十四、完形填空及其解題方法【考點(diǎn)掃描】“完形填空”題是一種旨在考查學(xué)生語(yǔ)法和詞匯知識(shí)綜合運(yùn)用能力的典型題型。它結(jié)合了單項(xiàng)選擇題和短文填空的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，既考查詞語(yǔ)搭配、近義詞辨異、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、句型結(jié)構(gòu)、復(fù)合句的關(guān)聯(lián)和習(xí)慣用法等，又考查了邏輯推理和事理推斷能力?！巴晷翁羁铡鳖}要求填入的詞主要有1語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)所要求的功能詞，如連接詞、連接代詞、連接副詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞等。2具有語(yǔ)法變化的普通詞，如動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣，名詞的數(shù)，代詞的格，形容詞和副詞的級(jí)等。3固定搭配短語(yǔ)或詞組中的特定詞。4同義詞、近義詞等易混淆詞。5根據(jù)上、下文意思及結(jié)構(gòu)必須填入的確定詞?？梢?jiàn)，完形填空是一種綜合性較強(qiáng)的題型。它的突出特點(diǎn)是起點(diǎn)高、容量大。同學(xué)們只有具備了扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基本功、較好的閱讀能力及歸納判斷能力，才能適應(yīng)這一題型。完形填空題的考查目的1考查同學(xué)們閱讀理解能力。2考查同學(xué)們語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。3考查同學(xué)們綜合運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的水平和實(shí)踐能力?！久麕熃怆y】一、完形填空題的命題特點(diǎn)完形填空題是通過(guò)閱讀考查學(xué)生語(yǔ)言知識(shí)及語(yǔ)言知識(shí)綜合運(yùn)用能力的一種測(cè)試形式。命題人在一段難度適度的文章中留出10個(gè)空白，要求考生從所給的A,B,C,D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案，使補(bǔ)足的短文意思通順、結(jié)構(gòu)完整。完形填空是介于單項(xiàng)填空和閱讀理解之間的一種題型?？梢哉f(shuō)它是根據(jù)一篇文章所提供的情景進(jìn)行的選擇填空，也可以說(shuō)它是在缺少個(gè)別單詞情況下的閱讀理解。完形填空既有對(duì)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則、習(xí)慣用法和詞語(yǔ)搭配的考查，又有對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的通篇理解。完形填空主要考查以下三個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容1、詞匯此類題目考查的內(nèi)容是近義詞的區(qū)別，詞語(yǔ)的固定搭配和習(xí)慣用法。近幾年陜西省中考題中的完型填空題考查的詞匯類別涉及到名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、介詞、連詞、形容詞、副詞和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。2、語(yǔ)法此類題目考查的是各種語(yǔ)法規(guī)則在文章中的運(yùn)用。其中包括名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)，形容詞、副詞的比較等級(jí)，動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，介詞、數(shù)詞、代詞和連詞的用法，主謂一致，各種從句的用法等。3、結(jié)構(gòu)此類題目考查的是文章中間句子與句子之間，段落與段落之間，上文與下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。從設(shè)空的類型看可分為三個(gè)層次1、句子層次2、句組層次3、全篇層次設(shè)空的難度，從句子層次到句組層次，再到全篇層次，依次增加。分析近幾年陜西省的完形填空題，我們可以看出陜西省完形填空題的設(shè)空主要以句子層次為主，以句組層次為輔，幾乎沒(méi)有全篇層次題目。因此總體難度較低。二、完形填空的解題技巧前面我們已經(jīng)分析過(guò)，完形填空是在全面理解短文基礎(chǔ)上的選擇填空。因此做“完型填空”題應(yīng)遵循下列步驟1、通讀全文，了解大意做這類題目是，首先應(yīng)該把文章通讀一遍，了解一下文章的大概內(nèi)容。千萬(wàn)不要讀一句填一句，因?yàn)椤巴晷翁羁铡鳖}里所給的大多數(shù)選項(xiàng)填入單句后都可成立，但從全文看又不可取。例如2002年北京海淀區(qū)中考試題中的完形填空題AHOTDOGISONEOFTHEMOSTPOPULARAMERICANFOODSITWASNAMEDAFTERFRANKFURTER,AGERMANFOODYOUMAYHEAR“HOTDOG”1INOTHERWAYSPEOPLESOMETIMESSAY“HOTDOG”TOEXPRESS2FOREXAMPLE,AFRIENDMAYASK3YOUWOULDLIKETOGOTOTHECINEMAYOUMIGHTSAY“GREATIWOULDLOVETOGO”O(jiān)R,YOUCOULDSAY,“4IWOULDLOVETOGO”PEOPLE5USETHEEXPRESSIONTODESCRIBE描寫SOMEONEWHOISA“SHOWOFF”,WHOTRIESTOSHOWEVERYONEELSEHOW6HEISYOUOFTENHEARSUCH7CALLEDA“HOTDOG”HEMAYBEABASEBALLPLAYER,FOREXAMPLE,WHO8THEBALLWITHONEHAND,MAKINGAN9CATCHSEEMMOREDIFFICULTYOUKNOWHEISAHOTDOGBECAUSEWHENHEMAKESSUCHACATCH,HEBOWS鞠躬TOTHECROWD,HOPINGTOWINTHEIR101AEATENBUSEDCCOOKEDDPICKED2ASTRENGTHBPRACTICECPLEASUREDREPLY3AIFBHOWCWHENDWHERE4AHOTDOGBDONTWORRYCNEVERMINDDEXCUSEME5AEVERBALSOCSTILLDYET6AHOPEFULBCAREFULCKINDDGREAT7AADOGBALANDCAPERSONDANACTION8ACATCHESBPLAYSCPASSESDTHROWS9AHARDBFUNNYCEXCITINGDEASY10ATHANKSBCHEERSCMEDALSDMATCHES如果不看后面的文章內(nèi)容，短文的第一個(gè)題所給第四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可以填入空白處，不論是從語(yǔ)法的角度，還是從這個(gè)句子的意思完整的角度，都是能夠站得住腳的。但如果繼續(xù)看完這一段短文之后，你就會(huì)領(lǐng)悟到，“HOTDOG”在這里不是“被吃”，“被做”，“被拿”，而是“被使用”，只能選USED。有些同學(xué)一拿到“完形填空”題，就著手去填，填到最后，才發(fā)現(xiàn)所選答案語(yǔ)全文的意思不符，不得不在從頭開(kāi)始。費(fèi)時(shí)又費(fèi)力，還不易做準(zhǔn)確，這種方法是不可取的。2、瞻前顧后，逐步填空了解文章大意之后，就可逐步填空。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，文章后面所給的選擇答案可分三類一類是語(yǔ)法正確，而意思不對(duì)；另一類是意思正確，而語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤；第三類是語(yǔ)法正確，意思也正確。在選擇答案時(shí)，一定要考慮到上下文的意思，還要考慮到句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，習(xí)慣用法，固定搭配和詞類的功能，盡量使選出的答案及復(fù)合語(yǔ)法又符合原文的意思。3、認(rèn)真復(fù)查，適當(dāng)調(diào)整填空全部做完以后，應(yīng)把短文從頭到尾再讀一遍，檢查一下填空以后的文章是否連貫，情節(jié)是否合理，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，如果意思連貫，情節(jié)合理，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)正確，就意味著選答沒(méi)有問(wèn)題；如果發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)別填空使文章文理不通，語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)有問(wèn)題，就說(shuō)明選答不正確。對(duì)這樣的填空應(yīng)該認(rèn)真推敲，進(jìn)行調(diào)整。【中考范例】（2004年陜西省中考試題）ONCEUPONATIME,SOMECHILDRENWEREPLAYINGATSEASIDEWHENTHEYFOUNDATURTLE海龜THEYBEGANTOBEATTHETURTLEJUSTATTHATTIME,AYOUNGMANCAMEANDSAIDTOTHEM,“STOP”THECHILDRENRAN31QUICKLYTHETURTLEWASVERYTHANKFULANDSAID,“THANKSFORYOURKINDNESSIREALLYWOULDLIKE32YOUTOAWONDERFULPALACENOW”THEYOUNGMANRODEONTHEBACKOFTHETURTLEANDWASTAKENTOTHESECRETPALACEINTHESEAWHENHE33THEPALACE,HEWASVERYSURPRISEDANDSAIDTOTHETURTLE,“WHATANICEPALACE”TOTHANKHIM,THEKINGOFTHETURTLESGAVEHIM34HEHADNEVERSEENSUCHADINNERBEFOREHERECEIVEDAWARMWELCOMETHEREANDWASVERY35EVERYTHINGAFTERDINNER,THEKINGOFTHETURTLESSAID,“IAMGOINGTOGIVEYOUTWOBOXES,36YOUCANOPENONLYONE”“YOUMUSTNTOPENBOTHDONTFORGETIT”THETURTLEWARNEDHIM“ALLRIGHTIWILLOPENONLYONE,”THEYOUNGMANPROMISED許諾ATTHISTIME,ALARGEWAVESENTHIMOUTOFTHESEAAFTERHE37,HEOPENEDTHEBIGGERONEOFTHETWOBOXES38THEBOXWASFULLOFGOLD“MYGOD”HECRIED“IM39NOW”THENHETHOUGHT,“THINGSINTHEOTHERBOXMUSTBEEXPENSIVE,TOO”HECOULDNOTWAITANYLONGERHEBROKEHISPROMISEANDOPENEDTHEOTHERBOXASSOONASHEOPENEDIT,HEBECAMEANOLDMANHISHAIRTURNEDWHITEHISFACE40ANOLDMANOVEREIGHTYYEARSOLDITALLHAPPENEDINAMOMENTHEWASSORRYFORWHATHEDID,BUTITWASTOOLATE31ATHROUGHBAWAYCINTODOUT32AWANTINGBASKINGCTOLETDTOINVITE33ALEFTFORBARRIVEDONCARRIVEDATDGOTAWAY34AAVERYBIGDINNERBAVERYPOORDINNERCAVERYBADDINNERDAVERYSMALLDINNER35APLEASEDWITHBSTRICTINCANGRYWITHDSORRYFOR36ASOBORCBUTDAS37AWENTBACKTOHOMEBWASBACKHOMECWENTBACKTOTHESEADWASBACKTHESEA38ATOHISSURPRISINGBTOONESSURPRISINGCTOONESSURPRISEDTOHISSURPRISE39AAPOORMANBARICHMANCANOLDMANDAYOUNGMAN40ALIKEDBFELTLIKECLOOKEDLIKEDLOOKED31B根據(jù)上下文判斷，那些孩子們應(yīng)該是跑走了。所以應(yīng)選AWAY。32DWOULDLIKE之后應(yīng)接不定式，年輕人就了海龜?shù)拿｝攽?yīng)是“邀請(qǐng)年輕人到宮殿去?！?3C到達(dá)某個(gè)地方應(yīng)用ARRIVEDAT。34A按照邏輯，海龜國(guó)王要感謝他，必然設(shè)盛宴招待他。所以應(yīng)選ABIGDINNER。35A海龜國(guó)王盛情招待他，所以他對(duì)一切都滿意。PLEASEDWITHEVERYTHING表示的就是這個(gè)意思。36C海龜國(guó)王給了他兩個(gè)盒子，但只準(zhǔn)他打開(kāi)一個(gè)。這里有一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)選BUT。37B年輕人在海里見(jiàn)到了海龜國(guó)王，得到了兩個(gè)盒子以后，應(yīng)該回家，而不是回到海里。而回家應(yīng)是WENTBACKHOME。38D使他感到驚訝的是，用英語(yǔ)表示就是TOHISSURPRISE。39B他得到了金子，當(dāng)然應(yīng)該是ARICHMAN。40C由于貪心，他的頭發(fā)變白了，臉“看起來(lái)”像八十多歲的老頭。從2004年的完形填空題來(lái)看，難度不大，全部題目都屬于句子層次。只要看懂了短文的意思，掌握了一些短語(yǔ)的固定搭配，再多做一些精選的練習(xí)，做好完形填空題是不難的?！緷M分演練】1AVERYNEW,YUNGOFFICERWASATARAILWAYSTATIONHEWASONHISWAYTOVISITHISMOTHERIN1TOWNHEWANTEDTOTELEPHONEHERTOTELLHERTHETIMEOFHISTRAIN,2SHECOULDMEETHIMATTHE3INHERCARHELOOKEDATALLHISPOCKETS,BUT4THATHEDIDNOTHAVETHERIGHTMONEYFORTHETELEPHONE,SOHEWENTONANDLOOKED5FORSOMEONETOHELPHIMATLASTANOLDSOLDIERCAMEBY,ANDTHEYOUNGOFFICERSTOPPEDHIMANDSAID,“CANYOUCHANGETHEMONEY6ME”“WAITAMOMENT,”THESOLDIER7,ANDHEBEGANTOPUTHISHANDINHIS8“ILLSEEWHETHERICANHELPYOU”“DONTYOUKNOWHOWTOSPEAKTOANOFFICER”THEYOUNGOFFICERSAIDANGRILY“NOWLETS9AGAIN,CANYOUCHANGETHEMONEYFORME”“NO,SIR,”THEOLDSOLDIERANSWERED101AOTHERBTHEOTHERCANOTHERDONE2ASOBSOTHATCBECAUSEDWHEN3APLACEBSTATIONCSTREETDSTOP4AKNEWBTHOUGHTCFOUNDDFOUNDOUT5AUPBDOWNCAROUNDDINTO6ATOBWITHCFORDAND7AANSWEREDBSPOKECTOLDDSMILED8ACOATBHANDBAGCWALLETDPOCKET9ASTARTBTOBEGINCDOINGDASK10AEASILYBFASTCHAPPILYDQUICKLY2ONEOFCHARLIECHAPLINSMOSTFAMOUSFILMSWAS“THEGOLDRUSH”THEFILMWASSETINCALIFORNIAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHE1CENTURYATTHATTIME,GOLDWASDISCOVEREDINCALIFORNIAANDTHOUSANDSOFPEOPLE2THERETOLOOKFORGOLD,SOITBECAME3AS“THEGOLDRUSH”PEOPLESAIDGOLDCOULD4BEPICKEDUPBYWASHINGSANDFROMTHERIVERINAPANOFWATERTHISWASKNOWNAS“PANNINGFORGOLD”INTHEFILM,CHAPLINANDHISFRIENDAREINCALIFORNIASOFAR,THEYHAVEBEEN5INTHEIRSEARCHFORGOLDANDHAVENOMONEYATALLTHEY6INASNOWSTORMINASMALLWOODENHOUSETHEYHAVE7THEYARESOHUNGRYTHATTHEY8APAIROFSHOES,BYBOILINGTHEMINAPANOFWATERCHAPLINSITSDOWN9THETABLEANDEATSTHESHOEHEMAKESITSEEMASIFTHISISONEOFTHE10MEALSTHATHEHASEVERENJOYED1ANINETEENBNINETIETHCNINETEENTHDNINTH2AWENTBLEFTCCLIMBDFOUND3AFAMOUSBKNOWNCWONDERFULDGREAT4AHARDBEASILYCDIFFICULTYDSLOWLY5AUNHAPPYBUNSUCCESSFULLYCUNLUCKYDUNLUCKILY6AHAVEGOTBMEETCARECAUGHTDLIVE7AALITTLEFOODBSOMEWATERCNOTHINGDNOTHINGTOEAT8AWEARBCOOKCMAKEDMEND9AATBBYCNEARDBESIDE10ABIGGESTBDEARESTCCHEAPESTDMOSTDELICIOUS3ONCETHEREWASABOYINTORONTOHISNAMEWASJIMMYHESTARTEDDRAWINGWHENHEWASTHREEYEARSOLD,ANDWHENHEWASFIVEHEWASALREADYVERY_1_ATITHEDREWMANYBEAUTIFULINTERESTINGPICTURES,ANDMANYPEOPLE_2_HISPICTURESTHEYTHOUGHTTHISBOYWASGOINGTOBE_3_WHENHEWASALITTLEOLDER,ANDTHENTHEYWEREGOINGTO_4_THESEPICTURESFORALOTOFMONEYJIMMYSPICTURESWEREQUITEDIFFERENTFROMOTHER_5_BECAUSEHENEVERDREWONALLOFTHEPAPERHEDREWON_6_OFIT,ANDTHEOTHERHALFWASALWAYS_7_“THATSVERYCLEVER,“EVERYBODYSAID“_8_OTHERPEOPLEHAVEEVERDONETHATBEFORE“ONEDAYSOMEBODYASKEDHIM,“PLEASETELLME,JIMMYWHYDOYOUDRAWONTHEBOTTOM底部HALFOFYOURPICTURES,_9_NOTONTHETOPHALF“BECAUSEIMSMALL,“JIMMYSAID,“ANDMYBRUSHES毛筆CANT_10_VERYHIGH“1APOORBSADCGLADDGOOD2ABOUGHTBBROUGHTCSOLDDTOOK3ADIFFERENTBCLEVERCFAMOUSDRICH4ABUYBSHOWCLEAVEDSELL5AMENSBPEOPLESCBOYSDCHILDS6AHALFBPARTCSIDEDEND7AFULLBEMPTYCWRONGDREADY8ANOBSOMECANYDMANY9ATHENBANDCBUTDOR10ACHANGEBTURNCPULLDREACH4“JANE,PLEASELETMEBORROWADOLLAR,“JENNYASKEDASTHEYSTOODINTHESCHOOLLUNCH“IHAVEONEINMYJACKET,BUTIDONTWANTTO_1_ANDLOSEMYPLACE“OK,“AGREEDJANEJANEWAITEDALLDAYFORJENNYTO_2_BACKTHEDOLLARSHEBORROWED,BUTJENNYSEEMEDTOBE_3_“SHESJUSTFORGOTTEN,“THOUGHTJANE“IDONTWANTTO_4_HERANGRY“STILL,HERMONEYDIDNTGOFARSOMECLASSMATES,LIKEJENNY,WEREGETTINGFIVEDOLLARSAWEEKWEEKSWENTBYATLASTJANEGOTUPENOUGHCOURAGETOTELLHERABOUTTHE_5_“OH,JANE,IFORGOT“JENNYSAID,“ILL_6_THEDOLLARTOMORROW“THENEXTDAYJENNYSEEMEDTOHAVEFORGOTTENAGAINDURINGTHENOONHOURJANESAWHER_7_SWEETSFORMARYANDANNJENNYSAWJANELOOKINGATHER_8_SHESAIDSOMETHINGINALOWVOICETOTHEOTHERTWOGIRLSJANEFELT_9_ANDASKEDHERTEACHERIFSHECOULDGOBACKTOTHECLASSROOMINTHECLASSROOM,JANESAWTWONEWPENCILSINJENNYSDESKAN_10_CAMETOHER“JENNYSNOTKINDLATELY,ANDANYWAY,SHEREALLYOWESMEADOLLARDOESNTMEANANYTHINGTOHER,BUTITMEANSALOTTOME“1ASTAYBWAITCLEAVEDTAKE2ARETURNBLENDCSHOWDPAY3ABUSYBHAPPYCFREEDSAD4ALETBMAKECKEEPDFIND5AMONEYBLUNCHCPLACEDCLASSMATE6AREMEMBERBBRINGCGIVEDPASS7ABORROWINGBMAKINGCSELLINGDBUYING8AEVENBAGAINCTHENDINSTEAD9AALONEBSADCHUNGRYDLUCKY10AENDBANSWERCIDEADEXCUSE5MONDAYISTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEWEEKITISTHEDAYMOSTAMERICANSLIKEWORSTTHEDAYTHEY_1_MOSTISSATURDAYSATURDAYISTHE_2_OFTHEWORKWEEKITISTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEWEEKENDLIFEIS_3_ONTHEWEEKENDMOSTAMERICANS_4_CAREOFTHEIRHOUSES,CARSANDGARDENSTHEYSLEEP_5_INTHEMORNINGTHEYENJOYTHEFEELINGTHATTHETIME_6_TOMOVEMORESLOWLYTHEWORKWEEKISFORTHINGSYOU_7_TODOTHEWEEKENDISFORTHINGSYOU_8_TODOSOMEPEOPLEMAYGETINACARFORA_9_INTHECOUNTRYTHEYLIKETOTAKEPARTINASPORTSACTIVITYOUTOFDOORSANDONSATURDAYNIGHTTHEYMIGHTGOTOPUBLICEATING_10_ORAFILM1ALIKEBDISLIKECSPENDDLEAVE2AMIDDLEBBEGINNINGCENDDDAY3AWORSEBDIFFICULTCBETTERDDIFFERENT4AMAKEBTAKECLOOKDPICK5AEARLIERBLATERCFASTERDSHORTER6ADECIDESBWANTSCSPENDSD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