQUIVALENTOFOURBODY,WAISTISAROTARYDEGREEOFFREEDOMWEHAVETOBEABLETOHOLDHISARM,ARMCANBEBENT,THENTHISTHREEDEGREESOFFREEDOM,MEANWHILETHEREISAWRISTPOSTUREADJUSTMENTTOTHEUSEOFTHETHREEAUTONOMY,THEGENERALROBOTHASSIXDEGREESOFFREEDOMWEWILLBEABLETOSPACETHETHREELOCATIONS,THREEPOSTURES,THEROBOTFULLYACHIEVED,ANDOFCOURSEWEHAVELESSTHANSIXDEGREESOFFREEDOMHAVEMORETHANSIXDEGREESOFFREEDOMROBOT,INDIFFERENTOCCASIONSTHENEEDTOCONFIGURETHESECONDCATEGORYOFSERVICEROBOTS,WITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFINDUSTRIALIZATION,ESPECIALLYINTHEPASTDECADE,ROBOTDEVELOPMENTINTHEAREASOFAPPLICATIONARECONTINUOUSLYEXPANDING,ANDNOWAVERYIMPORTANTCHARACTERISTIC,ASWEALLKNOW,ROBOTHASGRADUALLYSHIFTEDFROMMANUFACTURINGTONONMANUFACTURINGANDSERVICEINDUSTRIES,WEARETALKINGABOUTTHECARMANUFACTURERBELONGINGTOTHEMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRY,HOWEVER,THESERVICESSECTORINCLUDINGCLEANING,REFUELING,RESCUE,RESCUE,RELIEF,ETCTHESEBELONGTOTHENONMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESANDSERVICEINDUSTRIES,SOHEREISCOMPAREDWITHTHEINDUSTRIALROBOT,ITISAVERYIMPORTANTDIFFERENCEITISPRIMARILYAMOBILEPLATFORM,ITCANMOVETOSPORTS,THEREARESOMEARMSOPERATE,ALSOINSTALLEDSOMEASAFORCESENSORANDVISUALSENSORS,ULTRASONICRANGINGSENSORS,ETCITSSURROUNDINGENVIRONMENTFORTHECONDUCTOFIDENTIFICATION,TODETERMINEITSCAMPAIGNTOCOMPLETESOMEWORK,THISISSERVICEROBOTSONEOFTHEBASICCHARACTERISTICSFOREXAMPLE,DOMESTICROBOTISMAINLYEMBODIEDINTHEEXAMPLEOFSOMEOFTHECARPETSANDFLOORINGITTOTHEREGULARCLEANINGANDVACUUMINGTHEROBOTITISVERYMEANINGFUL,ITHASSENSORS,ITCANFURNITUREANDPEOPLECANIDENTIFY,ITAUTOMATICALLYACCORDINGTOALAWPUTTOTHEGROUNDUNDERTHEROADALLCLEANEDUPTHISISALSOTHEHOMEOFSOMEROBOTPERFORMANCETHEMEDICALROBOTS,NEARLYFIVEYEARSOFRELATIVELYRAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFNEWAPPLICATIONAREASIFPEOPLEINTHECOURSEOFANOPERATION,DOCTORSSURGERY,ISAFATIGUE,ANDTHEOTHERMANUALLYOPERATEDACCURACYISLIMITEDSOMEUNIVERSITIESINGERMANY,WHICH,FACINGTHESPINE,LUMBARDISCDISEASE,THEIDENTIFICATION,CANAUTOMATICALLYUSETHEROBOTAIDEDPOSITIONING,OPERATIONANDSURGERYLIKETHEUNITEDSTATESHAVEBEENMORETHAN1,000CASESOFHUMANEYEBALLROBOTSURGERY,THEROBOT,ALSOINCLUDINGREMOTECONTROLLEDAPPROACH,THERIGHTOFSUCHGASTROINTESTINALSURGERY,WESEEONTHETELEVISIONINSIDEAMANIPULATOR,ABOUTTHETHICKNESSFINGERSSUCHAMANIPULATOR,INSERTEDTHROUGHTHEABDOMINALVISCERA,PEOPLEONTHESCREENOPERATINGTHEMACHINESHAND,ITALSOUSEDTHEMETHODOFLASERLESIONLASERTREATMENT,THISISTHECASE,PEOPLEWOULDNOTHAVEAVERYBIGDAMAGETOTHEHUMANBODYINREALITY,THISRIGHTASAHUMANLIBERATIONISAVERYGOODROBOTS,MEDICALROBOTSITISVERYCOMPLEX,WHILEITISFULLYAUTOMATEDTOCOMPLETEALLTHEWORK,THEREAREDIFFICULTIES,ANDGENERALLYAREPEOPLETOPARTICIPATETHISISAMERICA,THEDEVELOPMENTOFSUCHASURGERYLINBAIANEXAMPLE,THROUGHTHESCREEN,THROUGHAREMOTECONTROLOPERATORTOCONTROLANOTHERMANIPULATOR,THROUGHTHEREALIZATIONOFTHERIGHTABDOMINALSURGERYAFEWYEARSAGOOURCOUNTRYTHEEXHIBITION,THEUNITEDSTATESHASBEENSUCCESSFULINACHIEVINGTHERIGHTTOTHEHEARTVALVESURGERYANDBYPASSSURGERYTHISROBOTHASINTHEAREA,CAUSEDAGREATSENSATION,BUTALSO,AESOPSSURGICALROBOT,INFACT,ITTHROUGHSOMEEQUIPMENTTOSOMEOFTHELESIONSINSPECTIONS,THROUGHAMANIPULATORCANBEACHIEVEDONSOMEPARTSOFTHEOPERATIONALSOINCLUDINGREMOTELYOPERATEDMANIPULATOR,ANDMANYDOCTORSAREABLETOPARTICIPATEINTHEROBOTUNDERSURGERYROBOTDOCTORTOINCLUDEDOCTORSWITHPLIERS,TWEEZERSORAKNIFETOREPLACETHENURSES,WHILELIGHTINGAUTOMATICALLYTOTHEDOCTORSMOVEMENTSLINKED,THEDOCTORHANDSOFF,LIGHTINGWENTOFF,THISISVERYGOOD,ADOCTORSASSISTANTWEREGARDTHISCOUNTRYEXCEL,ITSHOULDBESAIDTHATTHEUNITEDSTATES,RUSSIAANDFRANCE,INOURNATION,ALSOTOTHEINTERNATIONALFOREFRONT,WHICHISTHECASSHENYANGINSTITUTEOFAUTOMATIONOFDEVELOPINGSUCCESSFUL,6,000METERSUNDERWATERWITHOUTCABLEAUTONOMOUSUNDERWATERROBOT,THEROBOTTO6,000METERSUNDERWATER,CANBECONDUCTEDWITHOUTCABLEOPERATIONSHISIS2000,HASBEENOBTAINEDINOURCOUNTRYONEOFTHETOPTENSCIENTIFICANDTECHNOLOGICALACHIEVEMENTSTHISINDICATESTHATOURCOUNTRYINTHISUNDERWATERROBOT,HAVEREACHEDTHEADVANCEDINTERNATIONALLEVEL,863INTHECURRENTPLAN,THEDEVELOPMENTOF7,000METERSUNDERWATERINAMANNEDSUBMERSIBLETOTHEOCEANFURTHERDEVELOPMENTANDOPERATION,THISISAGREATVOTEOFFINANCIALANDMATERIALRESOURCESINTHISSPACEROBOTICSRESEARCHHASALSOBEENALOTOFDEVELOPMENTINEUROPE,INCLUDING16INTHEUNITEDSTATESSPACEPROGRAM,ANDTHEFUTUREOFTHISSPACECAPSULESUCHASCHEME,ONETHINGISFORSPACEROBOTS,ITSMAINSIGNIFICANCELIESINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEUNIVERSEANDTHEBENEFITOFMANKINDANDTHECREATIONOFNEWHUMANHOMES,ITSMAINFUNCTIONISTOSCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION,ASPRODUCTIONANDSPACESCIENTIFICEXPERIMENTS,SATELLITESANDSPACEVEHICLESMAINTENANCEANDREPAIR,ANDTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHESPACEASSEMBLYTHESEAPPLICATIONS,INDEEDNECESSARY,FOREXAMPLE,SCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION,ASIFTOMOCKTHEGROUNDSOMEPHYSICALANDCHEMICALEXPERIMENTSDONOTNECESSARILYHAVEPEOPLESITTINGINTHEEDGEOFSPACE,BECAUSETHESPACECREWSURVIVALINTHEDAYTHECOSTISNEARLYONEMILLIONDOLLARSBUTALSOVERYDANGEROUS,INFACT,SOMEACTIONISVERYSI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ù)載三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空間很大，大概有兩米，這樣一個(gè)球形的工作空間，運(yùn)動(dòng)速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是說(shuō)，是相對(duì)獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件的個(gè)數(shù)，就相當(dāng)于我們?nèi)梭w，腰是一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)的自由度，我們大臂可以抬起來(lái)，小臂可以彎曲，那么這就三個(gè)自由度，同時(shí)腕部還有一個(gè)調(diào)整姿態(tài)來(lái)使用的三個(gè)自由度，所以一般的機(jī)器人有六個(gè)自由度，就能把空間的三個(gè)位置，三個(gè)姿態(tài)，機(jī)器人完全實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)然也有小于六個(gè)自由度的，也有多于六個(gè)自由度的機(jī)器人，只是在不同的需要場(chǎng)合來(lái)配置。第二類是服務(wù)機(jī)器人，隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，尤其近十年以來(lái)，機(jī)器人的發(fā)展的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域在不斷拓寬，目前一個(gè)很重要的特征，大家都知道，機(jī)器人已經(jīng)從制造業(yè)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向了非制造業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，剛才談的汽車制造屬于是制造業(yè)，但服務(wù)行業(yè)包括清潔、加油、救護(hù)、搶險(xiǎn)、救災(zāi)這些等等，都屬于非制造行業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，那么這里邊跟工業(yè)機(jī)器人相比，它有一個(gè)很重要的不同，它主要是一個(gè)移動(dòng)平臺(tái)，它能夠移動(dòng)、去運(yùn)動(dòng)，上面有一些手臂進(jìn)行操作，同時(shí)還裝有一些像力覺(jué)傳感器和視覺(jué)傳感器、超聲測(cè)距傳感器等等。它對(duì)周邊的環(huán)境進(jìn)行識(shí)別，來(lái)判斷它的運(yùn)動(dòng)，完成某種工作，這是服務(wù)機(jī)器人的基本的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。例如，家務(wù)機(jī)器人主要體現(xiàn)在像一些對(duì)地毯和地板定期的它能夠進(jìn)行清掃和吸塵，它這個(gè)機(jī)器人很有意思，它有傳感器，它能夠把家具和人能識(shí)別出來(lái)，它自動(dòng)的按照一種規(guī)律，能根據(jù)路徑把地面全部的清掃干凈，這也是家務(wù)中一些機(jī)器人的表現(xiàn)。那么醫(yī)療機(jī)器人，是近五年來(lái)發(fā)展比較迅速的一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。如果人手術(shù)的時(shí)候，醫(yī)生來(lái)手術(shù)，一個(gè)是疲勞，另一個(gè)人手操作的精度還是有限的。在德國(guó)一些大學(xué)里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰間盤突出這種病，