1、Lecture 2 Infinitive-動詞不定式1非謂語動詞 (Non-Predicate Verb)：在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。1.1 非謂語動詞與謂語動詞相似點有：1.如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用。They built a house.They suggested building a house.2.都可被狀語修飾。The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.3.都有主動與被動，“體”式（一般式、進行式和完成式）的變化。He was beaten by h

2、is parents.He avoided being beaten by his parents.We have written composition.Having written the composition, we handed it in.4.都可有邏輯主語。We started the work at once.The boss ordered us to start the work at once.We are Party members.We being Party members, the work was well done.1.2非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有：1.2

3、.1非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中作主語、賓語、表語。1.2.2 非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作定語、表語或賓語補足語。1.2.3 非謂 語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。2 動詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)形式 主 動被 動一 般to doto be done完 成to have doneto have been done進 行to be doing溫馨口訣：動作同時一般式，有時還用進行式，前面動作完成式。被動要有被動式，否定to前加not。2.1一般式（動詞不定式表示的動作與謂語動作同時或之后發(fā)生。）Im glad to mee

4、t you.(同時)He wants to be an artist.(之后)The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack.2.2 進行式（動詞不定式表示的動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。）He seems to be reading in his room.(同時)2.3 完成式（動詞不定式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。）I regretted to have told a lie.I am sorry for the article not to have been finished in time.3 動詞不定式

5、的作用。溫馨口訣：主賓表定狀，賓補能用上。3.1 作主語 To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.動詞不定式作主語時，常用it作形式主語。It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.3.2 作表語His job is to clean the hall.3.3 作賓語I hope to see you.如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形

6、式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面。He found it important to study English.也可以充當(dāng)介詞賓語。I have no choice but to stay here.They did nothing except work.有時也可與疑問詞連用。He gave us some advice on how to study English.3.4 作賓補I saw him come in.3.5 作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后面。He was the last guest to arrive. (主動關(guān)系）He found a good h

7、ouse to live in. (動賓關(guān)系）I have no wish to quarrel with you. (同位關(guān)系）如果不定式修飾名詞time, place, way,可以省略介詞。He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.3.6 作 狀語He worked day and night to get money.(表目的）He arrived late to find the train gone.(表結(jié)果)They were sad to hear the news.(表原因)3.

8、7 作主補She is known to be a good teacher.3.8 作獨立成分To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.4帶to動詞不定式做賓語4.1 要想干，同意辦，愿意不愿意，決定盡量干。A.要求，想要，希望：want wish hope expect intend meanB.同意：agree promiseC.意愿：care hate refuseD.決定，企圖：determine decide attempt try manage4.2 其它動詞：Afford aim appear arrange bo

9、ther believe choose claim come consent dare demand desire decline elect endeavor fail hesitate offer happen help seek learn neglect pledge plan prepare pretend seem swear undertake volunteer wait long(渴望)5不帶to的動詞不定式的常用動詞和結(jié)構(gòu)：5.1溫馨口訣:一感feel, 二聽hear, listen to ,三讓 have, let, make, bid(舊用法：囑咐、命令),四看 see

10、, look at, observe, watch; 還有 except 和 but, 前面有 實義動詞do, to 略去;主語從句有實義動詞do式，to有to無都可以。其它不帶to的不定式情況：5.2 在半助動詞之后，如：be about to/ be able to/ be apt to/ be bound to/ be due to/ be going to / be liable to/ be obliged to/ be supposed to/ be sure to/ be to/ be willing to / had better/best/ have to/ have got

11、 to / come to / fail to / get to/ tend to /be certain to/ be (un)likely to / appear to / chance to / happen to/ seem to/ turn out to/ etc. (p210. 18.1.1/p. b)直接加上不含to的不定式。The boy has to make a living by begging. He is unwilling to help me with my English. He seems to be very disappointed.注

12、：半助動詞含有的“to”,不能看成小品詞，而應(yīng)該看成半助動詞的一部分，不能分割。5.3 在情態(tài)成語之后，直接加上不帶to的不定式。would rather/would sooner/would (just) as soon +than-/as-+do (寧愿而不愿)may/might (just) as well do(不妨，可以)cannot but/ cannot help but(不能不，不由得不)The hero said: “I would rather die than surrender.”Since its a fine day we may as well have a wa

13、lk.I cannot but choose to go.I would as soon stay at home.5.4 rather than/sooner than 用法。5.4.1 rather than與sooner than同義，多與would連用，構(gòu)成“would rather.than.”句式，均作“寧可而不”解釋，表示主觀愿望，即在兩者之中選擇其一。前者多見，置于句首時，其后跟不帶to的不定式。Sooner than marry him, she would earn her living as a waitress.Rather than lose the children

14、, she would die.當(dāng)rather than與sooner than出現(xiàn)于句中其他位置時，其后不定式既可帶to也可不帶to.I decided to go home by taxi rather than wait here.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.5.4.2 rather than 不與would連用時，表示客觀事實，意為“是而不是；與其不如”。它連接的并列成分可以是名詞、代詞、形容詞、介詞(短語)、動名詞、分句、不定

15、式、動詞等。連接兩個名詞或代詞He is an explorer rather than a sailor.與其說他是一個海員，不如說他是一個探險者。 You rather than I are going to go camping.是你而不是我要去要野營。 注意：rather than 連接兩個名詞或代詞作主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)與rather than 前面的名詞或代詞在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。 連接兩個形容詞 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.與其說她買的這件羊毛衫便宜不如說它漂亮。5.4.2

16、.3 連接兩個介詞(短語)或動名詞 We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.我們是在教室里開會，不是在大廳里。She enjoys singing rather than dancing. 她喜歡唱歌，而不喜歡跳舞。連接兩個分句 We should help him rather than he should help us.是我們應(yīng)該幫助他而不是他應(yīng)該幫助我們。連接兩個動詞He ran rather than walked. 他是跑來的，而不是走來的。注意：這里

17、rather than 后用了walked，而沒有用walk，表示客觀事實，而不是主觀愿望。如果換成walk，則作“寧愿而不愿 ”解。He ran rather than walk. 他寧愿跑，也不愿走路。5.5Why/Why not表示建議。Why go there?Why not try to train your character?5.6溫馨口訣:連接兩個不定式，第二個符號可省略;對比意義不可省，不用連詞也不省，三個以上更不省。1.I intend to call on him and discuss this question again.(兩個并列不定式）2. He hasnt d

18、ecided whether to leave or to stay.（對比不定式）3. Please go to the seaside to swim, to get suntanned. （無連詞連接的不定式）4. Get ready to learn from others, to respect others and to help others.（連接三個以上不定式）5.7“主動詞主動詞”固定搭配的第一個動詞之后加上省略to的主動詞（p..e)Make believe(假裝),make do (with/on)（湊合，將就，靠維持）,let drop/let f

19、all（有意無意說出) ,let fly (at)（發(fā)出，射出）,let slip(無意說出，錯過機會),let go (of)/leave go of （放開，放手）, hear tell (of)（聽說）,(let)go hang（見鬼去吧，才不在乎）等。He let fall a hint of his intentions.They are not rich, but they make do on what they have.Lets make believe we have a million dollars.The chance was let slip.It would be

20、 crazy to let a chance like that slip.6帶to不定式做賓補：(p.)6.1勸教命請叫：advise teach order command ask tell6.2允許又警告：allow permit warn6.3使役幫想望：cause let have make help get wish want expect6.4知覺全部上：feel hear watch see observe notice6.5 其它動詞：appoint believe challenge compel consider declare drive enabl

21、e encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like persuade remind report request require select send state surprise think train trust understand urge beg intend pretend say6.6 在某些動詞詞組中：arrange for/call on/care for/count on (依靠/指望) count upon/depend

22、upon/long for/prepare for/prevail upon(勸說)/rely on/vote for/ wait for 等后面，也可以跟賓語加不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。The premier calls on the people to lead a simple life.They voted for Dr. Zhang to be the president of their university.6.7 V. to do sth.或V. sb to do sth.的動詞有： ask beg choose expect hate help intend wish like lo

23、ve need prefer prepare promise want7動詞不定式的否定形式：在不定式to前面加not或否定副詞never, seldom, hardly等，不帶to的不定式在動詞原形前加not或否定副詞。8“動詞疑問詞帶to的不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)常見動詞：advise consider decide discuss explain find out forget bear inquire know learn regard remember see settle show teach tell think understand wonder. 疑問詞是疑問代詞who, whom, w

24、hat, which, whose和疑問副詞when, where, how, why 以及連接詞whether.1. Please show us how to do that.(做賓語)2. Where to go is a problem.（做主語）3. The problem is how to get there in time.（做表語）4. I have no idea which to read first.（做同位語）5. Have you told him where to get the application form?（做賓補）9不定式的特殊句型such as to,

25、 soas to 和 so as to9.1 such as to, suchas to和soas to表示程度 (如此.以至于)：such as to:如此以至于。such在這里是代詞，有“這樣，這種,如此（地步）”的意思，as to:以至于。His story was such as to deceive everyone.It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives.Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?(誰會卑鄙到做出那種事情的程度？)9.2 so as (not) to 表示目的：H

26、e kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.9.3 be so kind as to（常用于口語）勞駕Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?9.4其他固定搭配的不定式表示結(jié)果：enough toIs that room big enough to seat all of us?9.5 其他固定搭配的不定式表示目的：to; only to(僅僅為了)，in order to（為了)I come here only to say good-bye to you.We got u

27、p early in order to catch the first bus.I went home to change my shoes.9.6 tooto太以至于9.6.1當(dāng)too后是 glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, ready, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious等形容詞或副詞時，too等于very。They are too anxious to leave.He is too rea

28、dy to help others.9.6.2 當(dāng)too前面有only, all, but, never時，意思是“非?！?，too等于very.Im all too pleased to be able to help you.Its never too late to mend.9.6.3當(dāng)too前或to前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時，too等于very.He is too wise not to see that.他很聰明，不會不懂這一點。9.7 Only to+動詞原形：不料竟會，沒想到會(用于表示不好的結(jié)果)They hurried to the station, only to find

29、the train left.He searched the room only to find nothing.10不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語后置有時，為強調(diào)不定式的行為屬性，可用“it is+形容詞for somebody+不定式”句型，常見的形容詞和結(jié)構(gòu)有：(p.)easy difficult hard important possible impossible better necessary comfortable essential the first the next the last the best too much too little not enoughIts necessary for you to review each lesson carefully before the exam.Its quite important for us to read good books during the period of general